Izilwane ze-tundra
Umhlaba onokhahlo we-tundra muhle, ucebile futhi uyathandeka. ERussia, le ndawo yemvelo ihlanganisa insimu evela enhlonhlweni yaseKola futhi ifinyelela eChukotka. Ngaphandle kwezwe lethu, itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika.
Impilo kuleli hlane elibandayo ngaphandle kwamahlathi, nenhlabathi efriziwe, imimoya enamandla ibonakala ingenakwenzeka. Kepha nalapha, umhlaba uyamelana ngendlela emangalisayo futhi uhlukile. Amagama ezilwane zeTundra zaba izimpawu zamandla, ukungasabi, ukuqonda, amandla, ubuhle: impisi, i-walrus, i-peregrine falcon, isikhova, i-swan.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zeTundra
I-Reindeer
Enye yezinto ezimangalisa kakhulu izilwane ze-tundra cabanga nge-reindeer. Ngenxa yalesi silwane esinamandla, umuntu wazi kahle iNyakatho. Ngokuphambene nezihlobo ezifuywayo, abameleli basendle bakhulu. Abesilisa nabesifazane banezimpondo ezinkulu.
Izinyamazane zihlala emiphakathini yamakhanda ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, indlela yokufuduka kwabo ihlale ingashintshiwe. Imizila emide, efinyelela kuma-500 km, inqotshwa yizilwane emadlelweni enkathi ethile.
Izinselo ezibanzi zikulungele ukuhamba eqhweni. Ukudonswa okumise okwe-scoop kuzo kukuvumela ukuthi uthathe ikhava yeqhwa uyofuna ukudla. Izinyamazane zibhukuda kahle, zinqoba izithiyo zamanzi.
I-Moss noma i-reindeer lichen, abayifunayo ngaphansi kweqhwa, yaba yisisekelo sokudla kwezilwane. Ukudla kufaka amajikijolo, amakhambi, ubulembu, amakhowe. Ukugcina ibhalansi kasawoti wamaminerali, izinyamazane zidla iqhwa eliningi noma ziphuze amanzi. Ngenhloso efanayo, badla izimpondo zabanye babo noma labo abaphonswe kubo.
Inkukhu esanda kuzalwa igijimela umama wayo ngosuku olulandelayo. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu, ingane idla ubisi lukanina, bese kuthi, ngokulingana nabantu abadala, balwe ukuze baphile endle. Phakathi kwe- umhlaba wezilwane we-tundra Izinyamazane cishe azinazitha. Impisi ibeka ingozi kubantu ababuthakathaka namathole.
I-reindeer esithombeni
Impisi yeTundra
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, izimpisi ze-tundra zifakazele ukukhuthazela kwazo okumangazayo ngezimpilo zazo. Isikhathi esingangesonto bangaphila ngaphandle kokudla, bahambe baze bafike kumakhilomitha angama-20 ngosuku. Bangadla inyamazane efinyelela ku-10-15 kg ngasikhathi, kanye nesikhumba, uboya namathambo.
Abazingeli abasebenza ngezindlela eziningi bafuna inyamazane emhlambini omkhulu, lapho kusatshalaliswa zonke izindima zabashayi nabahlaseli. Iphunga elihle kakhulu, ukubona nokuzwa kubavumela ukuba bazingele amadada, amahansi, babhubhise izidleke zezinyoni, babambe izimpungushe nezidlwane.
Kepha lokhu ukubamba okuncane. Izimpisi zizodla uma zinqoba inyamazane yentsana noma umuntu obuthakathaka. Ukuqapha okungokwemvelo, amandla nobuqili kuyamangalisa: umhlambi uhamba ngemuva kweqhwa, sengathi isilwane esisele sodwa esishiye imibhalo.
Okufanekisiwe impisi ye-tundra
Impungushe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (emhlophe)
Uboya obuhle futhi obunemigqa eminingi, obufinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, busindisa izilwane eqhweni. Amehlo akhiqiza i-pigment ekhethekile ukuvikela ekukhanyeni esikhaleni esimhlophe.
