Inyoka emnyama ingenye yezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoka ezinobuthi ezivame ukutholakala kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo e-Australia. Kungaba imitha elilodwa nohhafu kuya kwamabili ubude futhi ingenye yezinyoka ezinkulu e-Australia. Ungomunye wezinyoka ezinhle kakhulu ezinomhlane omnyama ocwebezelayo. Unekhanda elincane, elilungisiwe nesifonyo esikhanyayo esinsundu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama
Inyoka Emnyama (Pseudechis porphyriacus) iyinhlobo yezinyoka ezidabuka empumalanga ye-Australia. Yize ubuthi bayo bungadala ukugula okuphawulekayo, ukulunywa yinyoka emnyama ngokuvamile akubulali futhi akunabuthi kangako kunokulunywa ezinye izinyoka zase-Australia. Kuvamile emahlathini, emahlathini nasemachibini empumalanga ye-Australia. Ingenye yezinyoka ezidume kakhulu e-Australia, njengoba kuvamile ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ezisogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zezinyoka ezimnyama:
- inyoka emnyama enebhande elibomvu;
- Inyoka kaCollette;
- inyoka ye-mulga;
- inyoka emnyama enamasongo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ividiyo: Inyoka Emnyama
Uhlobo lwezinyoka ezimnyama lubandakanya ezinye zezinyoka ezinhle kakhulu e-Australia, kanye (mhlawumbe) nezinhlobo zayo ezinesihlungu kunazo zonke, inyoka ye-mulgu (kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "yi-royal brown"). Ngakolunye uhlangothi lobubanzi be-spectrum obuvela enyokeni ye-mulga kukhona izinyoka ze-mulga ezincane, ezinye zazo ezingavamile ukudlula imitha elilodwa ubude. Izinyoka ezimnyama ziyahlukahluka ngokwemvelo futhi zitholakala kulo lonke izwekazi, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga neTasmania, cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Yize izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamasongo abomvu ziyesabeka, empeleni lezi zilwane ezilumayo ziyivelakancane kubantu futhi zivame ukuba ngumphumela wokuxhumana komuntu ngqo nenyoka.
Emphakathini we-amateur herpetological, ukulunywa izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamabhande abomvu akuvamile ukuthi kuthathwe ngokungathi sína, okungenangqondo, ngoba i-myotoxicity engalungiseki ingabangelwa ukufakwa kwalenyoka uma i-antidote inganikezwa ngokushesha (kungakapheli amahora ayisithupha ngemuva kokulunywa).
Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoka eziningi ezinesihlungu e-Australia, ukulunywa yizinyoka ezimnyama kungahlotshaniswa nomonakalo omkhulu wendawo, kufaka phakathi i-necrosis (ukufa kwezicubu). Ngenxa yalokhu, ezimweni eziningi, izingxenye kanye nezitho zomzimba ngokuphelele kwakudingeka zinqunywe ngemuva kokulunywa yilezi zinyoka. Omunye umphumela ongajwayelekile wokulunywa yinyoka emnyama i-anosmia yesikhashana noma eqhubekayo (ukulahleka kwephunga).
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inyoka emnyama
Inyoka emnyama enamasongo abomvu inomzimba ojiyile onekhanda eliphinyiselwe kancane. Inhloko nomzimba kumnyama ocwebezelayo. Ngaphansi kubomvu kokhilimu okunemibala engaphansi ebomvu ebomvu. Iphuzu lekhala livame ukuba nsundu. Inyoka emnyama enamasongo abomvu ineshiya elivelele eliyinika ukubonakala okuhlukile. Ingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude, yize izinyoka cishe eziyimitha elilodwa ubude zivame kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Endle, izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamabhande abomvu zivame ukugcina ukushisa komzimba ziphakathi kuka-28 ° C no-31 ° C emini, zihamba phakathi kwezindawo ezinelanga nezithunzela.
