Umqali wenkuni onamabala uyilungu elivame kakhulu lomndeni wokhuni lwesihlahla. Ihlala emahlathini amaningi ahlabayo, axubekile emazweni ahlukahlukene anezimo ezifudumele, ezifudumele. Lezi yizinyoni ezinomsindo, ezinomsindo. Akunakwenzeka ukungazinaki ngenxa yezimpaphe ezikhanyayo, isigqoko esibomvu esibomvu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umuthi wokhuni onamabala
Umqali wokhuni onamabala ungomunye wabameleli abangajwayelekile bomndeni wokhuni lwesihlahla. Le nyoni enokubukeka okuyingqayizivele ihlala emahlathini ahlanzekile, ahlanganisiwe. Iningi labagawuli bezinkuni baphila impilo yokuzihlalela. Kodwa-ke, abantu abahlala emaphethelweni asenyakatho bangathuthela ezifundeni eziseduze. Izinyoni ze-Nomads zenziwa hhayi kuphela yiqhwa elibi, kodwa futhi nangezimo zokudla ezingathandeki.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umndeni wabagawuli bezinkuni namuhla uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili ezihlukene. Ubukhulu bezinyoni busuka kumasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu kuya kwangamashumi amahlanu nantathu. Abakhiqizi bezinkuni abanamabala bangezinye zezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu.
Isihlahla somuthi onamabala ungasibona ngophawu olubizwa ngokuthi olubomvu, olusengxenyeni yeparietali yekhanda. Lolu hlobo lufaka phakathi imijaho eyishumi nane kuya kwamashumi amabili nesithupha. Intela yentela yenyoni ayikacwaningisiswa kahle, ngakho-ke inani eliqondile lezinkukhu alinakutholwa. Phakathi kwama-subspecies adume kakhulu ama-woodpeckers anezinkuni kukhona: amakhulu akhombe, anesifuba esiphuzi, anekhanda elinsundu, amaMalaysian, ama-Arabia, aphakathi nendawo futhi anezinkuni ezinkulu ezinamabala.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AbakwaWoldpeckers yizilwane ezinomsindo. Bayakwazi ukushaya isihlahla ngejubane elimangazayo - izikhathi ezingama-20-25 ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kuphindwe kabili kunesivinini esiphezulu sezibhamu zemishini.
Abagawuli bezinkuni, njengamanye amalungu amaningi omndeni wokhuni lwenkuni, badlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni yehlathi. Basusa izinambuzane emahlathini, basize izinyoni ezincane ukuba zithole izidleke. Abakwa-Woodpeckers bakhipha amagxolo esihlahla amakhulu, beshiya imigodi yamabele, ababamba izimpukane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Umqali wokhuni onamabala
Ama-Woodpeckers alolu hlobo aphakathi nendawo kuya ngosayizi omncane. Ngosayizi, bangafana ne-thrush ejwayelekile. Ubude bomzimba ngokuvamile abudluli amasentimitha angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Amaphiko, ngokwesilinganiso, ngamasentimitha angamashumi amane nanhlanu. Isisindo sesilwane sisuka kumagremu ayisithupha kuya kwikhulu.
Isici sangaphandle esibaluleke kakhulu somqali wokhuni umbala waso ogqamile. Umbala wezimpaphe ubuswa amathoni amnyama, amhlophe. Ukubukeka okumibalabala kwesilwane kunikezwa ikepisi elibomvu elikhanyayo ekhanda nokubomvu (kokunye okungaphansi - okubomvana). Ingemuva nekhanda lonke kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kancane. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba ivame ukuba mhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi ibe nombala onsundu. Ngokuvamile, umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala.
Ividiyo: I-Woodpecker enamabala
Isiqophamithi esinamabala, njengamanye amalungu amaningi omndeni, sinemilenze ye-zygodactyl. Uneminwe emithathu ekhomba phambili, omunye emuva. Isakhiwo esinjalo sezidladla sivumela isilwane ukuba sibambe kalula, ngokuthembekile iziqu zemithi, sigcine ngokuzethemba lapho sime mpo. Izimpaphe zemisila eqinile nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo. Zisiza nokubambelela esiqwini lapho zinyuka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isici esivelele sezinyoni ezinjalo wulimi olude, kwesinye isikhathi olubuhlungu. Kubantu abadala, ingafinyelela ngamasentimitha ayishumi ubude. Ngosizo lolimi olunjalo, kulula kakhulu ukuthola amabhungane, izinambuzane ezivela kumagxolo ezihlahla.
Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zinamaphiko aqinile, amakhulu. Noma kunjalo, abazisebenzisi kaningi. Izimpiko zisetshenziselwa ukundiza zisuka esihlahleni ziye kwesinye. Esinye isikhathi, abagawuli bezinkuni bakhetha ukugibela isiqu befuna ukudla. Isici sezinyoni izwi lazo. Kuma-woodpeckers abonakele, le ngoma imfishane, ikhumbuza ngokungacabangi umqulu wesigubhu oqhubekayo. Kwangathi angakhala kakhulu ngesikhathi sengozi.
Uhlala kuphi umbulali wokhuni?
Isithombe: I-Woodpecker Enkulu Ebonakalayo
Isiqophamithi esinamabala sivamile emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene. Uhlala e-Afrika, eMorocco, eCanary Islands, eYurophu. Ensimini yaseYurophu, uhlala cishe yonke indawo. Okuhlukile yizindawo ezithile eziphakeme kakhulu, i-Ireland, ingxenye esenyakatho yeScandinavia. Futhi, le nyoni itholakala e-Asia Minor, eSicily, eSardinia, eCaucasus, eTranscaucasia.
Ama-Woodpeckers ahlala ngobuningi eScandinavia naseFinland. Lapho zingatholakala ezindaweni ezinezimila eziminyene. Lezi zinhlobo zimelelwa kabanzi e-Ukraine. Abantu abaningi batholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifundazwe kuze kufike edolobheni laseDnipro. Hhayi ukuhlangabezana nezinyoni ezinjalo kuphela ezindaweni ezisemaqeleni e-Ukraine. Abakhiqizi bezinkuni ababonakala kahle bahlala cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zaseRussia, batholakala eCrimea enezintaba, eMongolia, entshonalanga yeChina.
Abagawuli bezinkuni abanamabala abanazo izidingo eziqinile endaweni yabo. Bangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma iyiphi i-biotype. Ukuphela kwendaba ebalulekile kubo ukuba khona kwezihlahla. Bahlala ogwini olusenyakatho, eziqhingini ezincane ezinezihlahla, ezingadini nasemapaki. Lezi zinyoni azesabi ukusondelana nabantu, ngakho-ke zakha izidleke zazo ngisho nasemapaki amadolobha anabantu abaningi.
Yize kunopulasitiki othile maqondana nama-biotypes, inani lezinyoni lingahle lingasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Bavame ukukhetha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zehlathi. Abantu abahlala e-Afrika bavame ukukhetha imisedari, i-poplar, amahlathi omnqumo impilo yabo yonke. ERussia, isilwane ngokuvamile sihlala emahlathini ashubile. EPoland - e-oki-hornbeam, e-alder-ash groves.
Udliwa yini umqedimithi obonwayo?
Isithombe: Umuthi wokhuni onamabala
Ukudla kweziqophamithi ezinamabala kuncike ezicini ezimbili:
- Isikhathi sonyaka;
- Isifunda se-Habitat.
Ngenkathi efudumele - kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo, izinyoni zizitholela ukudla, okungcono ngeziqu zezihlahla ezahlukahlukene, phansi. Bahlola yonke imithi ngokucophelela. Ukuhlolwa kuqala kusuka phansi komgqomo. Bakhuphuka esihlahleni ngokuvunguza, bangaphuthelwa ngisho isentimitha elilodwa lamagxolo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, le nyoni isebenzisa ulimi lwayo olude, iyingenise emifantwini. Uma ulimi luthola ukudla, khona-ke kufakwa uqhwaku olunamandla emsebenzini. Kuqhekeza amagxolo lapho isilwane singafinyelela kalula esilwaneni saso.
Ngentwasahlobo nasehlobo, ukudla kuhlanganisa:
- Amabhungane ahlukahlukene: amabhungane egolide, amabhungane ama-bark, ama-barbel beetle, amabhungane omhlabathi, ama-beetle;
- Imago lezimvemvane;
- Izintwala;
- Izibungu;
- Izintuthwane;
- AmaCrustaceans;
- Imbaza.
Bangadla futhi ama-gooseberries, ama-currants, ama-plums, ama-raspberries, ama-cherry. Kulokhu, izilwane zisuswa kuqala kumajikijolo. Amajikijolo angukudla okuthandwa kakhulu yizinyoni ezihlala endaweni yaseYurophu. Lapho, lezi zilwane zivame ukwenza ama-forays amakhulu zingene ezingadini. Ngezinye izikhathi abagawuli bezinkuni bazitika ngomsizi womuthi.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Indlela eyinhloko yokuthola ukudla ukusikeka. Le nqubo ishubile, iyahlukumeza, kepha hhayi eyomqali wokhuni uqobo. Ingqondo yakhe, njengokungathi, imiswe ngaphakathi kogebhezi ezintanjeni, izungezwe uketshezi. Konke lokhu kuthambisa kakhulu ukushaywa.
