Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (uhlanzwe) ungumhlali omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni wethu. Inesisindo esifinyelela kumathani ayi-170, kanti ubude bayo bungafika kumamitha angama-30. Abamele abodwa kuphela balezi zinhlobo abakhula babe ngosayizi, kepha konke okunye kungabizwa nangokuthi yimidondoshiya ngesizathu esihle. Ngenxa yokuqothulwa okusebenzayo, inani le-blues lehle kakhulu, futhi manje basongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Whale Blue
Imikhomo, njengawo wonke amanye ama-cetaceans, ayizona izinhlanzi, kepha izilwane ezincelisayo, futhi yehla emhlabathini i-artiodactyls. Ukufana kwazo kwangaphandle nezinhlanzi kungumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuguqukayo, lapho izinto eziphilayo eziphila ezimweni ezifanayo, ekuqaleni zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, zithola izici eziningi ezifanayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kwezinye izilwane zesimanje, eziseduze nemikhomo akuzona izinhlanzi, kodwa izimvubu. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 selokhu ukhokho wabo ovamile ahlala emhlabeni - wayehlala emhlabeni. Ngemuva kwalokho enye yezinhlobo ezavela kuye yathuthela olwandle futhi yaveza ama-cetaceans.
Ividiyo: Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Incazelo yesayensi ye-blues yaqala ukunikezwa nguR. Sibbald ngo-1694, ngakho-ke isikhathi eside yabizwa ngokuthi yi-minke kaSibbald. Igama lesiLatin elamukelwe futhi kulezi zinsuku elithi Balaenoptera musculus lanikezwa uK. Linnaeus ngo-1758. Ingxenye yayo yokuqala ihunyushwe ngokuthi "iphiko lomkhomo", bese kuthi eyesibili - "yimisipha" noma "igundane".
Isikhathi eside, i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yayingacishe ifundwe, futhi ososayensi babenombono omncane ngisho nokuthi ubukeka kanjani: imidwebo esezincwadini zezinto eziphilayo zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ayilungile. Ukuphela kwekhulu leminyaka kuphela, lolu hlobo lwaqala ukucwaningwa ngokuhlelekile, ngasikhathi sinye kwaqala ukusetshenziswa igama lalo lesimanje, okungukuthi, "umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka".
Lolu hlobo lubandakanya izinhlobo ezintathu:
- i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- enyakatho;
- eningizimu.
Zihluke kancane komunye nomunye. Ama-blues amancane ahlala olwandle olufudumele lwase-Indian, kanti abamele ezinye izinhlobo ezincane bathanda amanzi abandayo futhi bathuthele e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic ehlobo. Ama-blues asenyakatho abhekwa njengohlobo lwama-subspecies, kepha ama-blues aseningizimu maningi kakhulu futhi makhulu.
Izitho zangaphakathi zihlanze ukulingana nosayizi womzimba wakhe - ngakho-ke, inhliziyo yakhe inesisindo esingamathani ama-3. Futhi emlonyeni walo mkhomo, igumbi elilingana naphakathi lalinganela.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Whale blue whale
Isikhumba simpunga namabala. Umthunzi ongemuva nezinhlangothi ulula kancane, futhi ikhanda, kunalokho, limnyama. Isisu ngokusobala siphuzi, yingakho phambilini sasibizwa ngokuthi umkhomo onamabala aphuzi. Igama lesimanjemanje lanikezwa isilwane ngoba umhlane waso ungabonakala luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uma ubhekwa emanzini olwandle.
Isikhumba sibushelelezi ikakhulukazi, kepha kunemigqa egudle isisu nomphimbo. Izimuncagazi eziningi ezahlukahlukene zihlala esikhunjeni nasethanjeni lomkhomo lesilwane. Amehlo mancane maqondana nomzimba - ngamasentimitha ayi-10 kuphela ububanzi, atholakala emaphethelweni ekhanda, amise okwehhashi.
Umhlathi ugoqiwe futhi uphumele phambili cishe ngamasentimitha angama-20 umlomo uvaliwe. Imikhomo inegazi elifudumele, futhi kubekwa ungqimba oluhlaba umxhwele lwamafutha ukusiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa.
