Iphela elibomvu - isitha esifubeni sabomama, ukungcoliswa ebusuku kwamakhishi nezindlu zangasese. Lesi sinambuzane sobuntwana, indawo yethu yokulala engagunyaziwe, ohamba naye, ohlala naye ehhotela kanye nohlala naye ehhovisi. Bebelokhu bezama ukumgcoba ikhulu leminyaka, futhi naye umelana nenkani, eshintsha ukuthanda kanye nokuthambekela ekubeni ubuthi. Lesi yisosha lemvelo jikelele, eligada umthetho walo oyisisekelo - ukusinda nganoma iyiphi imali.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Iphela elibomvu
Iphela elibomvu, elaziwa nangokuthi iPrusak (Blattella germanica), ngelomndeni wakwa-Ectobiidae. Kuchazwe nguKarl Linnaeus ku "System of Nature" ngo-1767. Igama lohlobo luvela egameni lesiLatini elithi "blatta", amaRoma alibiza ngokuthi izinambuzane ezesaba ukukhanya.
Ama-ectobiid, noma amaphela ezihlahla, angumndeni wamaphela amakhulu, lapho cishe ingxenye yawo wonke amaphela avela ku-oda leBlattodea. Kepha ngaphandle kwePrusak, phakathi kwabo ngeke kube khona izinambuzane ezingaphezu kwezingu-5 njengaye ehlala emizini yabantu. Abadume kakhulu kubo ngabamnyama nabaseMelika. Bonke abanye bakhetha impilo yamahhala emvelweni.
Ividiyo: Iphela elibomvu
Isakhiwo samaphela singalandelwa izimpawu zokuqala zezinambuzane zasendulo: imihlathi ehlafunwayo, izicubu ezindizayo ezingakhuli kahle. Isikhathi sokubonakala kwabo, ukwahlulela ngemibhalo ethembekile, sibuyele emuva ekuqaleni kweCarboniferous (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-320 edlule). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic kukhombisa ukuthi amaphela avela ekuqaleni - okungenani esikhathini seJurassic.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-antipathies kazwelonke abonakala emagameni athandwayo enambuzane engathandeki. ERussia, lolu hlobo lwephela lubizwa ngokuthi "iPrusak", ngoba bekukholelwa ukuthi ingeniswe ePrussia. Futhi eJalimane naseCzech Republic, eyake yaba yingxenye yePrussia, ubizwa "ngeRussia" ngesizathu esifanayo. Empeleni akwaziwa ukuthi wavela kuphi phambilini. Izindlela zokufuduka komlando wesilo esibomvu azikaze zifundwe.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani iphela elibomvu
Amaphela ayizinambuzane ezinomjikelezo wokuguqulwa ongaphelele futhi zidlula ezigabeni ezintathu njengoba zikhula: iqanda, isibungu (nymph) nomuntu omdala (imago), kanti isibungu sihluke kakhulu esigabeni sokugcina. Isibungu sichanyuselwa eqandeni ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14 kuya kwezingu-35 bese sidlula sisuka kuma-molts ayi-6 kuye kwayi-7, isikhathi ngasinye sikhula ngosayizi size sifinyelele usayizi wephela elidala. Le nqubo ithatha amasonto ayisithupha kuye kwangama-31. Indoda endala iphila izinsuku eziyi-100 kuya kweziyi-150. Isikhathi sokuphila sowesifazane siyizinsuku eziyi-190-200. Iphela liyashesha, liyanuka, liyabaleka futhi liyenyanyeka, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokugcina.
AmaPrussia ama-Adult angama-12.7 - 15.88 cm ubude futhi anesisindo esisuka ku-0.1 kuye ku-0.12 g. Umbala ojwayelekile unombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo, imivimbo emibili ebanzi ebanzi igijima ohlangothini lwe-dorsal lwe-prothorax. Isembozo esenziwe nge-chitinous varnished sincane futhi umzimba uthambile, okwandisa ukwenyanya kulesi sinambuzane. Isimo somzimba sihlelekile, siyi-oval, siyabekwa futhi sishintshelwe ukushelela kunoma yimiphi imifantu.
