Ibhungane laseColorado kwaziwa, mhlawumbe, kuwo wonke umuntu okungenani kanye owatshala amazambane engadini yakhe noma ezweni. Kuyisinambuzane esibi esingalimaza ukutshala futhi sinciphise kakhulu isivuno. Cabanga ngencazelo yalesi sinambuzane, umjikelezo waso wokuphila, izici zokusabalalisa nokuzala, futhi-ke, izinketho zokubhekana naso.
Imvelaphi nomlando wokubukeka eYurophu
Uhlobo lwe-Leptinotarsa decemlineata (i-Colorado potato beetle) lwatholakala engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, ngo-1824, nguThomas Say, isazi semvelo nesazi sezinambuzane esivela e-United States. Ama-specimens okuqala aqoqwa nguye kwi-nightshade enezimpondo ekhula eRocky Mountains. Uveze ukuthi abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezintsha zohlobo lweChrysomela noma ama-leaf beetle. Kodwa ngo-1865, omunye umcwaningi webhungane wabeka ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado kuhlobo lweLeptinotarsa, lapho lukhona namuhla.
Izwe lakuleli bhungane lamazambane laseColorado lisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico, esifundeni saseSonora. Ngaphezu kwakhe, ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane amaqabunga zihlala lapho, zondla i-nightshade yasendle nogwayi. Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, leli bhungane lasuka ezindaweni zalo lakubo laya enyakatho, laya ohlangothini olusempumalanga lweRocky Mountains, lapho lafunda khona ukudla amaqabunga amazambane, ayefuywa ngabahlali. Ngokokuqala ngqá, ukulotshwa okuphawulekayo okuvela kubhungane kwaqoshwa eNebraska ngo-1855, kwathi ngo-1859 kwacekela phansi amasimu aseColorado, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwaba negama lawo.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinyathelo zithathiwe ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwesinambuzane ezweni lonke, yaqala ukuvela ngokushesha kwezinye izifundazwe naseCanada, kwathi ngo-1876 yaqala ukubonakala eYurophu kanye nempahla yemikhumbi.
Ngemuva kwalokho ibhungane lafika kuleli zwekazi kaningana, kepha isikhathi ngasinye lalichithwa. Ngo-1918, "ukufika" kwebhungane kwaphumelela - lesi sinambuzane savela emasimini aseFrance saqala ukusabalala emazweni angomakhelwane. Manje eYurophu itholakala yonke indawo ngaphandle kweNgilandi, lapho kuyivelakancane khona.
Ngo-1949, ibhungane lavela e-USSR - esifundeni saseLviv, ngo-1953 - ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia ngasikhathi sinye. Ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kuya empumalanga, lesi sinambuzane safinyelela ePrimorsky Territory ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.
Incazelo yenkathazo
Ibhungane elidala linosayizi ophakathi nendawo - lingama-0.8-1.2 cm ubude, libanzi ngo-0.6-0.7 cm.Umzimba u-oval oyindilinga, uyindilinga, uphuzi ngokusawolintshi ngombala, unamabala amnyama, acwebezelayo. I-pre-dorsum nayo inamachashaza amnyama; imivimbo emi-5 emincane emincane igijima nge-elytra. Ngephethini enemigqa enjalo, ngeke kube nzima ukuhlukanisa ibhungane kwezinye izinambuzane. Amaphiko akhe akhule kahle, yingakho ekwazi ukundiza amabanga amade.
Izibungu zithambile, futhi zine-convex, ezifika ku-1.5 cm ubude, ekuqaleni, zisencane, ziphuzi, bese zimnyama, zibe bomvu ngokusawolintshi futhi zibe nsundu. Imibala enjalo ingenxa yokuthi, ngokudla amaqabunga, izibungu azikwazi ukugaya i-carotene kuzo, futhi kancane kancane ziqoqana ezicutshini zazo. Izibungu zinekhanda elimnyama nemigqa emi-2 yamachashazi ombala ofanayo ezinhlangothini zombili zomzimba.
