UMallard - inani elidume kakhulu nelikhulu lamadada emhlabeni. Ingabonakala cishe kunoma yimuphi umzimba wamanzi. Nguye omkhulu kunabo bonke amadada asendle ngakho-ke uvame ukuba yinto yezemidlalo, futhi kwezinye izimo ukuzingela kwezentengiselwano. Izinhlobo eziningi zamadada zanamuhla zizalaniswa ngokuzalaniswa kwama-mallard asendle, ngaphandle kohlobo lweMuscat. Le yinyoni edla omnivorous, ivumelana kalula nezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene futhi iphila kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Ake simazi kangcono.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Mallard
IMallard ingenye yezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezichazwe ekuqaleni nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1758 uhlelo lweshumi lwe-The System of Nature. Wamnika amagama amabili athi: Anas platyrhynchos + Anas boschas. Igama lesayensi lisuselwa ku-Latin Anas - "duck" kanye ne-Greek πλατυρυγχος yasendulo - "enomlomo omkhulu."
Igama elithi "Mallard" ekuqaleni lalibhekisa kunoma iyiphi i-drake yasendle futhi kwesinye isikhathi lisasetshenziswa ngaleyo ndlela. Lezi zinyoni zivame ukuzalana nezihlobo zazo eziseduze kakhulu kuhlobo lwe-Anas, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu akujwayelekile impela phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezinjalo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imallard yavela ngokushesha okukhulu futhi muva nje, ekupheleni kwePleistocene engasekho.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kukhombisile ukuthi amanye ama-mallard asondele kakhulu kubazala bawo base-Indo-Pacific, kanti amanye ahlobene nabazala bawo baseMelika. Imininingwane kwi-DNA ye-mitochondrial yokulandelana kwe-D-loop iphakamisa ukuthi ama-mallards kungenzeka ukuthi avela ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zaseSiberia. Amathambo ezinyoni atholakala ezinsaleleni zokudla zabantu basendulo nezinye izidalwa.
Ama-Mallards ahlukile kwi-DNA yawo ye-mitochondrial phakathi kwabantu baseNyakatho Melika nabase-Eurasia, kepha ufuzo lwenuzi lukhombisa ukuntuleka okuphawulekayo kofuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka komehluko wokuziphatha phakathi kwama-Old World mallards kanye neNew World mallards kukhombisa izinga okusatshalaliswa ngalo ufuzo phakathi kwabo okwenza ukuthi izinyoni ezifana nedada laseShayina elinamachashaza zifane kakhulu nama-Old World mallards, nezinyoni ezifana nedada laseHawaii kubukeka njengeNew World mallard.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Drake mallard
IMallard (Anas platyrhynchos) iyinyoni yomndeni wakwa-Anatidae. Lolu uhlobo lwezinyoni zamanzi ezinesisindo esiphakathi esisinda kancane kunezinye eziningi zamadada. Ubude bayo bungu-50-65 cm, umzimba wayo ungaba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu. I-mallard inamaphiko angu-81-98 cm ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-0.72-1.58. kg. Phakathi kwezilinganiso ezijwayelekile, iphiko lamaphiko lingu-25.7 kuye ku-30.6 cm, uqhwaku luyi-4.4 kuye ku-6.1 cm, kanti imilenze ingu-4.1 kuye ku-4.8 cm.
Kuma-mallards, i-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa kahle. Uhlobo lweduna lubonakala ngokusobala ngekhanda lalo elicwebezelayo eliluhlaza okotshani elinekhola elimhlophe elihlukanisa isifuba esinsundu esinsundu kusuka ekhanda, izimpiko ezinsundu ngokumpunga nesisu esimpunga esifiphele. Ingemuva kowesilisa kumnyama, inezimpaphe zomsila ezimhlophe, ezimnyama. Iduna linomlomo ophuzi ngokusawolintshi onebala elimnyama ekugcineni, kuyilapho lona wesifazane linomlomo omnyama osukela kobumnyama kuye kolintshi olunamachashazi noma onsundu.