Izingxenye ze-thoracic zidlula ngokushelela esiswini esihlukanisiwe, esigcwele amaphiko athambile abhangqiwe. Lapho ethukile, iphela lelule amaphiko alo, kepha lingalisebenzisela ukuhlela kuphela, ngokwesibonelo, kusukela etafuleni kuye phansi. Imilenze eshaywayo yinde futhi inamandla - imilenze yomgijimi wangempela. Ikhanda elihlanzekile elihlotshisiwe lihlotshiswe ngamadevu amancane aguquguqukayo, uPrusak aqapha ngokuzungezile, ezama ukubamba ingozi.
Abesilisa bazacile futhi banciphe kunabesifazane, ukuphela okuncane kwesisu kuphuma ngaphansi kwamaphiko futhi kunikezwa amasethi amabili aphumayo - i-cerci. Kwabesifazane, ukuphela kwesisu kuyindilinga, imvamisa kuthwala amaqanda ngephakeji elikhethekile - i-ooteca. Izibungu - ama-nymphs mancane, kepha anomumo ofanayo. Umbala ubumnyama, umugqa munye futhi izimpiko azithuthuki kahle. Amaqanda ayindilinga, ansundu ngokukhanyayo.
Uhlala kuphi iphela elibomvu?
Isithombe: Iphela elibomvu lasekhaya
ISouth Asia yizwe eliyizwe lamaPrussia. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo ngobuningi kuqala ngekhulu le-18 - inkathi yokujikeleza umhlaba wonke, izinkambo zesayensi kanye nokuhweba kwamakholoni. Manje amaphela abomvu asakazeke umhlaba wonke futhi ahlala kuzo zonke izindawo ezifanele, angabi namahloni ngokuba khona kwezihlobo zendawo. Abanye, isibonelo, iqhude elimnyama laseYurophu, bakwazile nokubakhipha kwi-niche yabo endala yemvelo.
Ngokwemvelo, iphela lingumuntu ohlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, othanda isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi abanda lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kuka -5 ° C. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, akahlali ngaphandle kwendawo enesimo sezulu esingenamakhaza, ezintabeni ezingaphezu kuka-2000 m, kanye nasezindaweni ezomile kakhulu, njengamahlane. Ukubanda nesomiso kuphela okumvimbela ukuthi anqobe umhlaba wonke, yize esebenzisa ubuntofontofo bezindawo zokuhlala zabantu, uyakwazi ukuqhubekela phambili nase-Arctic.
Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kokunambitheka nokudla okungafuneki, amaPrussia ahlala kunoma yiziphi izakhiwo ezifudumele emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, ezizimele nezomphakathi. Ikakhulukazi uma kukhona inala yokudla nomswakama, njengasemakhishini nasemagumbini okugeza. AmaPrussia ezibhedlela nasezikhungweni zokupheka aba yinkinga yangempela. Izindlu zasemadolobheni ezinokushisa okuphakathi nendawo namanzi asebenzayo zilungele bona. Ngaphakathi ekhaya, bahamba ngohlelo lokungenisa umoya kanye nezibhobo zemfucumfucu, futhi ukuze bathuthele ezindaweni ezintsha bavame ukusebenzisa amapotimende noma ifenisha.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokususa abafowethu abathanda ngokweqile abancane bethu ukuqeda indawo. Ngakho-ke, amaphela awalokothi ahlalise izindlu zokuhlala zasehlobo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ungahlangana nephela elibomvu lasekhaya efulethini lakho. Ake sibheke ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zidlani.
Lidlani iphela elibomvu?
Isithombe: Iphela elikhulu elibomvu
Izinambuzane ezibomvu zidla noma yiziphi izinto ezingaphili eziqukethe izinto eziphilayo. Baze bahlanganyele nokudla abantu ngokudla abafo abafile. Indawo yokulahla udoti nezinye izindawo lapho kunqwabelana khona imfucuza yempilo yabantu, amapulazi, izindawo zokugcina izithombo, amakani, izibhedlela, iminyuziyamu yemvelo ne-herbaria, izindawo zokugcina izincwadi zemitapo yolwazi, izinqolobane zomlando nezinqolobane ziyazisebenzisa njengetafula nendlu.