Amabhungane amadala futhi ikakhulukazi izibungu zidla amaqabunga e-nightshade. Ezinhlotsheni ezilinyiwe zalo mndeni, zithanda kakhulu ama-eggplants namazambane, kepha ungakhathazeki ngokuhlala kutamatisi, i-physalis, ugwayi. Upelepele wensimbi uyisinqumo sokugcina lapho kungasekho ukudla okufanelekile eduze. Kubukeka kanjani Ibhungane laseColorado uyabona esithombeni.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Izinambuzane ezindala kuphela ezihamba ebusika, ekwindla zigxuma emhlabathini ngo-0.2-0.5 m. Lapho kufika ukushisa, amabhungane aphuma aye phezulu, aqale ukuzondla ngezithombo zamazambane, bese ethola umlingani.
Kulokhu, abesifazane bangavundiswa ekuqaleni kwekwindla, lapho kwenzeka ukuthi baqala ukubeka. Kubuye kube nomthelela ekusindeni kwesinambuzane esiyingozi, ngoba abesifazane abavundisiwe abadingi ukufuna owesilisa entwasahlobo.
Amabhungane, esefinyelele amazambane, aqala ukubeka amaqanda ngamaqembu amancane ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Amaqanda e-Colorado amazambane amabhungane - i-orange encane, enwetshiwe, ephuzi noma ekhanyayo.
Ngosuku olulodwa nje, owesifazane angabeka ama-PC ayi-5-80. amaqanda, nangesizini yonke - ama-350-700 ama-PC. (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lesi sibalo izingcezu eziyinkulungwane). Zingaki izizukulwane ezizokhula ehlobo kuya ngesimo sezulu samanje nesimo sezulu: kukhona ama-2-3 eningizimu, futhi yi-1 kuphela enyakatho.
I-Colorado amazambane amabhungane izibungu achamisela amaqanda ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kuya kwezingu-17. Kuze kube umfundi, badlula ezigabeni ezine ekukhuleni kwabo:
- I-1 - idla kuphela izicubu ezithambile zeqabunga ezivela ngezansi, zivame ukwenziwa kaningi emaqabungeni amancane e-apical;
- 2 - udle lonke iqabunga, ushiye imithambo kuphela;
- 3 no-4 - hlakazeka kuso sonke isitshalo, khasa uye kokulandelayo.
Izibungu zondla ngenkuthalo, ukuze kuthi ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2-3 zingene emhlabathini wokufundela. Ukujula kokugoba kungamamitha ayi-0,1 kuphela.Amabhungane avela eziphungwini emavikini angu-1.5-3. Zingakhasa phezulu noma zihlale emhlabathini kuze kufike intwasahlobo (lokhu kuya ngokushisa komhlaba).
Amabhungane amancane anezithambile ezithambile, i-orange ekhanyayo. Kepha ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa ziba nsundu, zithole umbala ojwayelekile wezinhlobo. Zondla amaqabunga amazambane amasonto ayi-1-3. Uma isimo sezulu sishisa, la mabhungane andizela kwezinye izindawo. Besebenzisa umoya, ngejubane lasehlobo elingu-8 km / h, bangandiza amashumi amakhilomitha ukusuka endaweni yabo yokuqala.
Amabhungane ajwayele ukuhlala unyaka owodwa, kepha amanye awo angaphila izinkathi ezi-2 noma ezi-3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi, izinambuzane zingena ekudleni futhi zichithe iminyaka engu-2-3 emhlabathini. Lesi sici siphazamisa ukulawulwa ngempumelelo kwezinambuzane. Uma kunengozi, amabhungane awazami ukundiza, kepha awele phansi sengathi afile.
Ukulwa kanjani
I-Colorado potato beetle - isinambuzane okunamandla kakhulu, uma ungathathi zinyathelo zokulwa nalo, izibungu ngesikhathi esifushane ziyakwazi ukushwabadela ingxenye emangalisayo yamaqabunga ehlathini. Ukusuka kulokhu, lesi sitshalo ngeke sikwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokwejwayelekile, setha futhi sikhule nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngeke kube khona isivuno.
