Igama lasendulo lesiGreki elithi θύμαλλος, okuvela kulo igama elithi greyling, lisho ukuthi "izinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti ezingaziwa". NgesiLatin ibizwa ngokuthi yiTymallus, kanti i- "grey" yaseRussia ngokugcizelela kuhlamvu lokuqala yavela ezilimini zeqembu laseBaltic. IGreyling yigama elijwayelekile lezinhlanzi zomndeni omncane ompunga nomndeni we-salmon.
Incazelo yokumpunga
Le nhlanzi enhle ayibukeki njenge-salmon, yize ingeyomndeni ofanayo.... Ochwepheshe abaningi banikeza ubuhle ubuhle kuqala phakathi kwawo wonke ama-salmonid.
Ukubukeka
I-Grayling kulula ukuyihlukanisa nezinye izinhlanzi, ngisho nezihlobo eziseduze, ngesici sayo - umcibisholo omkhulu we-dorsal ofana nefulegi noma umlandeli, ongasonga futhi afinyelele cishe ekugcineni kwe-caudal. Leli "flegi" linamachashazi afana nomhlane ongenhla.
Usayizi wezinhlanzi kwehluka kakhulu kuye ngezimo lapho ikhule khona:
- yiziphi izici zedamu;
- oxygenation yamanzi,
- ubukhulu besisekelo sokudla;
- imodi elula;
- izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, njll.
Ezimweni ezingavumi kakhulu, impunga ikhula ibe ncane futhi ibe nesisindo esingelona ikhilogremu lapho umuntu esemdala eneminyaka engu-7 (Transbaikalian grey). Ezindaweni ezinhle, isisindo sifinyelela ku-5-6 kg (kwimpunga yaseYurophu naseMongolia). Amanani amaphakathi angaba ngu-3-4 kg. Ubude bomzimba wenhlanzi bungamasentimitha angama-30, ikakhulukazi abantu abakhulu bafinyelela uhhafu wemitha ubude.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izici zendawo yokuhlala zithinta hhayi kuphela ubukhulu nesisindo, kodwa futhi nombala we-grayling, kanye nama-nuances wesakhiwo somzimba.
Umzimba i-grayling inamandla, ihlelisiwe, okwenza kube lula ukuntweza emanzini omfula asheshayo. Imbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ezihlangene zemibala ehlukahlukene. Ngemuva kunomphetho omkhulu we-dorsal fin emise okwe-fan, kanye nenye into ehlukile - i-adipose fin encane, uphawu lwe-salemon "ehloniphekile". Kukhona amaphiko oketshezi nolwe-pectoral, amaphiko we-caudal kanye ne-anal.
Umlomo osayizi abancane, okubizwa nge- "top", okungukuthi, kuvuleka kubheke ngaphezulu kwamanzi. Amazinyo abuthakathaka, atholakala "ngebhulashi" elibonakalayo.
Mpunga yamnqoba udumo lwenhlanzi enhle nenhle. Ithoni emnyama empunga yangemuva ihlanjululwe ngamachashaza amnyama amnyama, idlulela ekugcineni kwesinxele. Izinhlangothi ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisu simpunga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ososayensi bathole cishe izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 zemphetho omkhulu we-dorsal fin we-grey, ohlukile ngesimo, usayizi, umbala, iphethini yamabala nemivimbo.
Amaphiko anombala omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi anombala onsomi (umsila) noma ophuzi (esiswini nasesifuba). Umbala womzimba ungahluka; i-grayling itholakala ezindaweni ezihlukile:
- nsundu;
- nge-lilac tint;
- ibala;
- mpunga oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- luhlaza okotshani.
Umbala omuhle kangaka usiza i-grayling ukuba ifihle futhi iphile ezimweni ezahlukahlukene. Kubukeka kukhanga ngokwengeziwe futhi kukhanya kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ezigqilazweni ezisencane, umbala "uyathosa" - emgqeni omnyama oguqukayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyaligcina lapho selikhulile, imvamisa lezi zinhlobo ezincane ezihlala emachibini asezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
IGreyling "ihlala ekhaya" phakathi kwezinhlanzi, ihola impilo yokuphila futhi ayihambi ngomkhumbi ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-10-30 ukusuka ezindaweni zayo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Lesi yisizathu sokwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi - inhlanzi engxenyeni eyodwa yedamu elihlanganiswe kuphela phakathi kwazo. Okuwukuphela kwento eyisikhathi sokuzala okumpunga okuhlala emifuleni esheshayo: entwasahlobo izinhlanzi ziya emithonjeni bese zikhuphukela emithanjeni enezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo, bese zibuyela ebusika.