Azikho iziguli, i-blues iphefumula ngosizo lwamaphaphu anamandla: cishe ukushintshaniswa komoya okuphelele kungenziwa ngasikhathi - ngama-90% (ngokuqhathanisa: umuntu udinga ukuthatha ukuphefumula okuyisithupha nokukhipha umoya ukufeza le nkomba).
Ngenxa yomthamo wamaphaphu abo, imikhomo ingahlala ijule kuze kube imizuzu engama-40 ngaphambi kokuba idinge umoya omusha. Lapho umkhoma unyukela phezulu futhi uphuma, kuvela umthombo womoya ofudumele, futhi umsindo okhishwe phakathi nalokhu ungazwakala kude - amakhilomitha ama-3-4 ukusuka.
Sekukonke, kunamakhulu amaningana amapuleti emikhomo yomkhomo elinganisa amasentimitha ayi-100 ngamashumi amathathu emlonyeni wesilwane. Ngosizo lwamapuleti, ukuhlanza kuhlunga ukuphuma kwamanzi, futhi umphetho, abagcina ngawo, bahlunga ipulangwe kuwo, umkhoma udla kuwo.
Uhlala kuphi umkhoma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?
Isithombe: Umkhomo omkhulu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Phambilini, ama-blues ayetholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kepha inani labo lonke lehla kakhulu, futhi indawo yahlukana phakathi. Kunezindawo eziningana lapho lesi silwane manje singatholakala khona kaningi.
Ehlobo, liyibhanti lemizimba yamanzi e-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Ebusika, zihambela eduze nenkabazwe. Kodwa awathandi amanzi afudumele kakhulu, futhi cishe awalokothi abhukude aye enkabazwe uqobo, ngisho nangesikhathi sokufuduka. Kepha ama-blues amancane ahlala emanzini afudumele oLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya unyaka wonke - awabhukudi nakancane olwandle olubandayo.
Izindlela ezifudukayo zeblues aziqondakali ngokuphelele, futhi umuntu angamaka kuphela lapho ubukhona babo buqoshwe khona. Ukufuduka kwasebusika uqobo isikhathi eside kwahlala kungachazeki, ngoba ukutholakala kokudla olwandle lwase-Arctic nase-Antarctic kuhlala kunjalo ebusika. Ukuchazwa okuvame kakhulu namuhla ukuthi kuyadingeka kumawundlu anongqimba lwamafutha alwanele ukuhlala emanzini abandayo ebusika.
Amaqembu amaningi kakhulu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aseNingizimu Nenkabazwe, eNyakatho awavamile kangako, kepha kwesinye isikhathi abhukuda aye ogwini lwasePortugal naseSpain, aze abahlangabeze nogu lwaseGrisi, yize ejwayele ukungabhukudi oLwandle iMedithera. Akuvamile ukutholakala ngasogwini lwaseRussia.
Kunezinhlobo zemikhomo (ezibizwa nangokuthi imihlambi) - azihlangani neze nabamele abanye abantu noma ngabe amabanga azo ehlangana. Ezilwandle zasenyakatho, abacwaningi bahlukanisa abantu abayi-9 noma abayi-10, ayikho imininingwane enjalo maqondana nezilwandle zaseningizimu.
Yini edliwa whale blue?
Isithombe: Whale blue whale
Imenyu yabo iqukethe:
- iplankton;
- inhlanzi;
- ingwane.
Isethi empofu, kulokho isisekelo sokudla yi-plankton, equkethe ikakhulukazi i-krill. Ngokuya ngesifunda, lezi kungaba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-crustaceans. Ngokuqondene nenhlanzi, ngokusho kweningi lezazi ze-cetologists (leli yigama labachwepheshe abafunda ama-cetaceans), livela kumenyu yomkhomo ngenhlanhla, lifika lapho ligwinya ama-crustaceans, ikakhulukazi umkhomo awudli.
