UVesnyanka (IPlecoptera) inezinhlobo ezaziwa cishe ezingama-3500, ezingama-514 zazo ezijwayelekile eYurophu. Laba bangabameleli be-oda lezinambuzane ezivela ku-Polyneoptera clade ngokuguqulwa okungaphelele. Abantu abadala batholakala kaningi entwasahlobo, ngakho-ke bathola igama labo - vesnanki. Zonke izinhlobo zezimvemvane azibekezeleli ukungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi ukuba khona kwazo emfuleni noma emanzini amile ngokuvamile kuyinkomba yekhwalithi enhle yamanzi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Vesnyanka
I-Plecoptera (ojekamanzi) - iqembu elincane lezinambuzane ze-exopterigoth. I-oda linomlando omude, kepha ohlukanisiwe, osukela esikhathini sokuqala sePermian. Imindeni yanamuhla ivelele ngokusobala phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivela ku-amber yaseBaltic, iminyaka yayo ebhekise kakhulu eMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-38-54 edlule). Ososayensi sebevele bachaze izinhlobo ezingama-3,780 futhi bathola izinhlobo ezintsha emhlabeni jikelele, eziyi-120 zazo ziyizinsalela.
Ividiyo: Vesnyanka
AmaVesnian angamalungu eqembu lama-oda aphambili ezinambuzane, iPolyneoptera. Ngaphakathi kwePolyneoptera, ososayensi babeke imibono ehlukahlukene ngokuhlukaniswa kwentela kajekamanzi, kepha kuze kube manje abakaze bavumelane. Ukuhlaziywa kwamangqamuzana akukwazanga ukuveza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, imiphumela ayizinzile ngokuya ngemodeli yocwaningo ekhethiwe kanye ne-taxa ehlaziyiwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama elithi "Plecoptera" ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "amaphiko alukiwe", kusuka ku-pleinein wasendulo wamaGrikhi (πλέκειν, "kuya kokweluka") kanye ne-pterix (πτέρυξ, "wing"). Lokhu kubhekisele ekuhlelweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamaphiko abo amabili amaphiko, anombhede futhi asongwe flat ngemuva. Ojekamanzi, njengomthetho, ababona abashayeli bezindiza abanamandla, kanti ezinye izinhlobo azinamaphiko ngokuphelele
Ngokwesiko, i-protoperlaria etholakala esikhathini seCarboniferous (iPennsylvania) yathathwa njengabamele ukuhleleka kwezimvemvane. Ngokocwaningo olulandelayo, kutholakale ukuthi azihlobene nezimvemvane. Ngo-2011, izinyawo zamatshe ezinsalela zakudala zachazwa okokuqala kusukela esikhathini seCarboniferous, okunezici eziningi esezivele zihambelana nokuhleleka kwamanje.
Izincazelo eziningi zezimpukane zamatshe ezivela e-Eocene zingabamele imindeni emihlanu: amaNemurid, iPerlidae, iPerlodidae, iTaeniopterygidae, nama-leuktrides. Ilungu lomndeni wakwaPerlidae liphinde latholakala ku-amber encane yaseDominican, okuyinto eyamangaza kakhulu ngoba azange zitholakale ojekamanzi base-Antilles (imvelaphi yenhlaka yaseDominican).
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka sengathi i-freckle
AmaVesnians anezinambuzane ezinesikhumba esithambile, esilinganisiwe esinomugqa womzimba oyindilinga noma oyisicaba. Imvamisa zimnyama futhi azicebile kakhulu ngokuqhathanisa kwemibala. Eminye imindeni inotshani noma umbala ophuzi ohlanganiswe nezimbali ezimnyama, izinhlobo zeChloroperlidae ziluhlaza okotshani.
Kuphela emndenini (ongewona owaseYurophu) i-Eustheniidae lapho kutholakala izilwane ezinemibala egqamile. Izimpiko zisobala noma nsundu, kuyaqabukela zinamabala amnyama. Zilele zibambene phezu komunye endaweni yokuphumula emihlane yazo, imvamisa zigobile kancane, zisongwe kancane emzimbeni. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izimpiko zifinyeziwe futhi azisebenzi (imvamisa kuphela kwabesilisa).