Bakhangwa ikakhulukazi:
- imfucuza yenyama kanye nesidumbu;
- ukudla okunesitashi;
- konke okuqukethe ushukela;
- ukudla okunamafutha;
- iphepha, ikakhulukazi lezincwadi ezindala;
- izindwangu zemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezingcolile;
- isikhumba;
- insipho nomuthi wokuxubha;
- ingcina yemvelo, efana ne-bone glue, eyayikade isetshenziswa ekwenzeni izincwadi.
Ikhono lamaphela lokufaka i-cellulose, njengezihlobo zawo eziseduze kakhulu, kungenxa yamagciwane amancane ahlala emathunjini awo futhi, ngokugaya i-fiber, ayenza ilungele umzimba womgcini.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngenkathi besungula ubuthi bomhlaba wonke bamaPrussia, ososayensi bathola ukuthi babeveze umjaho ongadli ushukela nakho konke okuqukethe ushukela. Izinambuzane zokuhlola zisabele kushukela njengokuthile okungathandeki nokubabayo. Umjaho onjalo uyimpendulo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezintweni ezinobuthi ezinoshukela ezihlasele bonke abathandi abathandekayo. Kuphela lawo maphela anganaki ukwelashwa okunjalo asinda futhi anda.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Iphela elibomvu, elaziwa nangokuthi iPrusak
AmaPrussia angamalungu okuthiwa "ama-synanthropic organisms", ahlobene kakhulu nomphakathi wesintu empilweni futhi ahlala cishe kuphela endaweni ye-anthropogenic, izindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Ukuhlaliswa kwabo ezindaweni ezintsha nakho kwenzeka ngosizo lwabantu - amaphela ahamba nezinto zethu kanye nokudla ezindaweni zokugcina imikhumbi, ezitimeleni, ezimotweni nasezindiza.
Sebezinzile endlini, abantu abadala nezimpungushe zabo ezikhulayo bayaphuma ebusuku bayophanga. Yize ebumnyameni bakhangwa yizindawo ezikhanyayo, kepha ukukhanyisa ukukhanya kubangela ukubaleka ngokushesha kwamaPrussia. Lolu hlobo uqobo lwalo alwenzi imisindo, kepha ukugqashuka kwamaphiko nemilenze, okukhishwa ngumhlambi obalekayo, kujwayelekile kubo bonke ababenebhadi lokuhlala nabo endlini eyodwa.
Amaphela asebenza ngokuzwana kakhulu, ngoba ubudlelwano obuthile busungulwa phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi wamaphela abekade egumbini elilodwa. Basebenzisa izinto ezinukayo ezibizwa ngama-pheromones ukukhombisa ubukhona bendawo yokuhlala, ukudla noma ingozi, ukudlulisa izimpawu zocansi. Lawa ma-pheromones akhishwa endle, futhi izinambuzane ezigijimayo zishiya lapha nalaphaya izindlela zolwazi lapho abanye babo bahlangana khona ukuze bathole ukudla, amanzi, noma bathole umlingani ozohlangana naye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi benze ucwaningo lokuthola ukuthi ama-pheromones akhiqizwa kuphi futhi aqukethwe kuphi, aqoqa amaphela ndawonye. Iqembu lamaPrusaks lafakwa ubuthi ngamagciwane amancane emathunjini futhi kwavela ukuthi ubulongwe bawo buphelile ukuheha abanye abantu. Ngemuva kokudla amagciwane ahlukaniswe nendle yamaphela angalashwa, ukukhishwa kwawo kwaphinde kwakhanga. Kwavela ukuthi lawa mabhaktheriya anesibopho sokuhlanganiswa kwamafutha acid ayi-12, ayahwamuka emoyeni futhi asebenze njengesibonakaliso sokuqoqwa okujwayelekile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amaphela amancane abomvu
AmaPrussia ayenobudlelwano futhi, lapho ehlala ndawonye, akha umphakathi wentando yeningi wabantu abalinganayo, ababumbene hhayi kuphela izindlu ezivamile kanye nezimpungushe ezikhulayo, kepha futhi nezintshisekelo ezifanayo. Okuphambili ukudla, futhi amaphela enza kahle ukutholakale okudliwayo ngokuthula, ngobuhlakani ekwazisa abafowabo ngendawo ekuyo ngisho nenombolo ngosizo lwama-pheromones. Amathrekhi wamaphela amaningi aholela emthonjeni wokudla, iheha ngokwengeziwe kwabanye. Bakhululekile futhi ukuthi bazikhethele umlingani oya labo kwezocansi.