Ividiyo: Mallard
I-mallard yesifazane ihlukahluka kakhulu, uphaphe ngalunye lubonisa umehluko ogqamile kumbala. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane banezimpaphe ezi-purple ezi-purple neziluhlaza ezansi kwephiko ezinemiphetho emhlophe, ezigqamayo lapho zindiza noma ziphumule, kepha zichithwa okwesikhashana ngesikhathi se-molt yonyaka.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: IMallard ijwayele ukuhlangana nezinye izinhlobo zamadada, okuholela ekuhlanganisweni nasekuxubeni kwezinhlobo. Bayinzalo yamadada asekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mallard atholakala kubantu basendle asetshenziswe kaningi ukuvuselela amadada asekhaya noma ukuzala izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane.
Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, izimpaphe zedada ziphuzi phansi nangaphansi nasebusweni bese zimnyama ngemuva (ezinamabala aphuzi) kuya phezulu nangemuva kwekhanda. Imilenze noqhwaku lwayo kumnyama. Njengoba isondela ezimpapheni, idada liqala ukuba mpunga, lifane nelensikazi, yize linemigqa eyengeziwe, futhi imilenze yalo ilahlekelwa umbala ompunga omnyama. Lapho inezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine ubudala, idada liqala ukundiza ngoba amaphiko alo akhule ngokuphelele.
Manje uyazi ukuthi imallard yasendle ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi le nyoni ethokozisayo ihlala kuphi nokuthi idlani.
Uhlala kuphi umallard?
Isithombe: Idada laseMallard
I-mallard itholakala kulo lonke izwe elisenyakatho, ukusuka eYurophu kuya e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. ENyakatho Melika, ayitholakali enyakatho ekude kuphela ezifundeni ezinamanzi ukusuka eCanada kuya eMaine nasempumalanga kuya eNova Scotia. Isikhungo salo sokusabalalisa saseNyakatho Melika sisesifundeni esibizwa ngokuthi yi-prairie esifundeni saseNyakatho naseNingizimu Dakota, eManitoba naseSaskatchewan. EYurophu, ama-mallard awatholakali kuphela ezinkangala, eScandinavia nasecekeni le-tundra eRussia. Kusatshalaliswe eSiberia kuya enyakatho kuya eSalekhard, inkambo yeLower Tunguska, iTaigonos Peninsula neNyakatho Kamchatka.
I-mallard yethulwa e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Itholakala noma yikuphi lapho isimo sezulu sihambisana nendawo esatshalaliswa kuyo enyakatho yezwe. E-Australia, ama-mallards avele hhayi ngaphambi kuka-1862 futhi asabalala ezwenikazi lase-Australia, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1950. Kuyinto engajwayelekile ngenxa yesimo sezulu saleli zwekazi. Ikakhulu kuhlala iTasmania, mpumalanga kanye nezinye izindawo eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Le nyoni ihlala emadolobheni noma ezindaweni zezolimo kanti kuyaqabukela kubonakale ezifundeni lapho abantu bengenabantu abaningi khona. Kubhekwa njengenhlobo ehlaselayo ephazamisa imvelo.
I-mallard isavamile ezigodini ezivulekile kuze kufike ku-1000 m, izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zokwakha izidleke ziye zalotshwa cishe ngamamitha angama-2000. E-Asia, uhla ludlulela empumalanga ye-Himalaya. Le nyoni ilala emathafeni asenyakatho neNdiya naseningizimu yeChina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhla lwe-mallard lubandakanya i-Iran, i-Afghanistan, nangaphandle kwezwekazi, izidleke zezinyoni e-Aleutian, Kuril, Commander, eziqhingini zaseJapan, kanye naseHawaii, e-Iceland naseGreenland. Ikhetha izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi lapho amanzi akhiqiza kakhulu akhiqiza khona uhlaza oluningi. Izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ziphinde zikhiqize inani elikhulu lama-invertebrate asemanzini ama-mallards adla kuwo.
