I-Saker Falcon - inhlobo enkulu kakhekhe. Yinyoni enkulu, eqinile edlayo enemilenze emikhulu namaphiko akhombe. Inkulu kunokhokho be-peregrine, kepha incanyana kune-gyrfalcon futhi inamaphiko amakhulu kakhulu ahlobene nobukhulu bayo. AmaSaker Falcons anezinhlobonhlobo zemibala kusuka kokumnyama onsundu kuya kokumpunga futhi acishe abe mhlophe. Le yinkohliso enomusa kakhulu eshesha ukujwayela umphakathi wabantu futhi iphathe kahle amakhono okuzingela. Ungathola okuningi ngezinkinga zalesi silwane esimangalisayo, indlela yaso yokuphila, imikhuba, izinkinga zokuqothulwa kule ncwadi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Saker Falcon
Ngesikhathi sikhona, lolu hlobo lwalukhonjelwe ekuhlanganisweni okungavinjelwe nokuhlungwa okungaphelele kwemigqa, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokulandelana kwe-DNA. Akunakuthenjwa ukuthi izifundo zamangqamuzana ezinosayizi omncane wesampula zizokhombisa iziphetho eziqinile kulo lonke iqembu. Ukukhishwa kwakho konke ukwehlukahluka okuphilayo kokhokho bakaSaker Falcons, okwenzeka ngezikhathi zemihlobo ekuqaleni kweLate Pleistocene, kunzima kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Saker Falcon
I-Saker Falcon wuhlu lozalo olusabalale ukusuka enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika luye eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe nase-Asia ngesifunda esisempumalanga yeMedithera. Ekuthunjweni, i-falcon yaseMedithera neSaker Falcon ingakwazi ukuzalana, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxubana ne-gyrfalcon kungenzeka. Igama elijwayelekile elithi Saker Falcon livela kwelesi-Arabhu futhi lisho ukuthi "uheshe".
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ISaker Falcon iyinyoni yezinganekwane zaseHungary kanye nenyoni kazwelonke yaseHungary. Ngo-2012, iSaker Falcon yabuye yakhethwa njengenyoni kazwelonke yaseMongolia.
Ama-Saker Falcons onqenqemeni olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-ridge ezintabeni ze-Altai makhulu kancane, amnyama futhi abonakala kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezingezansi kunabanye abantu. Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Altai falcon, bake babhekwa esikhathini esidlule njengezinhlobo ezihlukile ze- "Falco altaicus" noma njenge-hybrid phakathi kweSaker Falcon neGyrfalcon, kodwa ucwaningo lwesimanje lukhombisa ukuthi mhlawumbe luhlobo lweSaker Falcon.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani iSaker Falcon
I-Saker Falcon incane kune-Gyrfalcon. Lezi zinyoni zibonisa ukwehluka ngombala nangephethini, kusuka koshokholethi onsundu ofanayo kuya kukhilimu noma isisekelo sotshani esinemivimbo ensundu noma imithambo. AmaBalaban anezindawo ezimhlophe noma eziphaphathekile ezicubu zangaphakathi zezimpaphe zomsila. Njengoba umbala ngaphansi kwephiko uvame ukuba mncane, unokubukeka okuguqukayo uma kuqhathaniswa namakhwapha amnyama namathiphu ezimpaphe.
Ama-Saker Falcons esifazane makhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunabesilisa futhi imvamisa anesisindo esisuka ku-970 kuya ku-1300 g, anobude obumaphakathi obungu-55 cm, amaphiko angamasentimitha ayi-120 kuye kwayi-130. Abesilisa bahlangana kakhulu futhi banesisindo esisuka ku-780 kuya ku-1090 g, ngokwesilinganiso banobude obucishe bube ngu-45 cm, amaphiko ukusuka Amasentimitha ayi-100 kuya kwayi-110. Izinhlobo zine "izimpondo" ezicashile ngendlela yemivimbo emnyama ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Ngemuva kokuncibilika onyakeni wesibili wokuphila, amaphiko, emuva kanye nomsila ongaphezulu wale nyoni bathola umbala ompunga omnyama. Izinyawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ziphenduka zibe phuzi.
