Ukhozi olunamabala Iyinyoni enkulu edla inyama. Njengazo zonke izinkozi ezijwayelekile, ingeyomndeni woKlebe. Izinkozi ezijwayelekile zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezimpungushe, izinkozi namanye amalungu omndeni, kepha zibukeka zingahlukile kakhulu oklebe abancane kunalokho obekucatshangwa. Izinkozi ezinamachashaza zihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingamahlathi, amadlelo, izinkambu kanye namadlelo emvelo, imvamisa endaweni enomswakama.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunamabala
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokulandelana kwe-mitochondrial kwezinkozi ezinkulu ezinamachashaza okwenziwa e-Estonia ngo-1997-2001, abacwaningi bathola ukwehluka okukhulu kakhulu kofuzo kulezi zinhlobo kunasesampula enkulu yezinkozi ezinamabala amancane.
Basikisela ukuthi ukwenziwa kwamakoloni enyakatho yeYurophu kwenzeka phambilini kulezi zinhlobo kunasezimpungwini zokhozi, oluhlala empumalanga yokhozi olukhulu olunamabala. Kuphakanyisiwe futhi ukuthi ithanda ukwakha izidleke emibhakaweni nasezihlahleni zikaphayini, ezinwebeka kakhulu ngasenyakatho, kunezihlahla ezinamakhasi abanzi, njengoba kunjalo ngezinkozi ezingamabala amancane.
Ividiyo: Ukhozi Olunamabala
Isikhathi eside sokuphila sezinkozi ezinamachashaza yiminyaka engama-20 kuye kwengama-25. Izinsongo zifaka indawo abahlala kuyo, inqwaba yezilwane, ubuthi ngamabomu nokuzingela. Isilinganiso sokufa kwabantu ngonyaka ngama-35% ngonyaka wezingane, ama-20% wezinyoni ezingavuthiwe kanye nama-5% kubantu abadala. Ngenxa yalokhu kusongelwa, isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila kwabo sivame ukuba phakathi kweminyaka eyi-8 nengu-10.
Izinkozi ezinamabala yizona ezidla kakhulu ezimisweni zazo zemvelo. Zisiza ukulawula inani lezilwane ezincelisayo nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ezincane. Izinkozi ezinamabala zingasiza abalimi ngoba badla onogwaja namanye amagundane, izinyoni ezincane, izinambuzane kanye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ezisongela izitshalo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ukhozi olunamabala
Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo zezinkozi ezinamabala:
- ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu;
- ukhozi olunamabala amancane.
Izinkozi ezinamabala amakhulu nezincane zibukeka ngendlela efanayo. Izimpiko zazo zingamasentimitha angu-130-180. Izinsiba zabantu abadala zibunsundu ngokuphelele, kuyilapho izinyoni ezincane zimbozwe ngamabala akhanyayo ngezinga elithile. Ngaphandle, izinkozi ezinamachashaza zifana nenyoni ejwayelekile, futhi uma ukude umuntu angahlukanisa izinhlobo zezinhlobo zamehlo kuphela lapho endiza: kuyilapho ukhozi olunamabala luvamise ukwehlisa izeluleko zamaphiko alo lapho lundiza, inkonyane evamile iyazigcina.
Uma ubheka izinyoni ebangeni eliseduze, uzobona ukuthi i-buzzard evamile imhlophe ngezimpaphe, kuyilapho izinkozi ezinamabala zivame ukuba nsundu ngokufanayo nezinamabala ambalwa amhlophe ezimpapheni zazo. Uma ihlolisiswa, ingqapheli iyothola ukuthi izidladla zokhozi oluboniwe zimbozwe izimpaphe kuze kufike ezinzwaneni, kuyilapho leyo yempungushe evamile ingenazimpaphe.
Ngokususelwa kuzimpawu zezimpaphe, kufaka phakathi ukwenqatshwa kwamaphiko, singalulahla kalula ukhozi lwe-steppe, olunemigqa embalwa futhi emincane oluphikweni ngalunye kunezinkozi ezinamabala.