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinhlobo eziningi zinobude obungu 3.5 kuya ku 30 mm. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke yiDiamphipnoa, enobude bomzimba obungu-40 mm namaphiko angama-110 mm.
Inhloko yempucuko iphokophele phambili, kwesinye isikhathi ilenga kancane, imvamisa ibanzi ngokumangazayo. Ekhanda, izinambuzane zinezimpondo ezinde ezingafika kwengxenye yobude bomzimba. Amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi, imvamisa anenqwaba enkulu ne-hemispherical. Ama-ribcage acishe alingane, i-forechest (Prothorax) ivame ukuba yisicaba, kwesinye isikhathi iyavuleka. Imilenze yimilenze emincane, imilenze yangemuva mide kunaleyo yangaphambili.
Kunezimpiko ezine eziguqukayo. Amaphiko angaphambili amade okweqanda, ibhangqa elingemuva lifushane kancane, kodwa libanzi kakhulu. Imithambo esezimpikweni iphinyiswa kakhulu futhi, ngokuya ngomndeni, ihlukaniswa yimithambo evundlile. Isisu sihlale side. Amapuleti we-ventral ne-dorsal akhululekile, kwesinye isikhathi ahlanganiswa njalo ngonyaka nezigaba ezingemuva. Izingxenye eziyishumi zesisu ziyabonakala. Ukuphela kwangemuva, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa, kuvame ukukhula kube izitho zokubonakala ezibonakala kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imicu yomsila omude, kuya ngomndeni, inobude obuhlukile, kwesinye isikhathi ifushaniswa kakhulu futhi ayibonakali.
Ihlala kuphi i-freckle?
Isithombe: Ukuphithizela kwezinambuzane
IVesnianki itholakala emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Bahlala kuzo zombili izindawo eziseningizimu nasenyakatho. Abantu babo bahluke kakhulu, yize ubufakazi bokuvela kwemvelo busikisela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kungenzeka ukuthi zeqa inkabazwe ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa ngokwendawo futhi.
Izinhlobo eziningana ezingakwazi ukundiza, njengeLake Tahoe benthic stonefly (iCapnia lacustra) noma iBaikaloperla, yizo kuphela izinambuzane ezaziwa njengamanzi kuphela kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ekufeni. Ezinye izimbungulu zamanzi zangempela (i-Nepomorpha) nazo zingaba namanzi ngokuphelele impilo, kepha futhi zingashiya amanzi ohambo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezimbungwini zezimpukane zamatshe (iPerla marginata) ngo-2004, kwatholakala i-hemocyanin eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka egazini. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukuphefumula kwezimpukane zamatshe, njengazo zonke izinambuzane, kwakusekelwe kuphela kwimodi yokuthungela. Ezifundweni zakamuva, i-hemocyanin yatholakala inenqwaba yezinambuzane. I-pigment yegazi itholakale kwezinye izibungu eziningi zamatshe kodwa kubonakala sengathi ayisebenzi engokwemvelo ezinhlotsheni eziningi.
Izibungu ze-Stonefly zitholakala ikakhulu ngaphansi kwamatshe emifuleni epholile, engangcolisiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo zingatholakala osebeni olunamadwala lwamachibi abandayo, emifantwini yezingodo ezigcwele amanzi, nakudoti onqwabelana emadwaleni, emagatsheni, nasekutholeni amanzi. Ebusika, izibungu zivame ukunamathela emabhulohweni kakhonkolo ngaphezulu kwemifudlana, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ngqo eqhweni noma ziphumule ezicingweni ngezinsuku ezifudumele zasebusika.