Ezindaweni ezincane, ungalwa nebhungane ngesandla, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali. Ungaqala ngemuva kokutshala amazambane. Kufanele yandlalwe eduze kwemibhede yokuhlanza. Amabhungane akhase phansi azobuthana kuwo, ahehwe iphunga.
Kusala kuphela ukuqoqa ukuhlanzwa kanye nezinambuzane, kukukhiphele ngaphandle kwemibhede bese kukucekela phansi. Isikhathi ibhungane elihamba ngalo emhlabathini singathatha inyanga yonke, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwendlela eyodwa akwanele.
Isigaba sesibili somzabalazo: ukuhlolwa kwezihlahla ukutholakala kwamaqhuqhuva amaqanda amasha kuzo. Njengoba abesifazane bebeka phezu kwepuleti eliphansi leqabunga, kunzima ukuzibona ngokushesha. Kuyadingeka ukuthi uphakamise amaqabunga, uwahlole kusuka ngezansi, uthathe lawo okutholakala kuwo amaqhuqhuva amaqanda futhi ubhubhise, uqoqe amabhungane ngokushesha nje lapho etholakala kumazambane futhi abuye abhubhise.
Izitha zemvelo
Amabhungane aseColorado adla amaqabunga amazambane aqukethe i-solanine. Le nto iqongelela izicubu zayo, ngakho-ke azikulungele ukudla kwezinyoni eziningi noma ezilwaneni. Ngenxa yalokhu, banezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo, futhi lezo ezikhona azikwazi ukulawula inani lamabhungane ezingeni elingenabungozi.
Kusuka ezinyoni zasepulazini, amabhungane, izinyoni ze-Guinea, ama-turkeys, ama-pheasants kanye nama-partridges kudliwa ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Kubo, izinambuzane azinabo ubuthi futhi zidliwa ngenjabulo enkulu. Izinyoni ezingama-Guinea kuphela ezidla izinambuzane, okusele kufanele kufundiswe kusukela eminyakeni eyi-3-4 izinyanga: okokuqala, engeza amabhungane amancane achotshoziwe kokuphakelayo, bese uphelele, ukuze izinyoni zijwayele ukunambitheka kwazo.
Izinyoni zingadedelwa ziqonde ngqo engadini, azizilimazi izitshalo, aziwutholi umhlabathi njengezinkukhu, zidla amabhungane nezibungu ngqo kusuka emaqabungeni. Kanyekanye namabhungane, izinyoni ezingamagwinya nazo zibulala ezinye izinambuzane ezilimaza nezitshalo ezitshaliwe.
Kunemininingwane yokuthi izinkukhu ezifuywayo nazo zidla amabhungane aseColorado, kepha ngabantu ngabanye abajwayele lokhu kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kungenzeka ukudedela izinyoni ziye engadini ngokushesha lapho izibungu zivela, okungukuthi, sekuvele ngoMeyi-Juni.
Kepha, kuyafiseleka ukuthi amazambane abiyelwe ngento ethile, ngaphandle kwalokho izinkukhu zizohamba kalula ziye emibhedeni engomakhelwane konakalise imifino ekhula lapho, zikhiphe imifino emisha, bese zihlela izimbobo zokugeza othulini. Usebenzisa izinkukhu ngale ndlela, ungenza ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali noma ngamakhemikhali ayizinambuzane.
Ukulwa nebhungane kuzoba lula ngokuphelele futhi kube nenzuzo: izinyoni, ezondla izinambuzane ezicebile ngamaprotheni, zizokhula masinyane futhi zikhuluphale, izingqimba zizobekela amaqanda amaningi, futhi konke lokhu ngokudla okungabizi mahhala.
Ngaphezu kwezasekhaya, izinyoni zasendle nazo zidla ibhungane laseColorado. Lezi yizinkanyezi, ondlunkulu, okhukhamba, amagwababa, ama-hazel grouses, njll. Kepha-ke, akumele uthembele ekutheni bazolibulala ibhungane ngamanani amakhulu.