Izimpungushe zase-Arctic zihlala zizulazula zifuna ukudla. Bakhangwa izindawo zokuzalwa kuphela ngesikhathi somshado. Ukusetha umgodi wakho ku-tundra kuyinselelo enzima yesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke, izizukulwane eziningi ze-arctic fox zisebenzisa izindlela ezibiwe emagqumeni anomhlabathi othambile. Bondla ngakho konke okunikezwa yi-tundra: inhlanzi, isidumbu, izinsalela zempango yezimpisi namabhere.
Izimpungushe ze-Arctic zihlala ngamaqembu futhi ziyasizana. Nakekela amawundlu uma abazali befa. Izitha zabo zemvelo yizikhova ezibandayo, izinkozi zegolide, ama-wolverine namabhere.
Impungushe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (emhlophe)
I-Wolverine
Omunye wabomdabu izilwane ze-tundra yaseRussia yisilo esibukeka njengebhere elincane. I-Wolverines yehlukile. Ngobudlwangudlwangu nokuhamba ngezinyawo, bayaguquguquka futhi bayashesha, njengezihlobo zabo emndenini we-weasel.
Uboya obujiyile buhlukile ngesakhiwo: abukaze bunamathele ndawonye noma bube manzi. Ukuhamba njalo, i-wolverine yayibizwa ngegama lokunyathela. Ukudla ngokungakhethi kusiza ukuphila ezimweni ezinzima. Uma inyamazane ingabanjwa, isilwane siyayilambisa, siyilandele size sikhathale.
Esithombeni kukhona i-wolverine
Umvundla
Phakathi kwe- izilwane ze-tundra nehlathi-tundra unogwaja omhlophe uthathe isifiso waya ezindaweni zezihlahla lapho ungacasha khona futhi wondle. Zihlala ngamaqembu afinyelela emakhanda angama-20, kwesinye isikhathi abe nosayizi omkhulu.
Bacasha emakhazeni asezindlini zokumba. U-20% wesisindo sesilwane ungamafutha. Uboya obufudumele buvikela amazinga okushisa abandayo. Ukudla okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi ubulembu, amagxolo, ulwelwe.
Inkabi yeMusk
Isilwane sinokubukeka okungajwayelekile, siguqulelwe ukuze siphile ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Ijazi elide, eliminyene emhlabathini, ikhanda elikhulu nezimpondo eziyindilinga yizici ezivelele.
Bahlala emihlambini ehlelekile. Ngaphandle kokuhamba kancane kwangaphandle, bangakhula ukugijima okufika ku-30 km / h. Isimo esiyindilinga sokuzivikela sezinkabi ze-musk siyaziwa, ngaphakathi lapho kufakwa khona abesifazane namankonyane. Lezi zilwane zidla imifino. Badla ngisho nezitshalo ezomile ezincanyana ezitholakala ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Ama-Lemmings
Amagundane amancane, afana ne-hamster aziwa ngokuzala kwawo okungavamile. Izilwane ze-tundra zashintsha kanjani ezimweni ezinzima, ngakho-ke ama-lemmings ajwayele ukuqothulwa okungapheli. Babizwa ngezikali ezibukhoma ezilinganisa ukwaneliseka kwezilwane ezizingelayo. Ngombala woboya, bathola igama lesibili lama-pestles asenyakatho.
Ama-Lemmings adla ngokuqhubekayo, adla isisindo sabo kabili ngosuku. Umsebenzi uboniswa ubusuku nemini, amagundane awahlali ebusika. Imodi yabo ukushintshashintsha okuqhubekayo kwehora lokondla namahora amabili okulala.
Ukwanda ngokweqile kwabantu endaweni kuyenza izule. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamalimu kuyipharadesi elondleke kahle lezinye izakhamizi eziningi zezindawo ezisenyakatho. Ama-lemmings acasha emigodini emincane enezindima ezibiwe.
Zidla amagxolo, amagatsha, izimpondo ezindala zezinyamazane, amahlumela, amagobolondo amaqanda. Endleleni, banqoba zonke izithiyo: imifula, amagquma amatshe, amaxhaphozi. Enhlanganweni engalawulwa, abaningi bayafa, kepha lokhu akuthinti inani eliphelele.