Ezinye izazi ze-cetologists, nokho, zikholelwa ukuthi uma umkhomo i-blue whale ungatholi izinqwaba ze-plankton ezanele ukwanelisa isifiso sawo, khona-ke ngamabomu ubhukuda uze ufike ezikoleni zezinhlanzi ezincane bese uziginya. Kwenzeka into efanayo nange-squid.
Kunoma ikuphi, yi-plankton ebusa ekudleni kwesihlanzo: isilwane sithola ukuhlangana kwaso, sibhukuda size singene kuzo ngejubane eliphakeme futhi sithathe amashumi wamathani wamanzi emlonyeni ovulekile ngasikhathi sinye. Lapho kudliwa, kusetshenziswa amandla amaningi, ngakho-ke umkhomo udinga ukubheka inqwaba yokudla - awusabeli kokuncane.
Ukondla ngokugcwele, umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka udinga ukumunca ukudla okungamathani ayi-1-1.5. Sekukonke, kudingeka amathani angu-3-4 ngosuku - kulokhu, isilwane sihlunga inani elikhulu lamanzi. Ngokudla, icwila ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-80-150 - ama-dives anjalo enziwa njalo.
Yahlanza ngisho nangaphezu kwama-dinosaurs amakhulu, isisindo saso cishe sasungulwa ososayensi. Isifanekiso esasinesisindo esingamathani ayi-173 saqoshwa, futhi lokhu kungamathani angama-65 ngaphezu kwesisindo esilinganisiwe samadinosaurs amakhulu kunawo wonke.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Whale blue olwandle
Bavame ukubhukuda eyodwa ngesikhathi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi babili noma bathathu. Ezindaweni ezicebile nge-plankton, amaqembu amaningi anjalo angahlangana. Kepha noma imikhomo iphambuka ibe yiqembu, iziphatha kabi kakhulu, kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana ifiphaze.
Awukwazi ukubathola eduze nogu - bathanda umkhathi nokujula okukhulu. Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi bebhukuda ngomoya ophansi ukusuka kokuqongelelwa kweplankton kuya kwesinye - lokhu kungafaniswa nokuthi imifino yomhlaba edla kanjani.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibhukuda ngejubane elingaba ngu-10 km / h, kepha iyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha - uma isaba okuthile, ifinyelela ku-25-30 km / h, kepha isikhashana nje, ngoba ngesikhathi somjaho onjalo isebenzisa amandla amaningi ...
Inqubo yokucwiliswa kokudla okunomsoco iyathakazelisa - idinga ukulungiswa. Okokuqala, umkhomo uthululela amaphaphu awo, bese udonsa umoya, ushone kancane cishe izikhathi eziyishumi uphinde ubuye ubuye ngaphezulu, futhi ngemuva kwalokho wenze ukucwila okujulile nokude.
Imvamisa, ubuhlanzo buya ebangeni elingamamitha ayikhulu noma amabili emanzini, kepha uma ithukile, ingacwila ijule kakhulu - ize ifike kwengxenye yekhilomitha. Lokhu kwenzeka uma imikhomo ebulalayo imzingela. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-8-20, umkhoma uyaphuma bese uqala ukuphefumula ngokushesha, ukhiphele imithombo emoyeni.
Njengoba "ebambe umoya wakhe" emizuzwini embalwa, usengakwazi ukuntywila futhi. Uma umkhomo uxoshwa, kukholamu yamanzi ungahlala isikhathi eside, kuze kube yimizuzu engama-40-50, kepha kancane kancane uphelelwa ngamandla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-blue whale cub
Izimpawu ezinamandla ze-infrasonic ezinemvamisa engaba ngu-10-20 Hz zisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana neminye imikhomo. Ngosizo lwabo, ama-blues angazazisa ezihlotsheni ezibhukuda ebangeni elide.
Lezi zilwane zinomfazi oyedwa, futhi izithandani eseziqalile ukubhukuda ndawonye iminyaka eminingi. Kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, umkhomo uvela ngababili abanjalo - ngaphambi kwalokho, owesifazane uwuthwala cishe unyaka. Usana olusanda kuzalwa londliwa ngobisi olunamafutha kakhulu izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi ekudleni ubisi nsuku zonke kunezela amakhilogremu ayikhulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu ize ibe ngosayizi omangalisayo, ifinyelele kumathani angama-20, noma isisindo esithe xaxa. Ama-blues avundile asevele aneminyaka engu-4-5 ubudala, kepha noma ngemuva kokuqala kwalesi sikhathi, inqubo yokukhula iyaqhubeka - iya eminyakeni eyi-15.
