Ophiura (kusuka ku-Lat. Ophiuroidea) - izilwane zasolwandle ze-benthic ezingohlobo lwe-echinoderms. Igama labo lesibili - "izinyoka-imisila" ukuhunyushwa okuqondile okuvela ku-Greek Ophiura (inyoka, umsila).
Izilwane zathola leli gama ngenxa yendlela yazo yokuhamba. Basizwa ukuthi bahambele ezansi ngokude, okuhlukanisiwe "nezingalo" zomzimba, ezijija njengezinyoka.
Isigaba se-Ophiura Ama-echinoderms, afaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-2500 ezahlukahlukene. Iningi labamele bahlala ezifundeni ezishisayo, lapho bezizwa bekhululeke khona, futhi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-120 kuphela izikhulu zasolwandle ingatholakala ekujuleni kwamanzi aseRussia.
Izinsalela zalezi zilwane ezitholwe abavubukuli zibuyele emuva enkathini yesibili yenkathi yePaleozoic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-500 edlule. Esigabeni samanje, kunamaqembu amabili aphambili ama-ophiurs:
- I-Ophiurida - noma "yangempela ophiura "- echinodermsimisebe yayo engakhanyi futhi engenamagatsha;
- Euryalida - abamele "ofiur i-branched ", enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi semisebe.
Indawo yokuhlala i-Ophiura
Indlela yokuphila ye-Ophiura kubhekiswa ezansi. Lezi yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zolwandle olujulile, futhi ubukhulu bokusabalalisa bukhulu impela. Kukhethiwe izinhlobo ze-ophiur Zitholakala futhi ezingxenyeni ezisogwini, kepha imisila yezinyoka ihlala kakhulu ekujuleni kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa.
Lezi zinhlobo zakwalasha azikhuphukeli phezulu phezulu, lezo ezijule kakhulu zitholakale kwalasha ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6 700 ukujula. Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene inokuhlukahluka kwayo: abamele amanzi angajulile ekilasini bakhethe amatshe asogwini, amadwala ama-coral kanye nezipanji ze-algae, abathandi bokujula kolwandle okucashile bacashe kulo daka.
Ukugqobhoza ngokuphelele emhlabathini, kushiye kuphela amathiphu emisebe yayo ebusweni. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-ophiura zihlangana ngenjabulo phakathi kwezinaliti zama-urchins asolwandle, emagatsheni ama-coral noma ezipontshini nase-algae.
Kwezinye izindawo, kunenqwaba ye-ophiur, eyakha ama-biocenoses ahlukene, adlala indima enkulu empilweni yemiphakathi yasolwandle. Amafomu anjalo athinta kakhulu ukusebenza okuphelele kohlelo lwamanzi, ngoba adla izinto eziningi eziphilayo, futhi zona, zingukudla kwezinye izimpilo zasolwandle.
Izici zesakhiwo se-ophiura
Vuliwe isithombe ofiura ifana ne-starfish, kepha lokhu kufana kunqunyelwe kuphela yizimpawu ezithile zangaphandle. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi nomlando wokuthuthukiswa kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili kwehluka kakhulu.
Ukuvela kwe-ophiuria kuhanjiswe ekuthuthukisweni kwemisebe, noma "izingalo" zesilwane, ezihlukaniswe nomzimba omkhulu. Ngosizo lwabo, ama-ophiura ahamba ngokuphelele olwandle.
I-disc emaphakathi eyisicaba yomzimba ayidluli ububanzi obungu-10-12 cm, kanti imisebe evela kuyo ifinyelela kubude obufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-60. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kuka-Ophiur nabanye abamele ama-echinoderms usesimweni sale misebe.
Ngokuvamile kunezinhlanu zazo, kodwa kwezinye izinhlobo isibalo singafinyelela emisebeni eyishumi. Ziqukethe ama-vertebrae amaningi, abanjwe ndawonye yimicu yemisipha, ngosizo lokuhamba "kwezingalo".
Ngenxa yokuhlangana okunjalo ukwakheka kwehhovisi, imisebe yezinhlobo ezithile iyakwazi ukugoba ibhola lisuke ohlangothini lwangaphakathi luye emzimbeni omkhulu.
Ukuhamba kwe-ophiur kwenzeka ngendlela yokuphazamiseka, kuyilapho imisebe emibili iphonswa phambili, ebambelela kokungahambi kahle kolwandle futhi ikhuphule umzimba wonke. Ama-vertebrae avikelekile ngaphandle ngamapuleti amancanyana anamathambo, aqukethe imigqa emine.
Amapuleti esisu asebenza njengesembozo se-ambulacral sulci, amapuleti e-lateral anezinaliti eziningi zezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene nokubukeka.
Ingxenye yangaphandle yamathambo imbozwe izikali zamalensi ezincanyana. Lolu uhlobo lwesithombe esihlangene seso. Ngokungabikho kwezitho ezibonakalayo, lo msebenzi wenziwa ngegobolondo uqobo, elikwazi ukuphendula ekuguqukeni kokukhanya.