Zinolaka kwezinye izilwane. Bangakwazi ngisho nokuhlasela isilo esikhulu ngokufutheka okunonya. Ngenxa yolwelwesi, ibhalansi yemvelo yetundra iyagcinwa.
Esithombeni ulamula
Ermine
Isilwane esinomzimba omude futhi omncane, izitho ezifushane ezilungiselelwe ukukhuphuka. Ubulembu obusezinyaweni busiza ukuzulazula eqhweni. Ngenkathi efudumele, i-ermine enengubo ebomvu nsundu nesisu esiphuzi, kanti ebusika imhlophe njengeqhwa. Ithiphu lomsila kuphela elimnyama ngokungaguquguquki.
Isilwane sibhukuda kahle. Idla amagundane, icekela phansi izidleke zezinyoni, idla izinhlanzi. I-ermine ayenzi izimbobo zayo, ithatha izindawo zokukhosela zabanye abantu ngemuva kokudliwa ngamagundane.
Angathola indawo yokukhosela phakathi kwezimpande zezitshalo, ezihosheni. Ama-settle eduze nemizimba yamanzi. Kunzima ukuthi isilwane sisinde, sinezitha eziningi zemvelo. Umuntu uqothula izilwane ngenxa yoboya bakhe obubaluleke kakhulu.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle
Umbulali whale
Imikhomo ebulalayo ivumelane ngokuphelele nezimo ezinzima ze-tundra. Uqweqwe olujiyile lwamafutha lukhuphuka ekudleni okunama-kilojoule amaningi futhi luvikela emanzini e-ice. Izilwane ezinobuhlakani ezithuthukisiwe emphakathini. Ubukhulu obukhulu nosayizi kusiza ukubhekana namabhubesi asolwandle, amahlengethwa, oshaka. Ngenxa yobukhali namandla abo, babizwa ngokuthi imikhomo yokubulala.
Ingonyama yasolwandle
Umzimba omkhulu wesilwane esiphiniwe unesimo esihlelekile, uhamba kahle emanzini. Emhlabathini, amabhubesi asolwandle ahamba ngokusekela emilenzeni emine.
Engxenyeni ebandayo ye-tundra, bayaphumelela ekuzingeleni olwandle nasezintanjeni ezivulekile. Izinwele ezinamafutha nezinwele ezijiyile zivikela ibhubesi lasolwandle, elikwazi ukucwila ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha angama-400 bese lishiswa yilanga ogwini.
Amabhubesi olwandle
Uphawu
Izinhlobo eziningana zezimpawu zihlala esiqhingini. Ulwandle luyabondla, futhi emhlabeni kukhona ukuxhumana, ukuzala. Ukwakheka kophawu kuyindawo yonke yokuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi: umzimba awunawo ama-protrusions, ukuvuleka kwamakhala nezindlebe kuvaliwe.
Ukubamba umoya kuze kufike ehoreni elilodwa ngesikhathi sokutshuza kukuvumela ukuthi uzingele futhi ugweme izidlozi zomhlaba, ucashe kukholamu lamanzi. Amaphiko angaphambili asebenza njengezigwedlo futhi amaphiko angemuva aqondisa. Izinwele zokuvala azifudumali kahle, kepha amafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba avikela kahle ezimeni ze-tundra. Izilwane zilala ngisho nasemanzini abandayo.
Belukha
Ukuvikelwa kwemikhomo ye-beluga kusuka esimweni sezulu esibandayo nokulimala - ungqimba lwesikhumba olufinyelela ku-15 cm kanye nolwelwesi olufanayo olunamafutha. Ukushoda kwe-fin ngemuva, umzimba ohlelekile oshelelayo ubamba iqhaza ekuzethembeni ukuhlala emanzini.
Ukujula kokucwiliswa kwabo kufinyelela kumamitha angama-700. Kubalulekile ukuthi ama-belugas aphefumule umoya, ngakho-ke, ngezikhathi ezithile badabula iqhwa ngemihlane yabo eqinile eqhweni ebusika. Uma kwakheka ungqimba olujiyile, izilwane zingafa.
UWalrus
Okukhulu kunophawu lwesisindo nosayizi, kufinyelela kumamitha ama-5 no-1.5 isisindo. Isici esiyinhloko amabamba anamandla. I-Walrus iyazidinga ngokumba phansi nokubamba izinsalela, ukudla kwayo okuyinhloko.