Ukhozi olunamabala oluncane lunekhanda namaphiko alula kunaleyo evame ukuba mnyama kakhulu kunokhozi olukhulu olunamabala. Inomugqa ofanayo futhi ominyene ngobude bezimbali zayo eziyinhloko, kuyilapho i-Greater Spotted Eagle inomugqa omncane kakhulu, ogxile kakhulu maphakathi nemibala yayo eyinhloko, futhi amathiphu kanye nesisekelo sezimpaphe zihlala zingamakiwe. Njengakwezinye izinkozi ezinkulu, iminyaka yale nyoni inganqunywa ngokususelwa kumaka wezimpaphe (ngokwesibonelo, yizingane kuphela ezinamabala amhlophe, okuyinike igama elijwayelekile).
Kunzima ukusho umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkozi ezinamabala. Ngokuvamile, ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu luba mnyama, lube lukhulu futhi luqine kunokhozi olunamabala oluncane. Kunzima futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo, ngoba bakha ngazimbili ezihlanganisiwe, lapho kuzalwa khona ama-nzalo.
Uhlala kuphi ukhozi?
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunamabala Amakhulu
Izidleke zokhozi olunamabala emahlathini amakhulu anomswakama anqamula amadlelo ezimanzi, amaxhaphozi kanye namanye amaxhaphozi afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1000. E-Asia, itholakala emahlathini ase-taiga, emahlathini asemahlathini anamaxhaphozi, ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi nasemasimini ezolimo. Amahlathi akhethwa kubo ebusika. Izinyoni ezifudukayo nezobusika kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi ezivame ukoma kakhulu.
Ezindaweni zabo zobusika eMalaysia, lezi zinkozi zihlala zodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Yize zidla ngokwehlukana, abantu abaningana bangalinda ngokuthula eqenjini elixegayo elizungeze insimu lapho kugandaganda khona. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zivame ukuvakashela izindawo zokulahla imfucuza.
E-Bangladesh, izinyoni zivame ukubonakala ngasemifuleni emikhulu nasezizalweni zemifula, lapho zingabonakala khona zindiza phezulu noma zilele phansi osebeni lwemifula noma eziqhingini zemifula. Kwa-Israyeli, ebusika ezindaweni eziphansi zaseMedithera, izinyoni zingatholakala ezigodini nasezindaweni ezivulekile ezimanzi, ikakhulukazi emasimini alinywayo nasemachibini ezinhlanzi aseduze kwezindawo zezihlahla, ikakhulukazi i-eucalyptus.
ERussia, zitholakala emahlathini, emahlathini-emaqeleni, ezigodini zemifula, emahlathini ephayini, emahlathini amancane asezindaweni ezinomswakama nasezimbokeni zehlathi. E-Kazakhstan - emahlathini angasogwini, ama-steppes angenalutho namathafa asemahlathini.
Ukhozi olunamabala ludlani?
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunamabala Angaphansi
Izinkozi ezinamabala zivame ukuzingela inyamazane yazo emadlelweni angavikelekile, kanye nasezixhaphozini, emasimini nakwezinye izindawo ezivulekile, futhi kaningi nasemahlathini. Izindawo zabo zokuzingela, njengomthetho, zitholakala eduze kwezidleke, ezisendaweni efinyelela ku-1-2 km ukusuka endaweni yokwakha isidleke.
Izinkozi ezinamabala zivame ukuzingela inyamazane yazo lapho zibaleka noma ezihlahleni eziseduze nemiphetho yehlathi nakwezinye izindawo eziphakeme (izihlahla ezizodwa, izindawo ezinotshani, izigxobo zikagesi). Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ithola isisulu esihamba phansi. Ukhozi olunamabala luzingela ngokuzithandela inyamazane yalo, lundiza noma luhambe uma kwenzeka kushoda izinsiza zokudla, kepha uma kwenzeka lunezinsizakusebenza eziningi, lukhetha ukulandela isisulu salo.
Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko kuqukethe:
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezilingana nomvundla, njengama-voles;
- izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ezifana namaxoxo;
- izinyoni (kufaka phakathi izinyoni zasemanzini);
- ezihuquzelayo, njengezinyoka, izibankwa;
- inhlanzi encane;
- izinambuzane ezinkulu.