Kungenzeka ukuthi wandise inani lezinyoni zasendle uma uzihehela ngqo kusayithi, kepha lokhu kukude futhi kuvame ukungasebenzi, ngakho-ke akunasisekelo ukubheka izinyoni zasendle njengeyona ndlela eyinhloko yokuqeda ibhungane. Futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko, izinyoni, sezindiza kule ndawo, azidli kuphela izinambuzane, kodwa futhi zonakalisa isivuno samajikijolo asuke evuthwe ngalesi sikhathi.
Kwezinambuzane, amaqanda nezibungu zeColorado amazambane beetle abhujiswa yi-lacewing, i-ground beetle, ama-ladybugs, ama-hoverflies, ama-bug bugs, izimbungulu ezidlayo kanye nama-tahinas (athelela isizukulwane sokugcina, sekwindla, sesinambuzane, esivimbela ukuzala kwaso). Ucwaningo lwama-entomophages aseMelika - izitha zemvelo ze-Colorado amazambane beetle kanye nethuba lokuzivumelanisa kwazo eYurophu kuyaqhubeka.
Ezinye izindlela zomzabalazo
Amabhungane amadala athola amazambane ngephunga, ngenxa yomuzwa wawo omuhle wephunga. Ukuze uvikele amabhungane ekutholeni amahlathi, udinga ukuhlwanyela elinye lala makhambi eduze kwawo: i-calendula, i-dill, i-basil, i-cilantro, i-mint, i-garlic yesitshalo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-anyanisi, ubhontshisi. Njengoba kushiwo, lokhu kunganciphisa inani lamabhungane cishe izikhathi eziyishumi.
Lapho utshala izilimo eziyizigaxa entwasahlobo, udinga ukufaka isikhukhu sanyanisi nomlotha emgodini ngamunye. Ibhungane ngeke livele kumazambane kuze kube yilapho liqhakaza, futhi ngemuva kwalokho ngeke lisaba yingozi, ngoba ukubekwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha kwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yesikhathi sokukhula.
Ama-insecticide
Uma izindlela zemvelo zokulawula zingasizanga kangako, kunamabhungane amaningi noma indawo ehlala amazambane inkulu, ngakho-ke okungcono kakhulu okungacatshangelwa ukwelashwa kwamasimu ngama-insecticide okubulala amakhemikhali. Zifuthwa ngezitshalo lapho kuvela izibungu ezineminyaka emi-2 namabhungane amancane.
Kepha, ngoba isici se-Colorado amazambane beetle ukumelana kahle namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene nokuzivumelanisa nawo ngokushesha, udinga ukushintsha amalungiselelo, futhi ungafafazi okufanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lokhu akunzima ukukwenza, njengoba kuningi okuhlukahlukene amakhambi e-Colorado amazambane beetle, kunokuningi ongakhetha kukho.
Ama-insecticide - ubuthi obuvela e-Colorado amazambane beetle - ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngamapharamitha ambalwa. Isibonelo, zonke zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba: ukugxila okuncane, ukusebenza kuphela kwizibungu noma kubantu abadala kuphela, noma endaweni yonke, ukubhubhisa amabhungane nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Izidakamizwa zakamuva zinamandla futhi zisebenza ngokwengeziwe ngamakhemikhali, azigcini ngokubulala izinambuzane ngokuthembeka, kepha zinomphumela obonakalayo ezitshalweni, futhi uma zisetshenziswe ngendlela engafanele nalapho umthamo weqiwe, ziyathinta nabantu.
Ngokwendlela yesicelo, imikhiqizo yenzelwe ukugcoba nokufafaza. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zifuthwa ngesisombululo esilungisiwe kusuka kuma-dressing agents ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe ukuhluma noma zifakwe kusixazululo. Isixazululo futhi siyalungiswa kusuka kumafafaza okufanele asetshenziselwe ukufafaza amaqabunga neziqu.
Ngokwendlela yokwenza ku-pest, ama-insecticide ukuxhumana, amathumbu kanye nohlelo. Futhi ziyahlukahluka kuzithako ezisebenzayo. Lawa ama-avermectin, ama-pyrethrins, ama-phosphorus compounds nama-neonicotinoids.
Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane eminingi enamandla i-phytotoxic, ayinconyelwe ukuvuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa: umuthi wokugcina kufanele wenziwe okungenani inyanga ngaphambi kokuvunwa kwesivuno esisha. Ukushiya amazambane anjalo ukuze utshale entwasahlobo ezayo akunconywa.
Izinhlobo eziphikisayo
Azikho izinhlobo ezingaba nzima ngo-100% kubhungane. Kodwa kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo eziphikisana kakhulu nokudla izinambuzane ukudlula zonke ezinye. Lokhu kutholakala hhayi ngobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, kodwa ngomsebenzi wokukhetha ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezihlukile kwezinye ezikwisakhiwo samaqabunga.
Imvamisa iba mincane, imicu, imbozwe izinwele, inemithambo eqinile, okwenza kube nzima ukondla amabhungane, ikakhulukazi izibungu ezisencane. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi abathandi ukunambitheka kwamaqabunga, agcwele i-solanine namanye ama-alkaloid. Lezi zinhlanganisela azigcini ngokunganambitheki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zikhawulela namandla ebhungane okuzala.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuvuselelwa, ngakho-ke, noma zidliwe ngamabhungane, zilulama ngokushesha futhi zikhule amaqabunga amasha. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulahleka kwesivuno, ngoba ivolumu yaso incike kakhulu kumthamo wezinto eziluhlaza lapho izakhi zidluliselwa kwizilimo eziyizigaxa.
Kunciphisa amathuba okuhlaselwa kwebhungane kanye nokumelana okujwayelekile kwamazambane ezifweni: izinambuzane zikhetha izihlahla ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yezifo, zizidla kalula. Ngemibhede yasekhaya, ungakhetha izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamazambane:
- Inhlanhla. Izinhlobonhlobo azithobeki, ngokuvunwa okuphezulu nokuqukethwe kwesitashi. Ububi - bungathinteka yimatode.
- Lasunok. Izinhlobonhlobo zokuvuthwa phakathi nendawo ezikulungele kahle ukukhula eCentral Russia. Amazambane amnandi, aphila ngokuvumelana negama lawo.
- UKamensky. Ukuvuthwa kokuqala, ngaphandle kwalokho, nakho kuyathela. Kuhlanganiswe nokumelana nebhungane, lezi zakhiwo zikwenza kube isilimo esihle esifanele izingadi zasekhaya.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane ezingamelana nazo zingatholakala zisendalini. Lokhu kungathengwa ezitolo eziku-inthanethi noma ezitolo zokudla.
Amathiphu awusizo
Ungathembeli enhlotsheni kuphela, noma ngabe izinzile kangakanani. Kungcono kakhulu ukulungisa amazambane ukuze angatholakali kubhungane phakathi nenkathi. Isigaba sokuqala ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze amahlumela akhuphukele phezulu ngokushesha okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi I-Colorado amazambane beetle ivela ekushiseni okungaba ngu-15 ° C, futhi uma utshala amazambane kusenesikhathi, ngalesi sikhathi amahlathi azoba nesikhathi sokukhulisa iziqongo ezinamandla. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu zingasikwa zibe yizicucu eziningana eziqukethe iso. Ngayinye izokhula isitshalo sonke, futhi isivuno esiphelele sizoba sikhulu. Fafaza ukusika kwizilimo eziyizigaxa ngomlotha ohlutshiwe.
Amazambane kufanele akhule enhlabathini evundisiwe. Ukunikezwa ukondleka okwanele, kuzoba namandla futhi kuqine, futhi kuzoba lula ukumelana nezinambuzane. Ukwakha indawo efanelekile, kufanele kufakwe umanyolo enhlabathini - i-humus kanye nomlotha okhuni ohlanzekile.
I-Colorado amazambane beetle ayenzi lutho, kodwa yenza umonakalo omkhulu kuphela. Ngokuchitha amasimu amazambane, kunciphisa isivuno sezitshalo. Ukulwa nayo, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zenziwe ukuthola imiphumela esheshayo nethembekile, awunakuma kwenye yazo, kepha sebenzisa i-2 noma i-3 ngasikhathi sinye.