Lokhu kuzinza kuchaza nokwehluka kwemikhuba yabantu abahlukahlukene bokumpunga. Abantu beLacustrine bayakhuluphala ngaphandle kokushiya izindawo abahlala kuzo, kanti ezomfula ziyahamba zizale ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zomfula.
Okubalulekile! Izinhlanzi azihlanganisi, ziyalahleka "enkampanini" kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Indlela Yokuphila ubunjalo bomzingeli buyasho. Ukupunga kuzwela kakhulu, kunakwa ushintsho oluncane: isithunzi esiwela emanzini, ukubonakaliswa kwe-angler noma induku yokudoba, ukuhamba eduze kwamanzi nasemanzini. Njengoba isibambe ingozi engaba khona, izinhlanzi zicasha ngokushesha ukuze zicashe.
Ngemuva kokuzingelwa ngezikhathi zasekuseni, impunga igcwalisa isisu sayo, kuthi phakathi nosuku icoshe imidingi emnandi kakhulu ebusweni bamanzi - lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “ukuncibilika”. Ngesikhathi sasemini, icasha kakhulu ekujuleni nasezindlini zokukhosela - ulwelwe, amatshe, imihosha. Kwesinye isikhathi impunga "iyadlala", igxume iphume emanzini futhi ijike ama-degree angama-360 emoyeni, yenza ama-somersaults nama-flips. Le yindlela umzimba oqinile oziqeqesha ngayo ukuze uphile emanzini asheshayo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
UGreyling uphila cishe iminyaka eyi-14, elungele ukuzala eneminyaka engu-3-5.
Izinhlobo ezimnyama
I-Grayling ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ngokubukeka. Njengoba kuncike ngqo endaweni yokuhlala, izinhlobo zathola amagama ezindawo ezihambelanayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokumpunga ezinama-subspecies amaningi.
Impunga yaseMongolia - omkhulu kunabo bonke emndenini ompunga.
Impunga yaseYurophu - ngemibala egqame kakhulu ne-dorsal fin enkulu.
Impunga yaseSiberia - unomlomo omkhulu kunayo yonke, umbala ubumnyama, umbala wamaphiko ahlanganisiwe uwolintshi, amaphiko angabhanqiwe anombala onsomi ojulile, esifubeni kunendawo ebomvu. Inezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ezihlukile ngendawo yokuhlala, umbala kanye nama-nuances we-dorsal fin enkulu:
- Ama-subspecies ase-West Siberian Irish - anesinqe esifushane esibanzi esifushane, esikhanyayo ngensimbi, esinama-specks amakhulu;
- Ama-subspecies ase-East Siberian - i-fin inkulu kakhulu, lapho igoqiwe icishe ifinyelele emsileni, phakathi kwemisebe yayo kunemigqa ebomvu emnyama;
- ama-subspecies Kamchatka aminyene, amabala acishe axhunyaniswa, inenhloko nomlomo omkhulu kakhulu;
- Ama-subspecies e-Alaskan - i-fin incane, iphethini yamabala kuwo yakhiwe ngemigqa;
- ama-subsurpies e-Amur - emaphikweni ezinqeni - imivimbo ebomvu etshekile enombala onsomi;
- IBaikal imhlophe futhi imnyama nezinye izinhlobo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Njengoba kungabonakala emagameni ezinhlobo ezimpunga, le nhlanzi ihlala ezindaweni ezihambisanayo:
- IsiMongolia - imizimba yamanzi yangaphakathi enyakatho ntshonalanga yeMongolia;
- EYurophu - imicengezi yemifula namachibi asenyakatho (iLadoga, i-Onega, njll.), ulwandle olumhlophe nolweBaltic, izindawo ezingenhla zeVolga, iDniester, iUral-river;
- ESiberia - yonke iSiberia: imicengezi yemifula emikhulu (i-Ob, iYenisei, iLena, i-Amur) namachibi, kufaka neLake Baikal.
Uhlala kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile. UGreyling uthanda amanzi asheshayo futhi acacile emifula ebandayo noma i-crystal yamachibi asentwasahlobo, futhi uthanda "ukuma" ngaphezulu kwetshe elinamatshe noma amatshe amatshe. Lapho kungenzeka khona, ukhetha ukugibela okusheshayo. Amanzi okujula awamfanele, kuphela isikhathi sasebusika azika emigodini. Uma ichibi likhudlwana, i-grey iyaqhubeka ukusuka ogwini, ibhukuda eduze ngesikhathi sokuzingela ekuseni nantambama.
Ukuthola indawo yokuhlala unomphela (indawo yokupaka), kubalulekile ukuthi impunga ibe nohlobo oluthile lokukhosela eduze: amatshe noma izitshalo ezansi, imisele, amagatsha ezihlahla alenga emanzini. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye nalezi zimo, impunga nayo idinga ukufinyelela okuhlanzekile, lapho izobheka khona inyamazane engaphansi kwamanzi. Uma i-grayling ingumhlali wechibi elikhulu, ngokuqinisekile izohlala ezicathulweni ezingajulile (kuze kufike ku-2 m ukujula) enendawo enamadwala.