Ngokungafani ne-starfish, imilenze yama-ambulensi ephuma emigodini ye-vertebra ngayinye yomsakazo ayinama-ampoules nama-suckers. Banikezwa eminye imisebenzi: ethintekayo nokuphefumula.
Njengemisebe, idiski le-snaketail limbozwe ngokuphelele ngamacwecwe angamathambo ngendlela yesikali. Zivame ukuba nezinaliti ezihlukile, ama-tubercles, noma ama-bristles. Umlomo we-pentahedral utholakala maphakathi nohlangothi lwe-ventral.
Ukuma komlomo kushiwo imihlathi - amaphrosesa ayisihlanu angunxantathu afakwe amapuleti omlomo. Ukwakheka komlomo nemihlathi kuvumela ama-ophiura hhayi kuphela ukuchoboza ukudla, kodwa futhi nokukubamba nokukubamba.
Ukudla kwe-Ophiur
Izinyoka zondla ngezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izikelemu, iplankton, izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezinhle, ulwelwe nezicubu ezithambile zamakhorali. Imisebe ye-ophiura nemilenze yayo kuvame ukubandakanyeka ekubambeni, ekugcineni, nasekulethweni kokudla emgodini womlomo.
Izinhlayiya ezincane kanye ne-dendrite engezansi kudonswa yimilenze ye-ambulensi, kuyilapho inyamazane enkulu ibanjwa yimisebe, ethi, ukugoba, ilethe ukudla emlonyeni. Umsele wamathumbu uqala ngomlomo echinoderm ophiur, equkethe:
- Isisu
- Isisu esithatha iningi lomzimba
- I-Cecum (ayikho indunu)
Cishe wonke ama-ophiura ayakwazi ukuzwa isisulu ukude. Imilenze ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile kulokhu, okubamba iphunga lokudla kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngosizo lwezigxobo, isilwane sihamba siye ohlangothini olufunayo, sifike buthule lapho sifuna khona.
Lapho izilwane zigaya ukudla ngezikali zomlomo, yonke imisebe iqondiswa phezulu iye phezulu. Imiphakathi emikhulu ye-ophiuria enamagatsha isebenzisa imisebe yayo "shaggy" ukudala izicupho ezihlukile, okuwela kuzo izikelemu ezincane, ama-crustaceans noma i-jellyfish.
Ukhaphethi onjalo wemisebe yamagatsha uthwebula kalula ukudla kwasolwandle okulengisiwe (plankton). Le ndlela yokudla okunempilo ibhekisa kumuntu wakho kusihlungi se-muco-ciliary. Kukhona izidumbu zezidumbu phakathi kwama-echinoderms.
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-ophiur, isibonelo, umnyama ophiura, ingagcinwa kuma-aquariums. Lezi zilwane ezifuywayo zondliwa ngamafomula akhethekile omisiwe olwandle, kepha futhi ungaziphatha ngezicucu zezinhlanzi ezintsha.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokuthuthukiswa kwe-ophiura
Iningi lemisila yezinyoka ihlukaniswe ngabesifazane nabesilisa, kepha kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-hermaphrodite. Phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwe-ophiur, kukhona nezinhlobo ezizalanayo ngokwehlukana okuguqukayo.
Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi kuma-echinoderms amancane anemisebe eyisithupha, ububanzi be-disc obungadluli amamilimitha ambalwa. Idiski lihlukaniswe ngendlela yokuthi kuhlale kunemisebe emithathu esele nengxenye eyodwa yomzimba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, "izingalo" ezingekho ziyabuyiselwa, kepha zingaba mfushane ngobude.
Inani eliphakeme ukuzalaniswa kwe-ophiur imvamisa kwenzeka entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Ukuphakama ngamathiphu emisebe, isilwane siphonsa imikhiqizo yezocansi emanzini, kamuva evundiswa ngabesilisa.
Esithombeni kukhona i-ophiura emnyama
Emanzini, amaqanda avundiswa futhi adlulele esigabeni sesibungu - i-ophiopluteus, esingaqashelwa ngamahafu amabili alinganayo nezinqubo ezinde.
Le nqubo ithatha isilinganiso samasonto amathathu, ngemuva kwalokho konke ukukhula kwesibungu kumuntu omdala kwenzeka emanzini. I-ophiura icwila phansi lapho isigaba sokuthuthuka sesiqediwe futhi isilwane esincane singahola indlela yokuphila engezansi.
Kepha akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-ophiura eziphonsa amaseli wegciwane emanzini. Amanye ama-echinoderms aphatha izinsizwa ngokwawo, noma emasakeni akhethekile - ama-bursa, noma kuma-ovari. Amanzi amasha angena kwi-bursa ngezimbobo, futhi ngawo isidoda esisha.
Lesi sici sivumela umuntu oyedwa ukuthi aphathe izizukulwane eziningana zezilwane ezincane ngasikhathi sinye. I-Ophiuras iyakwazi ukuzala ngokuzimela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, yize isilwane sasolwandle sifinyelela ekuvuthweni kokugcina kuphela ngeminyaka emi-5-6 yokuphila.