Ebusika, kuba nzima kakhulu ngezilwane ukuthola ukudla kwazo endle. Ngalesi sizathu, iningi labantu lisondela eduze kwabantu. Lapho, bangazitholela ukudla kuma-feeder akhethekile ngisho nasezindaweni zokulahla udoti. Ngenkathi ebandayo, abagawuli bezinkuni abazideleli izidumbu; bavame ukuhlasela izidleke zezinyoni ezincane zezingoma, badle amaqanda abo noma amatshwele asanda kuchanyuselwa. Futhi ebusika, kunezelwa ukudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo ekudleni kwezinkukhu. Badla imbewu ye-oki, i-beech, i-hornbeam, amantongomane, ama-acorn nama-alimondi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umuthi wokhuni onamabala ngokwemvelo
Abagawuli bamagodo bachitha impilo yabo yonke emahlathini. Bahlala emahlathini ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene, izimo, iminyaka. Amageje akhiwe ezihlahleni ezithambile. Imvamisa i-aspen, alder, birch. Owesilisa ubandakanyeka ekwakhiweni komgodi. Akuvamile ukuthi izinyoni zihlale emigodini eshiywe ezinye izinhlobo zeziqophamithi. Ukudla kuhlukahlukene, ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kugcwaliswa ngezikhundla ezintsha.
Umqali wokhuni onamabala uyinyoni engavamile, enomsindo. Isikhathi esiningi angachitha eduze kwekhaya lomuntu. Ngisho nemizi emikhulu ayimethusi. Iningi labantu abadala liba yodwa. Zivame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu. Isilwane sizibandakanya emafutheni emini, imvamisa "siyazingela" endaweni encane. Inyoni ngayinye inendawo yayo yokudla. Uma umuntu ongamazi endiza ngayo, kungaliwa.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngaphambi kokugijimela empini, umuthi wokhuni onamabala uhlala exwayisa imbangi yakhe. Ungena endaweni ethile, avule umlomo wakhe, bese izimpaphe zekhanda lakhe ziduma. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wesabe isitha esingaba khona.
Abakhiqizi bezinkuni abanamabala yizinyoni ezinokuthula. Zindiza ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane ngokungavamile kakhulu, kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okusebenzayo. Kodwa-ke, uma inyoni endizwayo ingashiyi indawo yomnikazi, lapho-ke impi eqala ngamandla ingaqala. Lapho zilwa, izinyoni zilimazana kakhulu. Izilwane zisebenzisa amaphiko nemilomo yazo ukuvikela nokushaya. Ama-Woodpeckers imvamisa abesabi abantu. Bavele bakhuphukele phezulu esihlahleni baqhubeke nokufuna ukudla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umqali wokhuni onamabala
Abesifazane nabesilisa babagawuli bezinkuni cishe abahlukile. Ukuphela kwento ongazihlukanisa ngayo ngaphandle ukwehluka kombala wezimpaphe. Izinyoni zesilisa zine-red nape, abesifazane baphuzi noma bamnyama. Abagawuli bokhuni abanamabala bodwa. EJapane kuphela lapho amacala ambalwa we-polyandry abikiwe.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wezimpi zabakhuni. Izilwane zakha ngazimbili, ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuzala, eziningi zazo ziyahlukana. Zimbalwa kuphela izithandani eziqhubeka nokuhlala ndawonye kuze kufike intwasahlobo elandelayo. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sezinyoni siqala ekupheleni kobusika. Umsebenzi wokukhwelana ungaqhubeka kuze kube maphakathi noMeyi. NgoMeyi, izinyoni sezivele zakha ngazimbili, zakha izidleke "zomndeni".
Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokuzalanisa ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana:
- Ukujwayela. Abesifazane nabesilisa bayazana, ngokuhlanganisa izindawo zabo zokudla. Lapho zihlangana, abesilisa bazibonakalisa ngenkuthalo - bayamemeza, isigubhu emagatsheni, futhi bahehe ukunakwa ngayo yonke indlela. Imvamisa emidlalweni yokukhwelana, izinyoni ziqala ukundiza emoyeni njengezimvemvane. Lo mdlalo ubizwa ngokuthi indiza yokukhwelana;
- Ukumatanisa. Izindiza zokukhwelana ezivame ukuphela ngokukhwelana. Le nqubo yenziwa egatsheni eliqondile futhi ithatha cishe imizuzwana eyisithupha. Ukukhwelana kuvame ukuhambisana nokumemeza okukhulu;
- Ukubeka, ukufukamela nokunakekela amaphuphu. Umqali wokhuni wesifazane uzalela cishe amaqanda ayisikhombisa ngasikhathi sinye. Amaqanda amhlophe futhi isikhumba sawo siyacwebezela. Bobabili abazali bahlanganyela ekufukameleni amaqanda, kepha owesilisa uchitha isikhathi esiningi esidlekeni. Inqubo yokufukamela iba mfushane - izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu. Amachwane achanyuselwa engenakuzisiza, eyimpumputhe, enesifiso esihle sokudla. Kuze kuvuthwe, bobabili abazali babambe iqhaza ekubahlinzekeleni ngokudla. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 zizelwe, amaphuphu angafunda ukundiza, futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi, angathola ukudla ngokuzimela.