Idla ngani iMallard?
Isithombe: Bird mallard
UMallard akafuni ukudla. Kuyisilwane esidla omnivorous esidla konke esingakugaya futhi sikuthole ngomzamo omncane. Imithombo emisha yokudla itholakala ngokushesha futhi isetshenziswe ngokushesha.
Ukudla kwedada lase-mallard kuqukethe izinto zezitshalo:
- imbewu;
- izithelo;
- ulwelwe oluhlaza;
- izitshalo zasogwini nasemhlabeni.
Ukudla kufaka futhi:
- izimbaza;
- izibungu;
- izinkalankala ezincane;
- onoshobishobi;
- inhlanzi encane;
- amaxoxo;
- izibungu;
- iminenke.
Ukwakhiwa kokudla kuncike ekushintsheni kwesizini. Ama-mallard aseYurophu Ephakathi aphila ngokudla kwezitshalo ngenkathi yazo yokuzalanisa. Lezi yimbewu, okubekwa ngaphezulu kwezingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo, bese kuba yimifino emisha ehlumayo. Ngesikhathi amaphuphu ezalwa, awatholi kuphela ukudla okutshalwe kakhulu kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi nokudla kwezilwane okuningi okuyizinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Kodwa-ke, amachwane e-mallard awagxili ekudleni okuthile, ukuthola izakhamzimba ezanele emvelweni.
Yize ithonya lamaprotheni ezilwane ekukhuleni kwezilwane ezisencane lingenakuphikwa. Ama-mallards amancane adla amaprotheni amaningi ezilwane akhombisa amazinga okukhula aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo adla kakhulu imifino. Ngokushesha nje lapho amaphuphu amancane eza, ama-mallard aya ngokuya efuna ukudla emasimini. Bathanda kakhulu okusanhlamvu okungavuthiwe. Ekwindla, ama-mallards adla ama-acorn namanye amantongomane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ukunweba i-spectrum yokudla kufaka amazambane angeniswe evela eNingizimu Melika. E-Great Britain, lo mkhuba wokudla waqala ukuvela phakathi nobusika obunzima phakathi kuka-1837 no-1855. Ngesikhathi abalimi belahla amazambane abolile ensimini.
Ezindaweni zokuphakela, imallard futhi kwesinye isikhathi idla isinkwa nemfucuza yasekhishini. Yize evumelana nezimo ekudleni kwakhe, akazidli izitshalo ezinosawoti. EGreenland, ngokwesibonelo, i-mallard iphakela cishe ama-molluscs asolwandle kuphela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: i-mallard duck
Idada laseMallard linezimpaphe ezingaba ngu-10 000 ezisibekela phansi, esivikela emswakeni nasemakhazeni. Zigcoba le mpaphe ukuze amanzi angangeni kuwo. Izindlala ezingaphansi komsila zinikela ngamafutha akhethekile. Idada lithatha lesi sithambisi ngomlomo waso siligcobise kuzimpaphe zalo. Amadada entanta phezu komcamelo womoya emanzini. Umoya uhlala phakathi kwezimpaphe naphansi. Isendlalelo somoya esivinjelwe sivimbela umzimba ekulahlekelweni ukushisa.
Ngokufuna ukudla ngaphansi kwamanzi, ama-mallards acwila ekhanda, eshaya amaphiko awo ebusweni bamanzi bese ewa. Lesi sikhundla somsila esikhuphuka sibheke ngaphandle kwamanzi sibukeka sihlekisa kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, bafuna ukudla ezansi ekujuleni okungaba uhhafu wemitha. Ziluma izingxenye zezitshalo ngoqhwaku lwazo bese ngasikhathi sinye ziphusha amanzi, nawo azibambile, aphume. Izingxenye zomlomo zenza njengesefa lapho ukudla kubambeka khona.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinyawo zamadada azikaze ziqhume ngoba zintula ukuphela kwezinzwa nemithambo yegazi. Lokhu kusiza amadada ukuthi ahambe ngokuthula eqhweni naseqhweni ngaphandle kokuzwa amakhaza.