Udinga futhi isikhali esinjalo sokuzivikela. Isidlakela siyisilwane esidlayo; ukucebisa ukudla, singabamba sidle uphawu. Uma amazinyo emade, kuphakama isimo se-walrus eqenjini lezenhlalo.
Emhlabeni, ama-walrus azizwa ethembekile kakhulu kunamanye amaphini. Zihamba, futhi azihambi ngapha nangapha. Basiza abafowabo futhi ngokubambisana banakekele ama-walrus.
Izinyoni zeTundra
Izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamachibi, amachibi amaningi, imifula, ecebile ngezinhlanzi, ziheha izinyoni ezifika zizodla izindawo entwasahlobo. I-tundra iphila futhi igcwele i-din nokumemeza. Umsindo wamakoloni wezinyoni nokuduma kwamagagasi anamandla yimisindo ye-tundra.
Ukufudumala okufushane kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwenqwaba yezinambuzane ezimunca igazi, kunikeza izinyoni ithuba lokukhulisa amatshwele nokuzikhulisa ephikweni ngaphambi kokundizela endaweni ebusika. Akuzona zonke ezindizayo, ezikwaziyo ukumelana kakhulu ziye zafunda ukuzivumelanisa nezwe leqhwa neqhwa.
Isikhova esimhlophe
Le nyoni ihlukaniswa njengomuntu ohlala unomphela kuleli thundra. Muhle kakhulu: izimpaphe ezimhlophe ziyathambile futhi zintekenteke ngokuthinta. Amehlo aphuzi achazayo anombono obukhali njalo abheke inyamazane. Le nyoni ayizithandi izihlahla, ihlala phezu kwamatshe aphakeme, onqenqema, izigaxa zokubuka amathafa aneqhwa.
Ukuhluka kwesikhova esineqhwa kungukudla imidlwane kuphela yesisulu. Bonke abanye baya kubazingeli abaswele. Uma kungekho ukudla, kungabulawa yindlala isikhathi eside. Ukufakwa kwezikhova kuncike ekutholakaleni kokudla. Ukuchichima kuthinta inzalo enkulu. Ukuntuleka kokudla kushiya izinyoni zingenanzalo.
Ipartridge emhlophe
Ifihliwe ngokuphelele eqhweni, kanti ehlobo lishintsha umbala bese liphawulwa, njengabanye izilwane ze-tundra. Nhloboni ama-partridges endiza, bambalwa abaziyo. Akavamile ukundiza, kodwa ugijima kahle. Umba izimbobo zeqhwa lapho athola khona ukudla futhi acashe ezitheni. Izinyoni ezinhle ezithulile ziyinto yokuzingelwa ezinye izakhamuzi eziningi ze-tundra.
I-Tundra swan
Usayizi omncane kakhulu phakathi kwezihlobo zezinyoni zamanzi. Ziphila ngokudla ulwelwe, inhlanzi kanye nohlaza olusogwini. Umusa nomusa wezinyoni sekuyizimpawu zobuhle.
Amabhangqa adaliwe ama-swans ahlukaniseki impilo yakhe yonke. Izidleke ezinkulu zakhiwe egqumeni futhi zifakwe izimpaphe zazo kanye nezimpaphe zezinyoni zabanye abantu. Amachwane awashiywa wodwa futhi avikelwe ngamaphiko aqinile nemilomo.
Ukukhula okuncane kukhula ngamandla ezinsukwini ezingama-40. Ihlobo elifushane ligijimela izinyoni. I-tundra swan encane isohlwini izilwane zeRed Book of the tundra... Ukudubula izinyoni akuvunyelwe.
Esithombeni ama-swunds swans
Izimpahla
Izinyoni ezindala kakhulu ezisindile kuze kube namuhla. Izindawo zesithembiso sabo ziya ngokuya zincipha, futhi izinyoni azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko. Bakhumbula izindawo zabo iminyaka.
Impilo yabo ixhunywe nemizimba yamanzi; emhlabeni bahamba ngobunzima. Umlomo ocijile, umzimba ohlangene namaphiko amafushane ahlukanisa ama-loon kumadada. Abatshuzi abahle kakhulu bezinhlanzi futhi uma kunengozi.