Ezindaweni eziningi isisulu esiyinhloko sokhozi olunamabala yi-vole enyakatho yamanzi (i-Arvicola terrestris). Izinyoni ezazicwala ebusika eMalaysia zondla izidumbu, ikakhulukazi amagundane afile, ayenobuthi ezindaweni zezolimo. Lezi zinhlobo zibamba iqhaza ku-kleptoparasitism komunye nomunye nakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni enamabala
Izinkozi ezinamabala yizinyoni ezifudukayo. Busika eMiddle East, Southern Europe, Central naseNingizimu Afrika. Ukufuduka kuya nokubuya e-Afrika kwenzeka ikakhulu ngeBosphorus, Middle East kanye neNile Valley. Ukhozi Olunamabala Olukhulu lubuya ebusika kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, kuyilapho i-Lesser Spotted Eagles ingase ibonwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Zombili lezi zinhlobo ziyafuduka ngoSepthemba, kepha izinyoni ngazinye zisabonakala ngo-Okthoba.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izinkozi ezinamachashazi zivame ukutholwa zodwa noma ngambili, kepha ziyahlangana ngasemithonjeni emikhulu yokudla bese ziyahamba ziyimihlambi.
Izinkozi ezinamabala zihlala endaweni enemibala lapho amahlathi eshintshana namadlelo, amadlelo, izinkambu, izigodi zemifula nezixhaphozi. Bazivumelanisa kakhulu nempilo emhlabeni wezolimo kunezihlobo zabo ezinkulu. Izinyoni zivame ukuzakhela izidleke zazo futhi zihlala kuzo njalo eminyakeni elandelayo, ikakhulukazi uma zingaphazanyiswa. Kwesinye isikhathi zisebenzisa izidleke ezindala zezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama (ibuzzard ejwayelekile, uklebe osenyakatho) noma unogolantethe omnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi ukhozi olunamachashaza anezidleke eziningana, ezisetshenziswa ngokushintshana ngeminyaka ehlukene.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinkozi ezinamabala ziyindawo enkulu kakhulu. Zizolwa nezinye izinyoni ezisondela kakhulu ezidlekeni zazo. Abesilisa banolaka kakhulu kunabesifazane futhi bathambekele ekuboniseni ukusebenza kwendawo kuphela kwabanye abesilisa. Izinsikazi zivame ukuvakashela izidleke zamanye abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoni Yokhozi Enkulu Ebonakalayo
Izinkozi ezinamabala ziqala ukwakha noma ukulungisa isidleke lapho zifika nje. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, iqanda elilodwa noma amabili (kuyaqabukela amathathu) eqandeni. Insikazi iqala ukuwafukamela ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokuqala, yingakho amaphuphu echanyuselwa ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Inqubo yokuchamusela ithatha izinsuku ezingama-37-41. Amachwane angandiza anamasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwengu-9 ubudala, okuvame ukuqondana nengxenye yokuqala ka-Agasti. Ezinkukhu, eyodwa, noma kuyaqabukela ezimbili, funda ukundiza.
Impumelelo yokuzalanisa kwezinkozi ezinamachashaza inomjikelezo weminyaka emithathu ngenxa yezinguquko kwinani lama-voles, isisulu esithandwa kakhulu sezinkozi. Eminyakeni engcono, umkhiqizo ungaba ngaphezu kwezinyoni ezincane ezine-steamed, kepha ngezikhathi zomjikelezo ophansi le nombolo ingehla iye ngaphansi kuka-0.3. Izinkozi ezinamabala amakhulu ziyazwela ekukhathazekeni futhi aziphumeleli kahle ekuzaleni. Yize zizalela amaqanda amabili, imvamisa kube yinye iphuphu elilodwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho abantu bokhozi ababonakalayo bebhekana nobunzima, umkhiqizo wabo ungakhuphuka ngokwenziwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amaphuphu ayasinda ngesikhathi sezizela. Ku-vivo eyodwa cishe ilahleka njalo ngenxa ye-fratricide eyaziwa ngokuthi i-kainism.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkozi ezinamabala
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni enamabala
Amaphuphu kanye namaqanda ezinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala angazingelwa yi-mink yaseMelika nezinye izidalwa. Amachwane angabhekiswa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye noma izikhova. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala yizona ezidla kakhulu, kanti abantu abadala abavamisile ukuba yizisulu zezinye izilwane ezinkulu.