Ukundiza kwale nyoni kuyashesha futhi kunomsindo omkhulu ngokweqile. Lapho ishaya izimpiko zayo, imallard ivame ukukhipha imisindo enomsindo, idada elingabonakala ngayo ngaphandle kokuyibona ngokubuka. Kubantu abahamba ngezindiza, imivimbo emhlophe kuzintambo ze-wheel arch ibonakala ngokusobala. Ukusuka kwe-mallard ebusweni bamanzi kunekhono impela. Ingahambisa amashumi wamamitha ngaphansi kwamanzi. Emhlabathini, uhamba ngokuhambahamba ngapha nangapha, kodwa abalimele bayakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha.
Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, ama-mallards akha imihlambi futhi afuduke asuka emaphethelweni asenyakatho aye ezifundeni eziseningizimu ezifudumele. Lapho balinda entwasahlobo bese bondla kuze kuqale inkathi yokuzalanisa. Amanye ama-mallard, noma kunjalo, angakhetha ukuhlala ebusika ezindaweni lapho kunokudla okuningi nendawo yokuhlala. Lawa ma-mallard angabantu abahlala unomphela, abangathutheli.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amachwane aseMallard
AmaSedentary mallards akha ngazimbili ngo-Okthoba nangoNovemba enyakatho Nenkabazwe, nezinyoni ezifudukayo entwasahlobo. Abesifazane babeka amaqanda ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokuzalela, esiqala cishe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ndawonye, imibhangqwana ibheka indawo yokwakha izidleke engahle ibe osebeni, kepha kwesinye isikhathi amakhilomitha amabili noma amathathu ukusuka emanzini.
Ukukhethwa kwendawo yesidleke kushintshaniswa nezimo zendawo ngayinye. Ezindaweni eziyizicaba, izidleke zitholakala emadlelweni, eduze kwamachibi anezimila ezibonakalisiwe, emadlelweni. Emahlathini, bangahlala nasemigodini yezihlahla. Isidleke uqobo lwaso ukucindezela okulula, okungajulile, okugcwaliswa insikazi ngamagatsha aqinile. Ngemuva kokwakha isidleke, idrake lishiya idada lijoyine amanye amaduna ngokulindela isikhathi sokuncinza.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Owesifazane ubeka umhlophe o-8-13 o-creamy onamaqanda aluhlaza okotshani ngaphandle kwamachashaza, iqanda elilodwa ngosuku, kusukela ngoMashi. Uma amaqanda amane okuqala ashiywe evulekile eshiywe engathinteki yizilwane ezidla ezinye, idada lizoqhubeka nokubeka amaqanda kulesi sidleke bese limboza amaqanda, lishiya isidleke isikhashana.
Amaqanda angaba ngu-58 mm ubude no-32 mm ububanzi. Ukufukamela kuqala lapho i-clutch isiqedile. Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha izinsuku ezingama-27-28, kanti ukufafaza kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-50-60. Amadada ayakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha nje lapho esechanyuselwe. Ngokwemvelo bahlala eduze nonina hhayi nje ukuthola imfudumalo nokuvikelwa, kepha futhi ukuze bafunde futhi bakhumbule indawo yabo yokuhlala nokuthi bakutholaphi ukudla. Lapho amadada ekhula ekwazi ukundiza, akhumbula imizila yawo yendabuko yokufuduka.