Inyoni yeLoon
Imvuthu ye-oatmeal
Isifuduki. Ihlala emahlathini ehlathi le-tundra, i-birch encane, ehlala izingqimba zomhlaba. Kubonakala ngomugqa obomvu onomphetho omnyama eceleni komqhele. Ukuculwa kwe-oatmeal kuphezulu futhi kumnene. Izindawo zokwakha izidleke ziyashintshwa minyaka yonke. Zindiza ziye eChina ebusika.
Okufanekisiwe kubhinca inyoni
ISiberia Crane (White Crane)
Inyoni enkulu enomlomo omude obomvu nemilenze ephakeme. Isidleke seSiberia Crane singabonakala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi eziphansi. Ukongiwa kwezinyoni kuwumsebenzi onzima ngenxa yezimo zazo ezifuna kakhulu: imvelo yasemanzini enenhlabathi enamathelayo. Izwi le-crane emhlophe liyalibala futhi linomsindo.
I-Peregrine falcon
Ukhozi olukhulu luthanda izindawo ezivulekile, ngakho-ke, ngobukhulu be-tundra, banezindawo ezinkulu zokwakha isidleke, kuze kufike ku-10 km ukuya komakhelwane. Okhohlisi bamaPeregine abazingeli ezindaweni zabo, ngakho-ke ezinye izinyoni zihlala eduze kwabo, zithole ukuvikeleka ezinyonini ezidla ezinye, ezixoshwa ngofelebezi be-peregrine. Ukubhangqa ngababili kokhokho kuyaqhubeka kuyo yonke impilo.
Izinyoni zinendlela yazo yokuzingela. Zitshuza ziyofuna inyamazane futhi zibambe ngezidladla zazo. Qeda ngomlomo kuphela lapho kudingeka. Zidla inyamazane emadwaleni, onqenqemeni, iziphunzi, kepha hhayi phansi.
Inyoni yenyoni yempungushe
UPhalarope
Ihlala ezindaweni eziphansi ze-tundra, lapho kunamachibi khona kanye namachibi amaningi. Ziphila ngokudla izinambuzane, ama-molluscs, izibungu, izilwane ezincane. Njengamathoyizi asebenza ngewashi, alingana nondlunkulu, aqiniswa njalo ngezidladla zawo. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, azinamahloni, zivunyelwe zisondele kakhulu.
Ukunakekela inzalo ngokufukamela kunikezwa owesilisa. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, insikazi iyandiza ihambe. Owesilisa, eseqedile umsebenzi wakhe wobuzali, ushiya i-tundra neqembu labangane. Izilwane ezincane esezikhulile zindiza zize ziye lapho kuhlala khona ubusika zodwa.
UPhalarope
Itshe
Enye yalezi zinyoni ezingakwazi ukulala emanzini angenalutho ogwadule. Amadada akhanyayo agcina emaphethelweni olwandle, amanzi angajulile, kuma-polynyas. Ehlobo, bathuthela ekudlekeni imifula esheshayo yetundra yasentabeni.
Izinyoni zebhu
I-lund enezimpondo zeTundra
Phakathi kwabokuqala ukundiza baye e-tundra. Ngenxa yomklamo wokuqala nezimpondo ezimbili ezimnyama, i-lark iyabonakala kalula phakathi kwezinyoni. Usayizi kondlunkulu omkhulu opholile. Bathanda ukubhukuda. Zindiza ngambili noma ngemihlambi emincane. Izidleke eziqongweni zezintaba e-tundra. Ukucula kuyashesha futhi kuyindodana.
I-lund enezimpondo zeTundra
Izilwane ezihlala emathafeni, ziningi, kodwa azikho nakancane izilwane ezihuquzelayo phakathi kwazo. Kodwa inala yezinambuzane ezimunca igazi. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-12 zomiyane bodwa.
Ngaphandle kwabo, izilwane zihlushwa izimpukane, ama-midges, izimpukane ezimnyama. Impilo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo incike komunye nomunye, igcina ibhalansi emangalisayo endaweni yemvelo ye-tundra.