Amaphela azala kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sempilo yakhe, insikazi ibeka kusuka kumaphakeji ama-4 kuye kwayi-9 (ooteca) aze afike ku-8 mm ubude, ngalinye liqukethe amaqanda angama-30 - 48. Ukwakheka kwe-capsule nokuvuthwa kwamaqanda kuyo kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-28, futhi cishe sonke lesi sikhathi insikazi ikuthwala ekugcineni kwesisu. Noma, ekugcineni, ingabeka umthwalo ku-nook emnyama.
Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, uqala ukuthuthukisa i-edema entsha. Sekukonke, owesifazane ngamunye ukhiqiza izindlalifa ezifika kuma-500. Ukuzala kabusha emhlambini kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo futhi zonke izizukulwane nezigaba zokuthuthuka zingaba khona kuwo ngasikhathi sinye. Endaweni enhle, inani lamaphela likhula njengebhola leqhwa noma, ngolimi lwezibalo, landa kakhulu. Ukukhula kungancishiswa kuphela ngokupholisa endlini noma ukuhlanzwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iphela likaNadezhda laba yisilwane sokuqala ukukhulelwa esikhaleni. Kwenzeka ngoSepthemba 14 - 26, 2007 kwi-biosatellite engenamuntu i-Foton-M 3. Amaphela ayehamba ngesitsha, kanti neqiniso lokukhulelwa laqoshwa kwividiyo. Lapho ebuya endizeni, uNadezhda wazala amawundlu angama-33. Ukuphela kwento engajwayelekile ngabo ukuthi bakhula ngokushesha kunontanga yabo basemhlabeni futhi phambilini bathola umbala omnyama. Abazukulu bakaNadezhda abakhombisanga okuhlukile.
Izitha zemvelo zephela elibomvu
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani iphela elibomvu
Iphela alinabo ubuthi futhi, ngokomthetho, lingadliwa yinoma yisiphi isilwane esingazideleli izinambuzane. Kepha ukuhlala kwabantu kumnikeza indawo yokukhosela enokwethenjelwa ezinyonini nakwezinye izidalwa eziphila mahhala. Lapha angasongelwa kuphela ngamanye amazambane ombhede wesinanthropic nezigqila.
Okungukuthi:
- izicabucabu;
- ama-centipedes;
- izinyoni zasendlini;
- amakati nezinja zingabamba ukuzijabulisa.
Isitha esikhulu sePrusak ebomvu yinoma ngubani ongena ngaphansi kophahla lwesi silwane esinonya. Noma yikuphi "okuluhlaza" kuzovumelana neqiniso lokuthi lesi sinambuzane sidala umonakalo omkhulu. Kwanele ukuthi abone itafula lakhe lasekhishini ngemuva kokuvakashelwa kwabo.
Kungani iPrusak iyingozi:
- ithwala izifo ezingaphezu kwama-40 zokutheleleka ngamagciwane noma amagciwane (kufaka phakathi uhudo), okubaluleke kakhulu ezibhedlela;
- umphathi ophakathi nendawo wezinhlobo ezintathu ze-helminths ne-protozoa;
- kubangela futhi kuvuse ukungezwani komzimba, kubhebhethekisa isifuba somoya;
- kwakha iphunga egumbini ngenxa yama-pheromones;
- konakalisa ukudla;
- ungcolisa izinto;
- kuthinta i-psyche futhi ingahle ilume.
Izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane ziye zathuthukiswa amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuhlukanisa imfucuza yokudla namanzi, kubeka izingibe abangakwazi ukuphuma kuzo, amakamelo okuqandisa, futhi ekugcineni, impi yamakhemikhali - zonke izindlela sezizanyiwe. Izindlela zemishini azisebenzi kahle, futhi izindlela zamakhemikhali ziholela kuphela ekuthuthukiseni izinambuzane. AmaPrussian anamuhla awazweli kuma-pyrethroids - imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane yakudala futhi engangenwa kabi ezinye izigaba zakudala zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Izidakamizwa zesimanje (i-hydroprene, i-methoprene) zisebenza njengezilawuli zokukhula futhi zisebenza kangcono. Zibambezela ukuncibilika futhi zivimbele ukukhula kwezinambuzane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phambilini, ezindlini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kwakhiqizwa iziqu ezinqolobane nezibhakabhaka, ikakhulukazi ukulwa namaphela. Izinyoni zazifihla ekufudumaleni, zahlanza indlu kusuka ezinambuzane, kwathi entwasahlobo, ngokwesiko lePhasika, zadedelwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Iphela elibomvu efulethini
Akekho owabala ukuthi bangaki amaPrussia emhlabeni. Wonke umuntu unesifiso sokuthola okumbalwa kubo. Kepha kuze kube manje kuhlala kuyiphupho. Ngenkathi iPrusak ithuthuka ngempumelelo ngokuhambisana nokwenza ngcono izindlela zomzabalazo kanye nesimo sayo kungachazwa ngokuqiniseka ngokuthi "kukhulisa inani".
Inombolo esifundeni esithile ingaguquguquka kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi amaphela ayanyamalala ngemuva kokuhlanzeka, khona-ke maningi kakhulu kangangokuthi aqala ukuhambahamba phakathi nosuku. Ukuqhuma kwabantu kungahle kubonakale kungazelelwe uma ungazi ukuthi inani lamaPrussia likhula kakhulu ngokomthetho kaMalthus, okungukuthi, kancane ekuqaleni, futhi njengoba inani landa ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuyikhawulela, futhi ngokusho kukaMalthus, indlala, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe nezimpi kuphela. Usomnotho waseNgilandi wehlisele umthetho wobuntu umthetho wakhe, kepha amaphela asebenza njengesibonelo esihle kakhulu ukukhombisa ukuthi usebenza kanjani.
I-Prusak ayisongelwa ngendlala nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Ubuntu bulwa njalo izimpi nabo. Izindatshana zesayensi zikhumbuza imibiko ngobutha, lapho ixoxa khona ngokwakhiwa kwamasu, ukulahleka kwesitha, izizathu zokwehluleka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi ngabantu abasabalalisa amaPrussia ngokuwahambisa ezimotweni nokwakha izindawo ezintsha zokuhlala: izindlu zokugcina izithombo, amapulazi afudumele, izindawo zokugcina ezifudumele. Ngakho-ke kule minyaka engama-20 edlule, amaPrussia asephenduke isilokazane esicasulayo emapulazini ezingulube zase-US. Ucwaningo lwezofuzo lukhombisile ukuthi azisatshalaliswa maphakathi - kusuka enkampanini yabaphathi, kepha zithwalwa ngabasebenzi abavela emapulazini angomakhelwane. I-Prusak izochuma uma nje lo mbuthano ononya ukhona.
Zimbalwa izilwane ezithanda ukuba seduze nabantu futhi iphela elibomvu phakathi kwabo. Inkinga ukuthi abantu abamdingi umngane onjalo nhlobo. Ngabe bazokwazi ukuyisusa, noma bazofunda ukuyisebenzisa ekhaya ukuze bajabule ngokufanayo? Le mibuzo ihlala ingaphenduliwe kuze kube manje.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01/22/2020
Usuku lokuvuselela: 05.10.2019 ngo-0: 54