Inyoka iColletta ingeyomndeni wezinyoka ezimnyama futhi ingenye yezinyoka ezinhle kakhulu ezinobuthi e-Australia. Inyoka kaCollette yinyoka eyakhiwe ngokuqinile enomzimba oqinile nenhloko ebanzi, ebuthuntu ihluke kakhulu emzimbeni wayo. Inephethini enemigqa engajwayelekile yobomvu kuya kuma-salmon pink patches onsundu elimnyama noma elimnyama. Ingaphezulu lekhanda limnyama ngokufana, yize isifonyo singahle sime kancane. Iris inombala onsundu onsundu nomugqa obomvu ngokubomvu ozungeze umfundi. Izikali zesisu ziphuzi-olintshi kuya kokhilimu.
Izinyoka ezincane ze-mulga ezimnyama zingaba nokwakhiwa okuphakathi, kepha abantu abadala bavame ukuqina, benekhanda elibanzi, elijulile nezihlathi ezivelele. Ngemuva, emaceleni nasemsileni, kuvamise ukuba nombala omibili, ngombala omnyama ohlanganisa ingxenye esekude ngamazinga ahlukahlukene futhi kungaba nsundu, nsundu ngokubomvu, nsundu ngethusi noma ngombala onsundu.
Isisekelo senyoka imvamisa siphuzi esimhlophe siphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani, ngokungafani nombala omnyama womphumela wemeshini. Abantu abavela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ezikude kakhulu cishe abanayo i-pigment emnyama, kanti abantu baseningizimu bacishe babe mnyama. Umsila uvame ukuba mnyama kunomzimba, kanti ingxenye engenhla yekhanda inombala ofanayo, ofana nobumnyama bezikali zomzimba. Amehlo mancane nge-iris ebomvu ngokubomvu. I-Belly kusuka kukhilimu kuya kumbala we-salmon.
Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zinombala ocwebezelayo ogqamile noma omnyama onsundu, ngesisu esimnyama esimpunga noma ngombala omnyama. Abanye abantu bangaba ukhilimu noma mpunga ophaphathekile onamabala (yingakho elinye igama labo - inyoka emnyama enamabala). Abanye bangaba phakathi nendawo phakathi kwalaba ababili, benenhlanganisela yezikali eziphaphathekile nezimnyama ezakha imivimbo emincane, ephukile enqamulelayo, kodwa ngazo zonke izindlela ikhanda limnyama ngokufana. Ikhanda libanzi futhi lijulile, alihlukile neze emzimbeni oqinile. Ibanga lobuso obusobala liyabonakala ngaphezu kweso elimnyama.
Ihlala kuphi inyoka emnyama?
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama emvelweni
Inyoka emnyama enebhande elibomvu ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindawo ezimanzi, ikakhulukazi imizimba yamanzi, amaxhaphozi namachibi (yize etholakala kude nezindawo ezinjalo), amahlathi nezindawo ezinotshani. Bahlala futhi ezindaweni eziphazamisekile nasezigodini zasemakhaya futhi bavame ukutholakala bezungeza imigudu yokuhambisa amanzi kanye namadamu asepulazini. Izinyoka zizifihla emadwaleni aminyene otshani, ezingodweni, emigodini nasezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezilele nangaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu. Izinyoka ngazinye zibonakala zigcina uhla lwezindawo zokucasha ezikhethwayo ngaphakathi kwebanga lasekhaya.
Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamabhola abomvu zitholakala ngokwehlukana enyakatho nasenkabeni-mpumalanga yeQueensland, bese zivela ngokuqhubekayo kusuka eningizimu-mpumalanga yeQueensland kuya empumalanga yeNew South Wales naseVictoria. Abanye abantu abangahlobene batholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeMount Lofty, eSouth Australia. Lolu hlobo alutholakali esiQhingini saseKangaroo, yize kunezinsolo eziphikisana nalokho.
Inyoka iColletta ihlala emathafeni afudumele ashubisa umnkantsha ase-chernozem, agcwala izikhukhula ngezikhathi ezithile zemvula. Bacasha emifantwini ejulile emhlabathini, emigodini, nangaphansi kokhuni oluwile. Lezi zinyoka zivame ezindaweni ezomile zomaphakathi neQueensland. Izinyoka zeMulga yizona ezisakazeke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoka e-Australia, kusukela ezwenikazi, ngaphandle kwezingxenye eziseningizimu mpumalanga esezingeni eliphakeme. Zitholakala naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Irian Jaya futhi mhlawumbe entshonalanga yePapua New Guinea.
Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene - kusuka emahlathini emvula avaliwe kuya ezindaweni ezinotshani, izihlahla kanye namaqhubu acishe angabi nalutho noma izingwadule ezinesihlabathi. Izinyoka zeMulga zingatholakala nasezindaweni eziphazamiseke kakhulu njengezinsimu zikakolweni. Bacasha emigodini yezilwane engasetshenziswanga, emifantwini ejulile enhlabathini, ngaphansi kwezinkuni eziwile namatshe amakhulu, nasemifantwini ejulile nasekunciphiseni kwamatshe okuphuma phezulu.
Inyoka emnyama enamabala aluhlaza itholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kusuka emathafeni asezikhukhuleni nasemathafeni omile kuya emahlathini nasemapulazini. Bacasha ngaphansi kwezingodo eziwile, emifantwini ejulile emhlabathini noma emihosheni yezilwane eshiyiwe, nasemahlanzeni aminyene ashisayo. Inyoka itholakala entshonalanga yemifula engasogwini eningizimu-mpumalanga yeQueensland nasenyakatho-mpumalanga neNew South Wales.
Manje uyazi lapho inyoka emnyama ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idliwa yini inyoka emnyama?
Isithombe: Inyoka enkulu emnyama
Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinobomvu obomvu zidla ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla, kufaka phakathi izinhlanzi, onoshobishobi, amaxoxo, izibankwa, izinyoka (kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zazo), nezilwane ezincelisayo. Zifuna kabanzi inyamazane esemanzini nasemanzini futhi ziyaziwa ukuthi zikhuphuka ngamamitha ambalwa.
Lapho izingela emanzini, inyoka ingathola ukudla kuphela ngekhanda noma ngokucwiliswa ngokuphelele. Izisulu ezibanjiwe ngaphansi kwamanzi zingalethwa phezulu noma zigwinywe ngenkathi zicwilisiwe. Lezi zinyoka zibonakale zishisa ngamabomu indle engaphansi kwamanzi njengoba izingela, mhlawumbe ngenhloso yokugeza isisulu esifihlekile.
Inyoka yaseColletta ekuthunjweni izondla ezincelisayo, izibankwa, izinyoka namaxoxo. Izinyoka zeMulga ekudleni kwasendle ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla ezibandakanya amaxoxo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo namaqanda azo, izinyoni namaqanda azo, nezilwane ezincelisayo. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zondla ngezikhathi ezithile ama-invertebrates kanye nesidumbu.
Izinyoka zeMulga zibukeka zingavikelekile ebuhlungwini besisulu sazo esisodwa, inyoka ensundu esentshonalanga, futhi azibonisi miphumela emibi lapho zilunywa yizinhlobo zazo. Ngeshwa, inyoka i-mulga ayivikelekile kulesigaxa sikamoba onobuthi, okukholakala ukuthi sidale ukuthi inyoka inciphe kwezinye izingxenye ezisenyakatho zohlu lwayo.
Inyoka emnyama enamabala aluhlaza endle iphakela izilwane ezinomgogodla ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amaxoxo, izibankwa, izinyoka nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ubuye adle nezingenamgogodla okungahleliwe. Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamabhantshi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuyinhloko zingabazingeli basemini, kepha zingadla kusihlwa okufudumele okuhambe isikhathi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama enobuthi
Ngesikhathi sokuzalisa entwasahlobo, abesilisa bezinyoka ezimnyama ezinamalungu abomvu bafuna ngenkuthalo izinsikazi ngakho-ke bachitha isikhathi esiningi emvelweni futhi bahamba kakhulu kunabesifazane ngokuvamile (kufika ku-1220 m ngosuku olulodwa).
Njengoba inkathi yokuzalanisa incipha, abesilisa baya bengasebenzi, futhi ehlobo awukho umehluko ophawulekayo esikhathini esichithwa ngaphandle phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, bayafudumala noma bahambe, futhi bobabili abesilisa bafudumele kancane futhi bangasebenzi kakhulu. kunalokho ababeyikho entwasahlobo.