Ukudla okumpunga
Le nhlanzi, ebizwa ngokuthi isilwane esidla ezinye izilwane, empeleni iwukudla okumangalisayo. Ukudla okuyinhloko kuqukethe izinambuzane - ama-midges, ama-cicadas, izintethe, izimpukane, izimpukane kanye nanoma ikuphi okunye obekungafanele ukuba undize eduze kwamanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abantu abakhulu ngeke balahlekelwe yithuba lokuzingela izinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi gazinga. Uma igundane, shrew noma vole iwela emanzini, impunga izokujabulela.
Ngaphezu kwezinambuzane, i-grayling izondla ngezinto ezincane ezansi - i-gammarus crustaceans, izimpukane ze-caddis, ama-mollusks, ama-mayflies, njll. Uthanda i-caviar yezinye izinhlanzi. Uma kungekho kulokhu okukhona, uzodla ulwelwe.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-Grayling izala kathathu: maphakathi nasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, kanye nango-Agasti... Ukwenza lokhu, udinga indawo yakhe yokuhlala yamanzi abandayo ukufudumala kuze kufike ku- + 5 - +10 degrees Celsius. Ekuzalaneni kwezinhlanzi, bakhetha izindawo ezingajulile (amasentimitha angama-30-60 ukusuka ebusweni bamanzi) ngezinga elisheshayo futhi elingezansi kwetshe, futhi izakhamizi zelwandle ukuze zizalele zisondela emanzini angajulile asogwini noma zingene emifuleni egelezela emfuleni.
Izinhlobo zaseSiberia zizala ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamanzi amaningi emifuleni - lokhu kungukuqala kwehlobo elifushane elisenyakatho. Ngale njongo, impunga ishiya imifula emikhulu ibe yimifudlana, lapho amanzi engeke ashukunyiswe ngisho nangesikhathi samanzi aphakeme. Abesifazane abampunga, abakha izidleke ezizalela ngokukhethekile, baphonsa amaqanda amaningi (ama-3-10 ayizinkulungwane) lapho, bewahlukanisa abe izingxenye. Iqanda ngalinye lingaba ngu-3 mm ngosayizi, liphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15-20, izibungu ezi-gazinga zizoqhamuka emaqandeni.
Izitha zemvelo
I-Grayling akuyona ukudla kwabaningi abahlala emfuleni, noma kunjalo, izitha zayo zemvelo zingaba izinhlanzi ezinkulu, isibonelo, i-taimen, i-pike. Ama-mink, ama-otter, ama-beaver, kanye nezinyoni zokudoba ezinjenge-kingfishers kanye ne-dippers zingazingela i-grayling. Amafryi aselungele ukudliwa ezinye izinhlanzi nezinyoni, ikakhulukazi ama-tern azilangazelelayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, kuye kwaba nokwehla kwenani labantu bezinhlobo ezinkulu Impunga yaseSiberia emigodini ye-Oka, iVolga neminye imifula. Izinhlobo ezincane, "zemifudlana" zisheshe zithole amanani azo, ngoba zizala kaningi futhi azikhangi kangako ekudobeni. Akukho songo esibi ekuqothulweni kwezimpunga.
Noma kunjalo, ezindaweni eziningana, isici se-anthropogenic singaba yinto ebalulekile - ukungcoliswa kokuhlanzeka kwamanzi, le nhlanzi efuna kakhulu kuyo, noma ukubamba ngokweqile.Impunga yaseYurophu ivela ohlwini lwezinto ezingavikelwa ngokwe-Berne Convention, futhi ifakiwe naseRed Books of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia, Germany nakwamanye amazwe.
Inani lokuhweba
Le nhlanzi ingenye yezintandokazi zokudoba. Isizathu akuyona nje ukunambitheka okuphezulu kwenyama, kodwa futhi nenqubo yokuzingela ethokozisayo.
Okubalulekile! Ukudoba ngenjongo yokuhweba kwenziwa ngamanani alinganiselwe kakhulu, ukudotshwa kwezokungcebeleka kuvunyelwe kuphela ngaphansi kwelayisense.
AmaGreyling ayizinhlanzi ezinamandla, ezihlakaniphile futhi eziqaphelayo, ngakho-ke kuyilungelo ukuthi i-angler ibambe umphikisi onjalo. Kuma-anglers, ukubamba i-grayling kungubuciko obukhethekile. Inyama empunga ithenda kakhulu, ikhumbuza i-trout ngokunambitheka.