Izinkozi ezinamachashazi amancane azinazo izidalwa ezihlasela imvelo futhi azibonisi ukujwayela okusobala ngokumelene nazo. Usongo olukhulu kubo ngabantu. Zibeka engcupheni izinkozi ezinamabala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali afana ne-azodrine, isibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphate esisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izilwane ezincane ukuthi zingadli izitshalo. Izilwane ezidla ezinye, kufaka phakathi izinkozi ezinamabala amancane, zivame ukubulawa ukudla kwalezi zilwane ezinobuthi. Elinye ithonya lomuntu kulezi zinhlobo ukuzingela.
Esinye isizathu sokufa ezikhozini ezinamachashazi amancane yi-fratricide. Uma kunamaqanda amabili noma amathathu esidlekeni, imvamisa inzalo echamisela kuqala izobulala ezinye kuqala ngokubakhipha esidlekeni, ibahlasele, noma idle ukudla ngaphambi kokuba izingane zakubo zithole ithuba lokudla. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkozi eziningi ezinamachashaza aphumelela ukukhulisa izinyane elilodwa noma amabili kuphela.
Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi amaqanda okhozi angenamabala angadliwa ezinye izilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoka. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akubhalwanga ngokucacile. Amaqanda ezinkozi ezinkulu ezinamabala adliwa yi-mink yaseMelika. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi iminki nayo ingazingela amaqanda ezinkozi ezinamabala amancane.
Izinsongo ezinkulu kulezi zinhlobo ukulahleka kwezindawo zokuhlala (ikakhulukazi, ukugeleza kwamahlathi amanzi nezimfunda nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okuqhubekayo) nokuzingela. Usongo lokugcina lusakazeke ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufuduka: izinkulungwane zezinyoni zidutshulwa minyaka yonke eSyria naseLebanon. Imisebenzi yokuphathwa kwamahlathi ibikwa ukuthi iba nomthelela omubi ezinhlotsheni. Iphinde ibe sengozini enkulu emithelelweni yokuthuthuka kwamandla kwamandla omoya. Ingozi eyenzeka esikhungweni samandla enuzi saseChernobyl kungenzeka ukuthi yaphazamisa lolu hlobo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ukhozi olunamabala
Ukhozi Olukhulu Olunamabala lubhalwe ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa emhlabeni wonke. Isibalo sabantu emhlabeni wonke silinganiselwa ukuthi sisuka kubantu abayinkulungwane kuya kwabangu-10 000, kepha kukhona iziphakamiso ezingenzeka ukuthi isibalo esiphakeme. IBirdLife International (2009) ilinganisela ukuthi inani lezinyoni ezindala lisuka ku-5 000 liye ku-13,200. I-BirdLife International / European Council for the Bird Census (2000) ilinganisele inani labantu base-Europe kuma-890-1100 ngababili abazalanayo bese kubuyekezwa kwaba ngamabhangqa okuzalanisa angama-810-1100.
Ukhozi Olunamachashazi Amancane lubhekwa njengezinhlobo zokhozi eziningi kakhulu eYurophu. Esikhathini esedlule, lolu hlobo lwalungavamile njengamanje, futhi izibalo zalo zehla ngisho nangaphezulu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 ngenxa "yempi ye-hawk". Ngemuva kwalokho, inani labantu laphola kancane kancane. Ama-1960s kanye nama-1970s abona ushintsho ku-niche yemvelo: izinkozi zaqala ukwakha isidleke eduze kwendawo yamasiko. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngeminyaka yama-1980, inani lezinkozi ezinamachashazi amancane lakhula ngokushesha. Manje izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zokhozi olunamachashazi amancane ziseBelarus, eLatvia nasePoland.