Inyoka yaseColletta iyinhlobo eyimfihlo futhi engabonakali kangako ephuma ebusuku kodwa futhi ingasebenza kusihlwa okufudumele. Izinyoka zeMulga zingasebenza emini noma ebusuku (kuya ngezinga lokushisa), ngomsebenzi owehlisiwe ntambama naphakathi kwamabili kuze kuse. Phakathi nezinyanga ezishisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, izinyoka ze-mulga zisebenza kakhulu kusihlwa nasezinsukwini zakuqala ngemuva kokushona kwelanga.
Ukulwa kwabesilisa kanye nokukhwelana kubikwe ezinyokeni ezimnyama ezinamabhande aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezenzeka phakathi nobusika ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo (ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba). Ukulwa kubonakala kuhilela ukulunywa kokuqala, bese ukwelukwa, bese kubajaha ngokuluma.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama eyingozi
Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinobomvu obomvu zivame ukukhwelana entwasahlobo, cishe ngo-Okthoba nangoNovemba. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa balwa namanye amaduna ukuze bakwazi ukufinyelela kowesifazane. Ukulwa kuhilela abaphikisi ababili beqondisa izintamo zabo futhi baphakamise ingaphambili lomzimba, bagoqa izintamo zabo futhi baphambana phakathi kwempi. Izinyoka zingakwazi ukuhayiza kakhulu futhi zilume zodwa (zivikelekile ohlotsheni lwazo lobuthi). Le mpi ivame ukuhlala ngaphansi kwesigamu sehora, lapho omunye wabaphikisi evuma ukuhlulwa ngokushiya insimu.
Insikazi izala cishe izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisihlanu ngemuva kokukhwelana. Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinobomvu obomvu azizaleli amaqanda njengezinye izinyoka eziningi. Esikhundleni salokho, zizala izingane eziphilayo eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kwezingu-40, ngayinye esikhwameni sayo solwelwesi. Inyoka emnyama enebhande elibomvu ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe eminyakeni emi-2-3.
Okuningi okwaziwayo nge-biology yokuzalanisa yezinyoka zikaColletta kuvela ekuqaphelisweni kwezilwane ekuthunjweni. Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu sokuqomisana nokukhwelana kubonakala siphakathi kuka-Agasti no-Okthoba. Ukuqaphela ukuqomisana kwakudalwa ukuthi owesilisa wayelandela insikazi esanda kwethulwa, ekhasa emhlane wakhe futhi enza ukungabaza nokudikiza, ebamba umsila wakhe. Ukushayisana kungadlulela emahoreni ayisithupha. Cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-56 ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi izalela amaqanda ayi-7 kuye kwayi-14 (ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba), achamisela kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-91 (kuya ngokuthi kuyashisa kangakanani ekufukameleni). Iphuphu lenza uchungechunge lokusikeka kobude egobolondweni futhi lingahlala eqandeni amahora afinyelela kwayi-12 ngaphambi kokuchamisela.
Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, ukuzalanisa izinyoka ze-mulga kungaba ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka noma kuhlotshaniswe nenkathi yemvula. Isikhathi esiphakathi kokuqomisana kokugcina nokukhwelana nokubekwa kwamaqanda kwehluka kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-39 kuye kwezingu-42. Ubukhulu be-Clutch buyahluka kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-19, ngesilinganiso cishe esingu-9. Kungathatha izinsuku ezingama-70 kuye kwayi-100 ukuqanduselwa amaqanda, kuya ngethempelesha lokufukamela. Ekuthunjweni, izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zizigoqa ngokukhululekile ndawonye, futhi imisila yazo iyagoqana. Owesilisa kwesinye isikhathi uhambisa ikhanda lakhe emuva naphambili emzimbeni wowesifazane ngesikhathi sokubamba, okungahlala emahoreni amahlanu. Ngemuva kokuhlangana ngempumelelo, owesilisa akasakhombisi intshisekelo kowesifazane.