Imibono yabaphenyi mayelana nesikhathi sokuphila se-blues iyahlukahluka. Isilinganiso esiphansi yiminyaka engama-40, kepha ngokusho kweminye imithombo baphila isikhathi esiphindwe kabili, futhi abantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu badlula ngisho neminyaka eyikhulu. Yikuphi ukulinganisa okusondelene neqiniso akukakasungulwa ngokuqinisekile.
Ama-Blues yizidalwa eziphilayo ezinomsindo kakhulu. Amemeze kakhulu kunendiza yendiza! Abahlobo bangazizwa izingoma zabo ebangeni elingamakhulu ngisho nezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
Izitha zemvelo zemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Isithombe: Whale Blue
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, kuphela imikhomo yokubulala ebazingelayo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke bathanda ulimi lomkhomo. Kepha bahlasela nemikhomo emincane noma egulayo kuphela - umzamo wokuzingela ophilile, nakho konke ukuvilapha kwawo, ngeke kuholele kunoma yini enhle - umehluko ngobukhulu mkhulu kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, ukuze kunqotshwe umkhomo, imikhomo ebulalayo kufanele isebenze njengeqembu, kwesinye isikhathi inqwaba yabantu. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, imikhomo ebulalayo izama ukushayela inyamazane yayo kukholamu lamanzi, ingabavumeli ukuba bavuke futhi bagcwalise umoya wabo. Njengoba iphela, umkhoma uba buthakathaka futhi umelane nokuvilapha ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho imikhomo ebulalayo ikwazi ukuhlala emanzini isikhathi eside. Bahlasela umkhoma ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, badabula izingcezu zomzimba wakhe bese benza buthaka, bese bebulala.
Kepha ukulimala kwemikhomo ebulalayo akuqhathaniseki nalokho okwenziwe abantu yimikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngakho-ke kwakungumuntu owayengabizwa ngesitha sakhe esikhulu ngaphandle kwehaba, kuze kufike ekuvinjelweni kokudoba. Kungenxa ye-whaling esebenzayo ukuthi ama-blues asengozini. Kusuka komkhomo owodwa onjalo, ungathola amathani angama-25-30 we-blubber, i-whalebone eyigugu, lapho kwenziwa khona imikhiqizo eminingi, kusuka emabhulashini nakuma-corsets kuya emizimbeni yenqola nezihlalo, futhi inyama yabo inambitheka ephezulu.
Ukuqothulwa komkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaqala ngemuva kokuvela kwenganono ye-harpoon engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kwangaphambilini, ngemuva kwalokho kwaba khona ukuzingelwa kahle kakhulu. Ijubane layo lenyuka ngemuva kokuba abantu becishe baqeda umkhomo i-humpback, futhi okwesibhakabhaka kwaba umthombo omusha we-blubber ne-whalebone. Ukukhiqizwa kokuhweba kokuhlanza kwamiswa kuphela ngo-1966.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Whale blue whale
Ngaphambi kokuqala kokuqothulwa kwabantu, inani labantu lalingamakhulu ezinkulungwane - ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, besuka ku-200,000 kuya ku-600,000 ngabanye. Kepha ngenxa yokuzingela okukhulu, inani le-blues lehle kakhulu. Zingaki zazo emhlabeni manje umbuzo onzima, futhi izilinganiso zabacwaningi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngendlela yokubala esetshenzisiwe.
Isilinganiso esiphansi sithatha ukuthi kunemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esukela ku-1 300 kuya ku-2 000 emhlabeni, okuyizilwane ezingaba ngu-300 kuye ku-600 ezihlala olwandle olusenyakatho. Abaphenyi abanethemba eliningi banikeza izibalo ezingama-3,000 - 4,000 olwandle olusenyakatho kanye no-6,000 - 10,000 kwabaseningizimu.