Izitha zemvelo zemallard
Isithombe: Idada laseMallard
Ama-Mallards wabo bonke ubudala (kodwa ikakhulukazi abasha) avame ukuhlangana nezilwane ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nezasekhaya. Izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu zemvelo zemallard mallards yizimpungushe (ezijwayele ukuhlasela izidleke zezinsikazi. Kanye nezinyoni ezidla inyama ezisheshayo noma ezinkulu: ama-peregrine falcons, oklebe, izinkozi zegolide, izinkozi, amagwababa afakwe izigqoko, noma izinkozi, izigaxa ezinkulu, izikhova zokhozi. Uhlu lwezinyoni ezidla inyama hhayi izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingama-25 kanye nenani elifanayo lezilwane ezincelisayo, kungabalwa ezinye izidalwa ezimbalwa zezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ezisongela amaqanda namachwane emall.
Amadada aseMallard nawo ayizisulu zezilwane ezinjengezi:
- impunga eyimpunga;
- i-mink;
- inhlanzi eyikati;
- amakati zasendle;
- i-pike esenyakatho;
- inja ye-raccoon;
- ama-otters;
- i-skunk;
- ama-martens;
- ezihuquzelayo.
Idada laseMallard lingahlaselwa futhi ngama-anseriformes amakhulu njengama-swans namahansi, okuvame ukuxosha ama-mallards ngesikhathi sokuzala ngenxa yezingxabano zendawo. Thulisa ama-swans ahlasela noma abulale ama-mallard uma ekholelwa ukuthi amadada ayingozi ezinganeni zawo.
Ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa, amadada aphumula evule iso elilodwa ngenkathi elele, avumela indawo eyodwa yobuchopho ukuthi iqhubeke nokusebenza ngenkathi enye ingxenye ilele. Le nqubo yaqala ukubonwa kuma-mallards, yize kukholakala ukuthi le nto isakazeke phakathi kwezinyoni ngokujwayelekile. Ngoba abesifazane banamathuba amaningi okuthi bazingele inyamazane ngesikhathi sokuzala, imihlambi eminingi iba namadrake amaningi kakhulu kunamadada. Endle, amadada angaphila phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-15. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwabantu iminyaka engama-40.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Owesifazane Mallard
Amadada aseMallard yizona eziningi kakhulu futhi zichichima zonke izinyoni zamanzi. Njalo ngonyaka, abazingeli badubula izigidi zabantu, kungabi namthelela omncane ezinombolweni zabo. Isongo esikhulu kunazo zonke kuma-mallards ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, kepha zivumelanisa kalula nokuqanjwa kwabantu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kusukela ngo-1998, Ohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, i-mallard ibalwe njengezilwane ezisengozini kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inebanga elikhulu - ngaphezulu kuka-20,000,000 km², futhi nangenxa yokuthi inani lezinyoni liyanda, alinciphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lama-mallard likhulu kakhulu.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni zasemanzini, ama-mallard asizakele ngoguquko lomuntu - ngobuciko kangangoba manje asethathwa njengenhlobo ehlaselayo kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Bahlala emapaki amadolobha, amachibi, amachibi nezinye izidumbu zamanzi zokuzenzela. Zivame ukubekezelelwa futhi zikhuthazwe ezindaweni zabantu ngenxa yemvelo yazo enokuthula nemibala emihle, yothingo.
Amadada ahlalisana ngempumelelo nabantu kangangokuthi ingozi enkulu yokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ihlotshaniswa nokulahleka kokwehluka kofuzo phakathi kwamadada endabuko esifundeni. Ukudedela ama-mallard asendle ezindaweni lapho kungazalelwanga khona kwesinye isikhathi kudala izinkinga ngenxa yokuzalana nezinyoni zamanzi zomdabu. Lawa ma-mallard angafuduki ahlangana nabantu bendawo bezinhlobo zamadada ahlobene kakhulu, afaka isandla ekungcolisweni kofuzo nasekukhiqizeni inzalo evundile.
UMallard ukhokho wamadada amaningi asekhaya. Isizinda saso sofuzo esivela endle singcoliswe ngokufanayo ngabantu abafuywayo. Ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-wild mallard gene pool kuzoholela ekuqothulweni kwezinyoni zasemanzini zasendaweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-21: 36