Kusuka emaqanda ama-5 kuye kwayi-17, okungathatha izinsuku ezifika kwezingama-87, kuya ngezinga lokushisa lokufukamela. Amancane ahlala eqandeni lawo usuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ngemuva kokusika iqanda bese evela ukuze aqale impilo yawo.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoka ezimnyama
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inyoka emnyama
Okuwukuphela kwezilwane ezirekhodiwe zezinyoka ezindala ezibomvu ezinamabhande abomvu ngaphandle kwabantu amakati emvelo, yize kusolwa ukuthi bayizisulu zamanye ama-ophidiophages aziwa njengama-falcons ansundu nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama. Izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa nezentsha zibhekana nokudliwa yizinyoni ezincane zezilwane ezinjenge-kookaburras, ezinye izinyoka, amaxoxo, ngisho nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla njengezicabucabu ezibomvu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inyoka emnyama enamabhande abomvu isengozini yokuthola ubuthi bukamoba, futhi ifa masinyane ngokugwinya noma nokuyithinta. Ukwehla kwezingxenye ezithile zeQueensland nasenyakatho neNew South Wales kukholakala ukuthi kungenxa yokuba khona kwamasondo, yize kwezinye izindawo kuyalulama.
Izinhlobo ze-endoparasite ezaziwayo zifaka:
- ama-acanthocephalans;
- ama-cestode (ama-tapeworms);
- ama-nematode (ama-worm);
- ama-pentastomids (izibungu zolimi);
- ama-trematode.
Izinyoka ezinkulu ze-mulg zinezitha ezimbalwa, kepha izinhlobo ezincane zingaba izisulu zezinyoni ezidla inyama. Ama-endoparasites aziwayo ezinhlobo afaka ama-nematode. Abantu abadala bavame ukuphatha imikhaza eminingi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokwesaba komuntu noma iyiphi inyoka, eziningi zalezi zilwane ezingenabungozi ziyafa lapho abantu behlangana nazo. Izinyoka ezimnyama zivame ukubaleka ngokushesha uma zizwa ukuba khona komuntu eduze.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama
Yize isibalo somhlaba wonke sezinyoka ezimnyama singakalinganiselwa, kubhekwe njengokujwayelekile ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Abantu bendawo benyoka emnyama enamabhande abomvu sebanyamalala cishe ngenxa yokwethulwa kobuhlalu bomoba. Uma inyoka izama ukudla lo mshudo, izowela ekusithekeni okuvela kwindlala yobuhlungu bezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, manje kubonakala sengathi ezinye zalezi zinyoka ekugcineni zifunda ukugwema izinzwane, futhi izinombolo zazo seziqala ukuthola.
Izinyoka ezimnyama ezinamalungu abomvu ziphakathi kwezinyoka ezivame kakhulu ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia futhi zibhekele ukulunywa okuningi unyaka nonyaka. Ziyizinyoka ezinamahloni futhi zivame ukuletha ukuluma okungathi sína kuphela ezimweni zokuphazamiseka. Lapho isondela endle, inyoka emnyama enebhande elibomvu ivame ukuba yiqhwa ukugwema ukubanjwa, futhi abantu bangasondela ngokungazi ngaphambi kokubhalisa ukuba khona kwaleyo nyoka.
Uma isondela eduze kakhulu, inyoka ijwayele ukuzama ukubalekela ngasendaweni ebalekela eduzane, okuthi uma ingemuva kombukeli, inikeze isithombe sokuthi inyoka iqala ukuhlasela.Uma yehluleka ukweqa, inyoka izosukuma, igcine ikhanda nengxenye yayo yangaphambili ngomhlane, kodwa ifane nomhlabathi, isakaze kakhulu intamo yayo futhi ihayize, futhi ingenza nokushaya okungamanga ngomlomo wayo uvaliwe.
Inyoka emnyama eyaziwa kahle e-Australia ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwayo ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe, kufaka phakathi nezindawo ezisemadolobheni. Isimo sengqondo ngalezi zinyoka ezingenabungozi kancane kancane siyashintsha, kepha kusabhekwe ukuthi siyingozi futhi silandelwe ngokungafanele. Ubuthi bawo buthakathaka kunezinye izinyoka futhi ayikho imibiko yokuthi lezi zinyoka zibulala abantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12/07/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 12/15/2019 ngo-21: 14