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, abantu abadala bangatholakala bephumule emadwaleni nasezingodo emanzini, noma emaqabungeni naseziqu zezihlahla nezihlahlana eziseduze kwamanzi. Izibungu zivame ukuhlala ezigabeni eziqinile njengamatshe, amatshe noma izinkuni ezifile. Ezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zihlala ekujuleni kwesihlabathi, imvamisa ziphaphatheka kakhulu ezinama-bristles ambalwa (ngokwesibonelo, isizukulwane i-Isoptena, i-Paraperla, i-Isocapnia). Zonke izinhlobo zePlecoptera azibekezeleli ukungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi ukuba khona kwazo emfuleni noma emanzini amile ngokuvamile kuyinkomba yekhwalithi yamanzi enhle noma enhle kakhulu.
Yini edliwa yimpuphu?
Isithombe: Mushka Vesnyanka
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izinhlobo ezincane zidla ulwelwe oluhlaza kanye nama-diatom + detritus. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ziyizilwane ezinamakhanda amakhulu, emihlathini enamazinyo akhombe futhi zidla izibungu ezi-3-4 ngosuku noma izimpukane eziphakathi nendawo. Isibungu esidala sePerla singazwela futhi silume iminwe ngemuva kokuyithinta ngokungafanele. Ngenxa yokuqongelelwa kwamafutha emzimbeni, izilwane zingaphila izinyanga ngaphandle kokudla.
Ukudla kungahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngesiteji nendawo yokuhlala. Ngokukhethekile, kunezinto eziphilayo zesikhumba ezincane nezincane ezifana ne-mayfly nesibungu somiyane.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokudla kwezibungu zamatshe zihlanganisa:
- izibungu zomiyane;
- izibungu zemidges;
- izibungu ze-mayfly;
- amanye ama-invertebrate amancane;
- ulwelwe.
Izibungu ezimaqhuqhubu azilali kuze kube yilapho amanzi eba yiqhwa ngokuphelele. Zondla unyaka wonke futhi zikhula futhi zichithe njalo. Izibungu ezinkulu zamatshe amatshe zibola izikhathi ezingama-33 phakathi neminyaka emi-2-3 yempilo yesibungu. Ama-molts ayi-18 kuphela avela ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwawo. Isigaba sebungu lempukane sibalulekile njengesigaba sokukhula esikhulu sokuvela nokukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlala.
Ama-freckles abantu abadala, ngokungafani nezibungu ezinamandla, akuzona izidlo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpukane ezindala azondli nhlobo, kepha ukumbozwa kwe-algal kumagxolo, ukhuni olubolile, namanye ama-substrates athambile kusebenza njengokudla okungadliwayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zingaphindaphinda isisindo sazo ngemuva kokuchamisela ngaphambi kokubeka. Ngisho nasemaqenjini anezingxenye zomlomo ezincishiswe kakhulu, ukudla okuvame kakhulu kunokucatshangwa ngaphambili. Isikhathi sokuphila sezimpukane zamatshe sisuka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuye emasontweni ambalwa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Vesnyanka
Izibungu ze-Stonefly zithanda amanzi, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo eziningana, izibungu zazo ezihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama emhlabeni. Zikhombisa ukuthambekela okubonakalayo kokubandayo, imvamisa amanzi acebile oksijini, nemifudlana kuhlala izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu kunamanzi amile. Ngokunjalo, bacebile ezinhlotsheni ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nezipholile kunasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, izibungu zingachamusela eqandeni ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi elingu-2 ° C. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elivumelekile, noma ngabe liguqulelwe emanzini afudumele, lingaba ngu-25 ° C. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhula ngesikhathi sasebusika bese zichamusela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (izinhlobo zasebusika). Izinhlobo zasehlobo ezikhula phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo zivame ukungena phakathi ngesikhathi sezinyanga zasehlobo ezifudumele kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuhamba kwamabala ezindiza kukhawulwe ukusebenza kahle kwendiza ephansi nokuthamba okuncane ukundiza. Kokunye ucwaningo lwase-UK, ama-90% abantu abadala (kungakhathalekile ubulili) bahlala ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-60 ukusuka emanzini ayisibungu, noma ngabe indawo yayinamahlathi noma ivulekile.