Izitha zemvelo zabagawuli abanamabala
Isithombe: I-Woodpecker Ephakathi nendawo
Umqali wokhuni onamabala akuyona isisulu esilula sezilwane ezizingelayo. Isikhathi sakhe esiningi usichitha ezihlahleni, eziphakeme kakhulu kunezimpungushe, izimpisi, amabhere nezinye izilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Kutholakala kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile phansi. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho izidlakela zinamathuba onke okuzibamba zidle inyoni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namuhla ulwazi alukho mayelana nokuhlaselwa kwezilwane eziqothukile ezinamabala. I-ermine ne-marten kuphela engabizwa ngokuthi izitha zomhlaba wangempela. Lezi zilwane ziyashesha futhi zinobuqili.
Ezindaweni ezipholile, izigodo zingase zihlaselwe yizinyoni ezidla inyama. Imvamisa lawa angondlunkulu noma ama-goshawks. Ngaphandle kwehlathi, izitha eziyinhloko zabagawuli bezinkuni yizimfudu zohlobo lwe-peregrine. Babazingela ngobuciko, bahlasela ngobuningi. Umlando uyazi amacala okubhujiswa okuphelele kwabantu bezinkuni ezinamabala ngama-peregrine falcons.
Abagawuli bokhuni abasengozini basengozini enkulu ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila. Ngenkathi abazali bendiza befuna ukudla, izidleke zabo ziphangwa yizingwejeje, imibuso yezindlu zokuhlala. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngisho nezinkanyezi ezijwayelekile, ezincane kakhulu ngosayizi, ziyaxoshwa ezigangeni. Futhi, izitha zemvelo zalezi zilwane imikhaza, amazeze, amadumbe, izintwala zokhuni, ezinye izinambuzane ezimunca igazi. Aziholeli ekufeni ngokushesha kwale nyoni, kepha zibukela phansi kakhulu isimo sempilo yayo.
Ngokungahlosile, umuntu kwesinye isikhathi uba yisitha sabagawuli bezinkuni. Ngabantu ababandakanyeka ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi okungalawulwa, bacekela phansi ukudla kwezinyoni, bangcolisa umoya nomhlabathi. Konke lokhu ngokungangabazeki kuthinta kabi inani lezilwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane se-woodpecker
Ngaphandle komthelela omubi wabantu, ukuhlaselwa okusebenzayo yizinyoni ezidla inyama kanye nama-parasites, inani eliphelele leziqophamithi ezinamabala lihlaselwa kancane. Isibalo sezinyoni zalolu hlobo sikhulu kakhulu, izigodo zezihlahla zisakazeke cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Zihlala nomaphi lapho kunezihlahla, izinambuzane, amabhungane.
Laba bameleli bomndeni we-woodpecker ikakhulukazi bahlala phansi, kepha namuhla alukho ulwazi olunembile ngenombolo yabo. Kodwa-ke, inani lalezi zilwane alibangeli ukukhathazeka phakathi kososayensi, babelwe isimo sokongiwa "Okubangela Ukukhathazeka Okuncane".
Inani nosayizi wabantu bezinkuni ezinamabala ezindaweni ezithile kungashintshashintsha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni zifa ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yizitha, kodwa bese zibuyisa ngokuphelele inani lazo labantu iminyaka eminingana ilandelana. Futhi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, abagawuli bezinkuni bahambahamba. Ngalesi sizathu, ubukhulu besibalo sabantu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho bungashintsha kaningana ngonyaka.
Isikhathi sokuphila sezigodo ezinamabala silinganiselwe. Endle, cishe ineminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ubudala. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bakwazile ukuqopha icala lapho umuntu omdala ephila iminyaka eyishumi nambili nezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. Okwamanje, lesi kuseyisikhathi esiphezulu.
Umqali wenkuni onamabala ihlukile kwabanye abameleli bomndeni wokhuni lwesihlahla ngosayizi wayo, umbala ongajwayelekile. Lapho besebancane, ikhanda labo lihlotshiswe ngamakepisi abomvu ngokugqamile, kumuntu omdala - amabala amancane abomvu. Abagawuli bokhuni abahlelekile bayi-oda langempela lehlathi. Ngokushesha nangempumelelo bakhulula izingwegwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezilokazane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-20: 42