Kunoma ikuphi, inani labo labantu libukelwe phansi kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho ama-blues anikezwe isikhundla sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (EN) futhi bavikelekile. Ukudoba ngezimboni akuvunyelwe nakancane, futhi nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kuyacindezelwa - ukujeziswa kwabazingeli abadume kabi kube nomthelela, futhi manje amacala okubanjwa kwemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka angavamile.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, basasongelwa, futhi inani labantu labo liyalulama kancane ngenxa yobunzima bokuzala futhi nezinye izinto:
- ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle;
- ukwanda kwenani lamanethiwekhi amade abushelelezi;
- ukushayisana nemikhumbi.
Lezi zonke lezi yizinkinga ezinkulu, ngokwesibonelo, kubantu bemikhomo efundwa ososayensi, i-9% ikhombise izibazi zokushayisana nemikhumbi, kwathi i-12% inamamaki avela kumanetha. Yize kunjalo, ezinsukwini zakamuva nje, kukhuphuke kancane isibalo semikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okurekhodwe, okunikeza ithemba ngokulondolozwa kwalolu hlobo.
Kepha inani labantu likhula kancane. Ngaphezu kwezinkinga ezibalwe, isizathu futhi ukuthi i-niche yayihlala imikhomo emincane, imikhomo ye-minke. Abantu abazinakanga, ngenxa yalokho baphindaphindeka futhi manje badla izinkumbi ezinkulu ze-krill ngaphambi kokuthi ama-blues ahamba kancane futhi abe yindlala afinyelele kubo.
Ubuchopho be-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka buncane kakhulu uma buqhathaniswa nezinye izitho - isisindo sayo singama-kilogram ayi-7 kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imikhomo, njengamahlengethwa, yizilwane ezihlakaniphile, zihlukaniswa ngamakhono aphezulu wokuzwa. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi bayakwazi ukuthumela nokwamukela izithombe ngomsindo, futhi ubuchopho babo benza imininingwane ephindwe izikhathi ezingama-20 kunomuntu.
Ukulondolozwa kwemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Isithombe: Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuvikelwa kwemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka selokhu ukufakwa kwabo eRed Book ukuvinjelwa kokubamba. Ngenxa yokuthi bahlala olwandle, akunakwenzeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela ezisebenza kangcono, ikakhulukazi njengoba amanzi abachitha isikhathi esiningi kuwo engewona awesifundazwe esithile.
Kepha lokhu akudingekile ikakhulukazi. Iqiniso ngukuthi kulokhu, usayizi omkhulu udlalwe ngokunenzuzo yemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - kunzima kakhulu ukuwabamba. Lo msebenzi udinga ukusetshenziswa komkhumbi omkhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlela ukuzingelwa kwabazingeli ngokungaziwa.
Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi ezincane, ezibanjwa ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa, ukubanjwa kwe-blues ngemuva kokufakwa kwabo eNcwadini Ebomvu kumisiwe cishe. Azikho izehlakalo ezinjalo ezirekhodwe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa.
Vele, kunezinye izinto ezivimbela ukubuyiswa kwesibalo semikhomo, kodwa ukulwa nazo kunzima kakhulu - akunakwenzeka ukumisa ukungcola okuqhubekayo kwamanzi, kanye nokwehlisa kakhulu inani lemikhumbi ehamba kulo futhi iveze amanetha abushelelezi.
Yize isici sokugcina sisengalwa ngempumelelo: ezifundazweni eziningi, kusethwe amazinga aqinile maqondana nosayizi nenombolo evumelekile yamanethiwekhi. Kwezinye iziphathimandla, kunconywa nokuthi kwehliswe ijubane lemikhumbi ezindaweni lapho imikhomo ivame ukugcwala khona.
Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - isidalwa esimangalisayo, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yobukhulu baso nempilo ende. Abaphenyi nabo balwela ukutadisha uhlelo lwezimpawu zabo zemisindo - ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukile nokuvumela ukuxhumana emabangeni amakhulu. Akunasimo lapho kungavunyelwa ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezithokozisayo kangaka zokutadisha.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05/10/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-17: 41