Iqiniso elithandekayoIzici nezimbalabala zeSaker Falcon ziyahluka kakhulu ebangeni lokusatshalaliswa kwazo. Abantu baseYurophu bahlala besesimweni esihle sokudla endaweni yokuzalanisa, ngaphandle kwalokho bathuthela empumalanga yeMedithera noma baya eningizimu eMpumalanga Afrika.
Izimpiko ze-balaban zinde, zibanzi futhi zikhombe, nsundu ngenhla, zinamachashazi amancane futhi zinemishwe. Phezulu komsila kunsundu ngokukhanyayo. Isici sesici ikhanda elikhanyayo elikhilimu. E-Europe Ephakathi, lolu hlobo lubonakala kalula ngezindawo ze-ornithological field, ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona i-falcon yaseMedithera (F. biarmicus feldeggi), kunethuba elikhulu lokudideka.
Uhlala kuphi uSaker Falcon?
Isithombe: Saker Falcon eRussia
AmaBalabans (ajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi "amaSaker Falcons") atholakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule futhi ezinamahlathi ukusuka eMpumalanga Yurophu kuya e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho kuyi- "falcon desert" evelele khona. AmaBalabans athuthela ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho ye-Asia eseningizimu nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Afrika ebusika. Muva nje, kube nemizamo yokuzalela ama-balaban entshonalanga kuze kufike naseJalimane. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala ezinhlobonhlobo esifundeni sasePalaearctic kusuka eMpumalanga Yurophu kuya entshonalanga yeChina.
Zizalela ku:
- I-Czech Republic;
- I-Armenia;
- EMakedoniya;
- IRussia;
- I-Austria;
- IBulgaria;
- ISerbia;
- I-Iraq;
- ECroatia;
- IGeorgia;
- IHungary;
- IMoldova.
Abamele izinhlobo bahlala ngaphezulu kwebusika noma bangene ku:
- E-Italy;
- IMalta;
- ISudan;
- siye eKhupro;
- U-Israyeli;
- IGibhithe;
- IJordani;
- ELibya;
- ITunisia;
- IKenya;
- E-Ethiopia.
Ngamanani amancane, abantu abazulazulayo bafinyelela kwamanye amazwe amaningi. Inani labantu emhlabeni lihlala liyindaba yokufunda. ISaker Falcons isidleke ezihlahleni eziyi-15-20 metres ngaphezu komhlaba, emapaki nasemahlathini avulekile onqenqemeni lomugqa wesihlahla. Akekho owake wabona i-balaban yakha isidleke sayo. Imvamisa zihlala ezidlekeni ezilahliwe zezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zize zisuse abanikazi bazo zihlale ezidlekeni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kakhulu ebangeni labo, ama-Saker Falcons asebenzisa izidleke ezihlahleni zamadwala.
Yini edliwa yi-balaban?
Isithombe: Saker Falcon indiza
Njengamanye ama-falcon, ama-balaban anezinzipho ezibukhali, ezigobile, ezisetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane. Basebenzisa uqhwaku lwabo olunamandla, lokubamba ukusika umgogodla wesisulu. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezinjengezingilazi zomhlaba, ama-hamsters, ama-jerboas, ama-gerbils, ama-hares nama-pikas angakha ama-60 kuya kuma-90% okudla kukaSaker.
Kwezinye izimo, izinyoni ezihlala phansi ezinjengezigwaca, i-hazel grouse, ama-pheasants nezinye izinyoni zasemoyeni njengamadada, izindwandwe nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama (izikhova, ama-kestrels, njll.) Zingenza kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-50% wazo zonke izilwane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamapulangwe amaningi. AmaSaker Falcons nawo angadla izibankwa ezinkulu.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kweBalaban yile:
- izinyoni;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- izilwane ezincelisayo;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- izinambuzane.
I-Saker Falcon yenziwe ngokomzimba ukuze izingele eduze komhlaba ezindaweni ezivulekile, ihlanganisa ukusheshisa okusheshayo nokuhamba okuphezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela igxile kumagundane asezingeni eliphakathi. Izingela ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinotshani ezifana nogwadule, i-semi-desert, i-steppe, izindawo zezolimo nezomile.
Kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi eduze kwamanzi ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, i-balaban ishintshela ezinyonini njengezisulu zazo. Futhi kwezinye izingxenye zeYurophu, uzingela amajuba namagundane asekhaya. Le nyoni ilandelela inyamazane ezindaweni ezivulekile, ifuna inyamazane emadwaleni nasezihlahleni. I-balaban yenza ukuhlasela kwayo indiza evundlile, futhi ayiweli kulowo ohlasele emoyeni, njengabanye abafowabo.
Manje usuyayazi indlela yokondla i-Saker Falcon. Ake sibone ukuthi ukhozi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni yeSaker Falcon
IBalaban itholakala emahlathini asemahlathini, ogwadule olungenamvula, izindawo ezinotshani ezivulekile, nakwezinye izindawo ezomile ezinemithi ehlakazekile, amadwala, noma izisekelo zikagesi, ikakhulukazi eduze kwamanzi. Ingabonakala igcwele edwaleni noma esihlahleni eside, lapho ungabheka khona kalula indawo ezungezile ukuthola inyamazane.
UBalaban ungumhambi othembekile. Izinyoni ezisuka engxenyeni esenyakatho yohlu lokuzalela zihamba ngokuqinile, kepha izinyoni ezingabantu abaningi baseningizimu zihlala phansi uma kunesisekelo esanele sokudla. Izinyoni ezihlala ebusika ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu eSaudi Arabia, eSudan naseKenya zizalela ikakhulukazi entshonalanga yezintaba ezinkulu zase-Asia Ephakathi. Ukufuduka kwamaSaker Falcons kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kusukela maphakathi no-Septhemba kuya kuNovemba, kanti inani eliphakeme lokufuduka libuyela maphakathi noFebhuwari-Ephreli, abantu bokugcina abasele emuva bafika ekupheleni kukaMeyi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoUkuzingela i-Saker falcon uhlobo oluthandwa kakhulu lwe-falconry, olungaphansi kokuthokozisa ngokuzingela nge-hawk. Izinyoni zinamathele kakhulu kumnikazi, ngakho-ke zibongwa kakhulu ngabazingeli.
AmaSaker Falcons akuzona izinyoni zomphakathi. Zikhetha ukungazibekeli izidleke zazo eduze kwamanye amapheya ezidleke. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, amaSaker Falcons aphoqeleka ukuba akhe isidleke eduze komunye nomunye, kakhulu kunakuqala. Ezindaweni ezinokudla okuningi, ama-Saker Falcons ajwayele ukwakha isidleke eduze. Ibanga eliphakathi kwamabhangqa lisuka kwamabhangqa amathathu kuye kwamane nge-0.5 km² kuya ngamabili atholakala nge-10 km noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni ezinezintaba nama-steppes. Isikhawu esimaphakathi siyibhangqa elilodwa njalo kumakhilomitha angama-4-5.5.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Saker Falcon
Ukuheha insikazi, abesilisa babamba iqhaza emibonisweni emangalisayo emoyeni, njengamanye amalungu amaningi ohlobo lwe-falcon. Ama-Saker Falcons wesilisa andizela ezindaweni zawo, enza imisindo ephezulu. Baqeda izindiza zabo zokubonisa ngokufika eduze kwendawo efanelekayo yokwakha izidleke. Ekuhlanganeni okusondelene nozakwethu noma abazoba umlingani, amaSaker Falcons akhothamelana.
Abesilisa bavame ukondla abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngenkathi ishela umuntu engaba umlingani wayo, eyeduna izondiza izungeze isisulu esilengayo kuzipho zayo, noma iyilethe kowesifazane ngomzamo wokukhombisa ukuthi ingumhlinzeki wokudla omuhle. Esizalweni kunamaqanda asukela kwamabili kuya kwayisithupha, kepha imvamisa inani lawo lisuka ku-3 kuye ku-5. Ngemuva kokuba iqanda lesithathu selibekiwe, kuqala ukufukamela, okuthatha izinsuku ezingama-32 kuye kwezingu-36. Ngokuvamile, njengama-falcons amaningi, inzalo yabafana ikhula ngokushesha kunamantombazane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amachwane amancane ambozwe phansi futhi azalwa ngamehlo avaliwe, kepha awavula ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Zinama-molts amabili ngaphambi kokufinyelela izimpaphe zabantu abadala. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho beneminyaka engaphezu kwengaphansi konyaka.
Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe unyaka ngaphambi kwabesilisa. Amachwane aqala ukundiza eneminyaka engama-45 kuye kwezinsuku ezingama-50, kepha ahlala endaweni yokwakha izidleke ezinye izinsuku ezingama-30-45, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ubude. Uma kunomthombo wokudla omkhulu, owenziwe endaweni, inzalo ingahlala ndawonye isikhashana.
Lapho esesidlekeni, amatshwele ayakhala ukuze adonse ukunakwa kwabazali bawo uma ehlukanisiwe, ebanda, noma elambile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu besifazane bangenza umsindo othambile “wokwehlukana” nokukhuthaza izingane zabo ukuba zivule imilomo yazo ukuze zithole ukudla. Lapho isikhukhukazi sondliwe kahle, amaphuphu azwana kangcono kunaleso esenzeka ngokuntula ukudla. Ngomntwana onenhliziyo enhle, amaphuphu abelana ngokudla futhi abuye ahlole omunye nomunye ngokushesha lapho eqala ukundiza. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ukudla kuyindlala, amaphuphu aqapha ukudla kwawo komunye nomunye futhi angaze azame nokweba ukudla kubazali bawo.
Izitha zemvelo zikaBalaban
Isithombe: Saker Falcon ebusika
Ama-Saker Falcons awanazilwane ezizingelayo zasendle ngaphandle kwabantu. Lezi zinyoni zinolaka olukhulu. Esinye sezizathu ezenza babongwe kangaka ngabakhohlisi yingoba bayaphikelela lapho bethatha isinqumo sokukhetha isisulu. UBalaban ulandela inyamazane yakhe ngokungakhathali, ngisho nasezihlahleni.
Esikhathini esedlule, zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlasela umdlalo omkhulu njengensephe. Inyoni yamjaha isisulu yaze yabulala isilwane. AmaSaker Falcons angabazingeli abanesineke, abangaxoleli. Zintanta emoyeni noma zihlale ezinqoleni zazo amahora amaningi, zibuka inyamazane futhi zilungise ngqo indawo eziqonde kuyo. Abesifazane cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi babusa abesilisa. Kwesinye isikhathi bazama ukuntshontshana.
Lezi zinhlobo zihlushwa:
- ukushaqeka kukagesi ezintambo zikagesi;
- ukwehla kokutholakala kwesizinda ngenxa yokulahleka nokonakala kwamathafa namadlelo omile ngenxa yokuqina kwezolimo, ukwakhiwa kwamasimu;
- ukwehla kwezinga lokweluswa kwezimvu, futhi ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lezinyoni ezincane;
- ukuchelela u-falconry, obangela ukunyamalala kwendawo kwabantu;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuholela kubuthi besibili.
Isibalo samaSaker Falcons abanjwa minyaka yonke yizinyoni ezingama-6 825 8 400. Kulaba, iningi labo (i-77%) ngabesifazane abasebancane, kulandelwa ama-19% wabesifazane abadala, ama-3% abesilisa abancane kanye ne-1% labesilisa abadala, okungadala ubandlululo olukhulu kubantu basendle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani iSaker Falcon
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha etholakalayo kuholele ekulinganisweni kwenani labantu emhlabeni jikelele lama-17,400 kuya kuma-28,800 okuzalanisa, ngamanani aphakeme kakhulu eChina (ngazimbili ezingama-3000-7000), eKazakhstan (ngazimbili ezingama-4.808-5.628), eMongolia (ngazimbili ezingama-2792-6980) naseRussia (5700- 7300 ngababili). Abantu abancane baseYurophu balinganiselwa kuma-350-500 ngazimbili, okulingana nabantu abavuthiwe abangama-710-990. Abantu baseYurophu futhi mhlawumbe naseMongolia bayanda njengamanje, kepha ukuthambekela kwenani labantu kubhekwa njengokubi.