Izibungu zikhula kancane. Inani lama-molts lincike ezimeni zokuphila. EYurophu Ephakathi, isikhathi sokukhiqiza ngokuvamile siba unyaka owodwa, ezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu zithatha iminyaka eminingana ukukhula. Izinhlobo zasebusika zivame ukukhetha izimbotshana ezakhiwe ngemuva kokumiswa ngaphansi kweqhwa lamanzi, kepha azikwazi ukundiza kule ndawo ebandayo futhi zihambe njalo ogwini. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhetha ukucasha ezindaweni zokukhosela ezinombala omnyama: ngaphansi kwamabhuloho, ngaphansi kwamagatsha namaqabunga, emifantwini yegxolo lezihlahla. Ezinye kuthiwa yizilwane ezishintshayo ezihamba ngokukhanya okukhanyayo nomswakama ophezulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amantombazane ambalwa entwasahlobo
Ngokungafani nabesifazane, abesilisa abasanda kuchanyuselwa abakakwazi ukulingana. Kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi zikhule ngokugcwele, ikakhulukazi kuze kube yilapho ubuso bomzimba wabo kanye nezitho zokulingisa ziqina. Izitho zobulili zesilisa ziyehluka kohlobo oluthile kolunye. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka phansi, ukuze izibuya zizithole futhi zizibone ngomsindo we-substrate. "Umgqomo" wesilisa esiswini onesigqi esithile, nowesifazane uyasiphendula. Iroli ledrama lithatha imizuzwana embalwa futhi liphindwa njalo ngezikhathi ezithile njalo ngemizuzwana emi-5-10.
Amaqanda abekwa njengesiqu seqanda elihlangene ebusweni bamanzi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokukhwelana noma ngemuva kwesigaba esithile sokuvuthwa, kuya ngohlobo. Ubuningi beqanda busakazeka ngokushesha emanzini. Kwezinye izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, umndeni weCapniidae), izibungu ziyaqhekeka ngemuva nje kokubeka. Zimbalwa kakhulu izakhi zofuzo ezizala kabusha i-parthenogenetically. Insikazi ingabeka amaqanda angafika enkulungwaneni. Uzondiza phezu kwamanzi futhi aphonse amaqanda emanzini. IVesnianka nayo ingalenga edwaleni noma egatsheni bese izalela amaqanda.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ukulingwa kuthatha imizuzu embalwa futhi kuyaphindwa kaningana. Kodwa-ke, wonke amaqanda avundiswa ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhwelana, ngakho-ke amanye amaqoqo awanakubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Amaqanda ambozwe ngongqimba olunamathelayo oluwavumela ukuthi anamathele emadwaleni ukuze angahambi nomfudlana ohambayo. Amaqanda ngokuvamile athatha amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ukuqanduselwa, kepha ezinye izinhlobo ziyahamba zishiya amanzi, zishiya amaqanda elele phakathi nenkathi eyomile futhi zivuthwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Izinambuzane zihlala esimweni sazo sokuba yisibungu unyaka owodwa kuya kwemine, ngokuya ngohlobo lwazo, bese zidlula ama-molts ayi-12 kuye kwangama-36 ngaphambi kokungena esigabeni sabadala, zivele futhi zibe yizinambuzane ezindala zasemhlabeni. Abesilisa bavamise ukuqhamuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunabesifazane, kepha izikhathi zidlulela kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokukhula, ama-nymphs ashiya amanzi, anamathele endaweni emile futhi ancibilike okokugcina.