Ukhozi Olunamabala Oluncane lunebanga elikhulu ngokwedlulele ngakho-ke alusondeli emikhawulweni yalabo abasengozini ngemibandela yosayizi webanga (isilinganiso sokwenzeka <20,000 km with kuhlanganiswe nokwehla noma ukwehla kosayizi webanga, ubukhulu bendawo yokuhlala / ikhwalithi noma usayizi wesibalo samasayithi ambalwa noma ukuhlukaniswa okunzima). Inani lezinkozi ezinamabala cishe ngabantu abayi-40,000-60,000. Ukuthambekela kwenani lezinkozi ezinamabala amancane akwaziwa, kepha akukholelwa ukuthi kuncipha ngokushesha okwanele ukufinyelela emikhawulweni yabantu (> 30% yehle eminyakeni eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu).
Ubukhulu besibalo sabantu bungaba kusuka kokulingene okuncane kuya kokukhulu, kepha akubhekwa njengokusondelene nemikhawulo yezinqubo zosayizi wabantu abasengozini (<10,000 ivuthwa ngokuqhubeka nokwehla okulinganiselwa ukuthi kube> 10% ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu). Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, lolu hlobo lukalwa njengezilwane ezisengozini encane kakhulu.
Ukhozi Olunamabala
Isithombe: Ukhozi olubonisiwe oluvela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Yize i-Greater Spotted Eagle inokusatshalaliswa okubanzi ukwedlula i-Lesser Spotted Eagle, inesibalo esincane sabantu emhlabeni jikelele futhi iyehla ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga zobubanzi bayo. Izizathu zalesi simo yizinguquko endaweni yokuhlala ebangelwe yihlathi kanye namaxhaphozi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezazitshaliwe, ukuphazanyiswa kwezidleke, ukudubula, ubuthi ngamabomu nangengozi, ikakhulukazi nge-zinc phosphide.
Imiphumela yokuxutywa kwezinkozi ezinamachashazi amancane ayikacaci, kepha ububanzi bezinhlobo zakamuva buya ngasempumalanga ngenxa yokhozi olukhulu olunamabala. Uhlelo lokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo lwenzelwe i-Europe. Ukhozi Olunamabala Olukhulu lubhekwa emhlabeni wonke njengabantu abasengozini. Kepha kuseyinsakavukela eNtshonalanga yeSiberia esezansi ukusuka eUrals kuya eMiddle Ob nokuqhubekela phambili eMpumalanga yeSiberia, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi inani lazo lidlule izinkulungwane eziyishumi, okuyisibalo sokufakwa ohlwini lwabasengozini.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela izinkozi ezinamachashaza zamukelwe amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi iBelarus. Ukhozi Olukhulu Olunamabala luvikelwe umthetho waseBelarusian wokongiwa kwemvelo, kepha lo mthetho uthathwa njengonzima kakhulu ukuwenza. Isibonelo, umthetho kazwelonke uthi kuphela lezo zingosi ezivikele izinyoni ezihlolwe kahle nezabhalwa ngokwanele ngaphambi kokuvunywa yizo zonke izinhlangano nezikhungo zombuso waseBelarus ezingaguqulwa zisuke “ezindaweni zokuphatha” ziye “ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile”. ” Le nqubo ingathatha kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye ukuqeda.
EJalimane, uhlelo lweDeutche Wildtier Stiftung luzama ukukhulisa impumelelo yokuzala ngokususa ukhozi oluzelwe okwesibili (oluvamise ukubulawa ngamazibulo) esidlekeni ngemuva nje kokuchanyuselwa nokuluphakamisa ngesandla. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, inyoni ibuyiselwa esidlekeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, izibulo alisenolaka, futhi izinkozi ezimbili zingahlala ndawonye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukugcina indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kubalulekile ekusindeni kokhozi olunamabala eJalimane.
Ukhozi olunamabala Ukhozi olumaphakathi naphakathi oludla ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, imvamisa emathafeni nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi, kufaka phakathi amaxhaphozi anamanzi, ama-peatlands namaxhaphozi. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, sisuka eMpumalanga Yurophu siye eChina, futhi iningi labantu baseYurophu liyindlala kakhulu (ngaphansi kwamabhangqa ayi-1000), lisatshalaliswa eRussia naseBelarus.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01/18/2020
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 04.10.2019 ngo-22: 52