Uma sithatha ukuthi isizukulwane sithatha iminyaka engu-6.4, futhi inani lalezi zinhlobo selivele seliqale ukwehla (okungenani kwezinye izindawo) ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1990, ukuthambekela kwenani labantu esikhathini seminyaka eyi-19 1993-2012 kufana nokwehla kwama-47% (ngokwesilinganiso esilinganisiwe) ngokuncipha okuphansi kakhulu okungu-2-75% ngonyaka. Njengoba kunikezwe ukungaqiniseki okuphawulekayo mayelana nokulinganiselwa kwenala okusetshenzisiwe, imininingwane yokuqala ikhombisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwehle okungenani ngo-50% ezizukulwaneni ezintathu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Saker Falconers, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, akhethwa ama-falconers, okuholela ekungalingani kobulili phakathi kwabantu basendle. Eqinisweni, cishe ama-90% ama-falcons acishe abe ngu-2 000 abanjwe unyaka ngamunye ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabo ekwindla ngabesifazane.
Lezi zinombolo ziyindida njengoba amanye amaSaker Falcons ebanjwa ngokungemthetho futhi ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukwazi inani langempela lamaSaker Falcons avunwa endle unyaka nonyaka. Amachwane kulula ukuwaqeqesha, ngakho-ke amaSaker Falcons amaningi abhajwe cishe anonyaka ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lama-falcon likhulula izilwane ezifuywayo ngoba kunzima ukuzinakekela phakathi nezinyanga ezishisayo zasehlobo futhi izinyoni eziningi eziqeqeshiwe ziyabaleka.
AmaSaker Falcons
Isithombe: Saker Falcon ovela eRed Book
Kuyinto yezinhlobo ezivikelwe ezibalwe eRed Data Book yamazwe amaningi ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga. Le nyoni ibhalwe ku-Appendices I no-II we-CMS (kusukela ngoNovemba 2011, ngaphandle kwabantu baseMongolia) nakuSithasiselo II seCITES, kwathi ngo-2002 i-CITES yafaka ukuvinjelwa kwezohwebo e-UAE, okwaphazamisa kakhulu imakethe engalawulwa lapho. Lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelwe kulo lonke uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwezinyoni.
Ukuqiniswa okukhulu nokuphathwa kuholele eqinisweni lokuthi inani labantu baseHungary likhula njalo. Izilawuli zokuhweba ezingekho emthethweni zethulwa emazweni ahlukahlukene asentshonalanga ngawo-1990. Ukufuya okuthunjiwe sekuthuthukile ngokuqinile kwamanye amazwe, kufaka phakathi i-UAE, esikhundleni sezinyoni eziphakanyiswe endle. Imitholampilo isungulwe ukwenza ngcono isikhathi sokuphila nokutholakala kwezinyoni ezibanjwe endle emazweni ahlukahlukene eGulf.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izidleke zokufakelwa sezakhiwe kwezinye izindawo, futhi ikakhulukazi eMongolia, sekuqale inqubo yokwakha izidleke zokwenziwa eziyizi-5 000 ezixhaswe yi-Abu Dhabi Environmental Protection Agency, okulindeleke ukuthi zinikeze izindawo zokwakha izidleke ngamabhangqa angama-500. Lolu hlelo eMongolia lwaholela ekuqothulweni kwezinkukhu eziyizi-2 000 ngo-2013.
I-Saker Falcon Isidalwa esibalulekile sezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni eziphakathi nendawo. I-Global Action Plan yeSaker Falcon yasungulwa ngonyaka we-2014. Imizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo eYurophu ibangele ukuthambekela okuhle kwabantu. Izinhlelo ezintsha zocwaningo ezingxenyeni eziningi zebanga seziqalile ukusungula idatha eyisisekelo yokusatshalaliswa, isibalo sabantu, imvelo kanye nezinsongo. Isibonelo, abantu balandelwa yisathelayithi ukuthola ukufuduka nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokuzalela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 10/26/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 11.11.2019 ngo-11: 59