Abantu abadala bavame ukusinda amasonto ambalwa kuphela futhi bavela ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka lapho inani lezinsizakusebenza lilungile. Abantu abadala abazona izimpukane eziqinile futhi imvamisa bahlala eduze komfudlana noma echibini abavela kulo. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, amandla empilo omvemvane anyamalala ngokushesha okukhulu. Abesilisa baphila cishe amasonto ayi-1-2. Isikhathi sendiza yabesifazane sihlala isikhashana - amasonto ama-3-4; kodwa nazo ziyafa ngemuva nje kokulaliswa.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpukane zamatshe
Isithombe: Kubukeka sengathi i-freckle
Ngoba amabele athembele emanzini apholile anomoya-mpilo ukuze akhule abe yisibungu, athinteka kakhulu ekuchithekeleni kwendle emifudlaneni. Noma imuphi umswakama onciphisa okuqukethwe oksijini emanzini uzokuqeda ngokushesha. Ngisho nemithombo emincane yokungcola, njengamapayipi epulazi, ingabhubhisa ojekamanzi emifudlaneni eseduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda ngokweqile kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi ehlobo kungasusa ojekamanzi endaweni yabo.
Izitha eziyinhloko zesibungu sezimpungushe zamatshe yizinhlanzi + izinyoni zamanzi. Izinhlanzi ezidla izambane likapondo zidla izibungu ngobuningi, kanti izinhlanzi ezincane zingadla amaqanda ejekamanzi. Izibungu ziyisidlo esithandwa kakhulu yizinyoni ezihlala osebeni lwesihlabathi ezigcwele umhlanga nezinye izimila zasemanzini.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- ama-waders;
- izindwandwe;
- ama-terns;
- amadada;
- izinqola ezimhlophe ezimhlophe;
- ama-swifts amnyama;
- abadla izinyosi zegolide;
- isiqophamithi esinamabala amahle, njll.
Ingxenye yezimbungulu zamanzi namabhungane okubhukuda adla izibungu zezimpukane zamatshe. Izibungu ezincane zibanjwa ngama-hydra amanzi angenasawoti. Amachaphazelo abantu abadala angangena kwinethiwekhi yezicabucabu zokuluka i-orb, izicabucabu ezi-vagrant, izicabucabu ze-tetragnatid, ezilukiwe eduze nemizimba yamanzi. Amachaphazelo abantu abadala abanjwa izimpukane ze-ktyri. Azikho izitha zezimpukane zamatshe phakathi kwezihuquzelayo noma izilwane ezincelisayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ukuphazamiseka kwezinambuzane
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezimpukane zamatshe zafakwa kwiRed Book njengezisengozini noma zisengozini. Kodwa-ke, isizathu salokhu ukuthi ukutadisha ukusatshalaliswa nobukhulu besibalo seqembu lezinto ezahlukahlukene kangaka kungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi abaqondi noma abakwazisi ukubaluleka kwalezi zidalwa ezincane ezindaweni eziphila emanzini angenasawoti.
Akungabazeki ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezimpukane zamatshe zisengozini futhi zingase zibe sengozini yokuqothulwa. Okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi, lezi zinhlobo ezinemfuneko emincane yemvelo futhi zihlala ezindaweni ezihlukile ezingaphazanyiswanga imisebenzi yabantu. Izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile zigcwele ngokweqile zalahla imfucumfucu evela emisebenzini yabantu, edla wonke umoya-mpilo ngesikhathi sokubola.
Inani lamachaphazelo ancipha kakhulu ngenxa yokukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi, okuyilezi:
- ukungcola okuvela emafemini nasezimayini;
- imfucuza yezolimo;
- ukuphathwa kwamahlathi;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha.
UVesnyanka ubhekene nosongo lokungcola okuvela emithonjeni engalashwa. Le nkinga ivela ezingeni elithe xaxa lezakhamzimba nemvula engena emifuleni, imifula, amachibi namachibi avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene okunzima ukuyilandela. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-freckles zibhujiswa ngoba izakhi zomzimba ezedlulele nesembozo simboza izindawo lapho kufanele zicashe khona izibungu zazo. Namuhla emhlabeni kunempi enzima yokulwa nalokhu kungcolisa umoya futhi kuyehla kancane kancane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.01.
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08.10.2019 ngo-20: 24
