Isikebhe sasePutukezi - isilwane esidla ubuthi olwandle oluvulekile, olubukeka njenge-jellyfish, kepha empeleni yi-siphonophore. Umuntu ngamunye empeleni uyikoloni lezinto eziphilayo eziningana ezahlukahlukene, ngasinye sinomsebenzi okhethekile futhi sihlangene ngokusondelene kangangokuba asikwazi ukuphila sodwa. Ngakho-ke, ikoloni elikhulu liqukethe iflothi ebamba ikoloni ebusweni bolwandle, uchungechunge lwamathambo amade ambozwe ngamaseli ahlabayo, uhlelo lokugaya ukudla okuyisisekelo, kanye nohlelo olulula lokuzala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isikebhe sasePutukezi
Igama "isikebhe isiPutukezi" livela ekufaneni kwesilwane kuya enguqulweni yesiPutukezi kuseyili ephelele. Isikebhe sasePutukezi siyi-hydroid yasolwandle yomndeni wakwaPhysaliidae engatholakala olwandle i-Atlantic, Indian kanye nePacific. Ukuqina kwayo okude kudala ukulunywa okubuhlungu futhi okunamandla ngokwanele ukubulala izinhlanzi noma (kuyaqabukela) kubantu.
Yize ubukeka, isikebhe sasePutukezi asiyona i-jellyfish yangempela, kepha yi-siphonophore, empeleni engeyona into eyodwa enamaseli amaningi (i-jellyfish yangempela iyizinto eziphilayo ezihlukile), kepha umzimba wamakholoni uqukethe izilwane ngazinye ezibizwa ngama-zooid noma ama-polyps anamathiselwe komunye nomunye nokuhlanganiswa komzimba ngokuqinile kangangokuthi abakwazi ukusinda ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Zisebudlelwaneni be-symbiotic obudinga ukuthi umzimba ngamunye usebenze ndawonye futhi usebenze njengesilwane esihlukile.
Ividiyo: Isikebhe sasePutukezi
I-siphonophore iqala njengeqanda elikhulelwe. Kepha uma ikhula, iqala "ukuqhakaza" ibe yizinhlaka nezinto ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zidalwa ezincane, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-polyps noma ama-zooid, azikwazi ukuziphilela zodwa, ngakho-ke zihlangana zibe yisixuku nezinsimbi. Badinga ukusebenzisana njengeyunithi ukwenza izinto ezifana nokuhamba nokudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphandle kokubonakala kwesikebhe sasePutukezi, iflothi yaso ivame ukuba nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, opinki kanye / noma onsomi. Amabhishi asogwini lwe-American Gulf aphakamisa amafulegi ansomi ukwazisa izivakashi lapho amaqembu ezikebhe zasePutukezi (noma ezinye izidalwa zasolwandle ezingaba yingozi) amahhala.
Umkhumbi wasePutukezi wezilwandle zaseNdiya nasePacific ziyizinhlobo ezihlobene, unokubukeka okufanayo futhi utholakala kulo lonke ulwandle lwaseNdiya nolwePacific.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikebhe sasePutukezi
Njengesiphonophore samakoloni, isikebhe sasePutukezi sakhiwa izinhlobo ezintathu ze-jellyfish nezinhlobo ezine zama-polypoids.
Ama-Medusoids yi:
- ama-gonophores;
- ama-syphosomal nectophores;
- ama-nectophores angama-rudimentary syphosomal.
Ama-Polyptoids afaka:
- ama-gastrozoid mahhala;
- i-gastrozooids enezintambo;
- ama-gonosopoids;
- gonozoid.
ICormidia ngaphansi kwe-pneumoaphores, isakhiwo esimise okweseyili esigcwele igesi. I-pneumatophore ivela ku-planula, ngokungafani namanye ama-polyps. Lesi silwane silingana ngokubili, sinamatende ekugcineni. Iyakhanya futhi inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsomi, opinki noma i-lilac, ingaba kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-30 cm ubude ize ifike ku-15 cm ngaphezu kwamanzi.
Isikebhe sasePutukezi sigcwalisa igesi yaso kuze kufike ku-14% i-carbon monoxide. Okusele yi-nitrogen, oxygen ne-argon. I-Carbon dioxide nayo itholakala kumazinga wokulandelela. Isikebhe sasePutukezi sine-siphon. Uma kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa komhlaba, kungakwehliswa, kuvunyelwe ikoloni ukuthi licwilise okwesikhashana.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezintathu zama-polyps zaziwa nge-dactylozoid (defense), gonozooid (reproduction), ne-gastrozooid (feed). Lezi polyps ziqoqiwe. Ama-dactylzooid akha izintambo ezijwayele ukuba yi-10 m ubude kepha zingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-30. Izindwangu ezinde "izinhlanzi" ziyaqhubeka emanzini, futhi itende ngalinye lithwala ama-nematocyst agwazayo, agcwele ubuthi (ashisayo, izakhiwo eziyindilinga) ezishisayo, zikhubaze, zibulale i-squid yabantu abadala noma eyisibungu nenhlanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amaqembu amakhulu ezikebhe zasePutukezi, kwesinye isikhathi angaphezulu kwenkulungwane, angaqeda izinhlanzi. Amaseli we-contractile asetendeni adonsela isisulu endaweni yokusebenza kwama-polyps wokugaya ukudla - ama-gastrozoids, azungeze futhi agaye ukudla, okufihla ama-enzyme adiliza amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate namafutha, kanye ne-gonozooids anomthwalo wokukhiqiza kabusha.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kungani isikebhe sasePutukezi siyingozi kubantu. Ake sibone ukuthi i-jellyfish enobuthi ihlala kuphi.
Sihlala kuphi isikebhe sasePutukezi?
Isithombe: Isikebhe sasePutukezi olwandle
Isikebhe sasePutukezi sihlala ngaphezulu kolwandle. Isinye sayo, i-pneumophore egcwele igesi, sihlala ngaphezulu, kuyilapho sonke esinye isilwane sicwile emanzini. Izikebhe zasePutukezi zihamba ngokuya komoya, okwamanje kanye nolwandle. Ngenkathi zitholakala kakhulu olwandle oluvulekile ezindaweni ezifudumele nezishisayo, zitholakale nasenyakatho neBay of Fundy, Cape Breton naseHebrides.
Isikebhe sasePutukezi sintanta ebusweni bamanzi olwandle ashisayo. Imvamisa, la makoloni ahlala emanzini afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo ezifana neFlorida Keys ne-Atlantic Coast, iGulf Stream, iGulf of Mexico, i-Indian Ocean, uLwandle lweCaribbean, nezinye izindawo ezifudumele zoLwandle i-Atlantic nePacific. Zivame kakhulu emanzini afudumele oLwandle iSargasso.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imimoya enamandla ingashayela izikebhe zamaPutukezi emabhishi noma emabhishi. Imvamisa, ukufunwa kwesikebhe esisodwa sasePortugal kulandelwa ezinye eziningi eziseduze. Ziyakwazi ukugwaza olwandle, futhi ukuthola isikebhe sasePutukezi olwandle kungadala ukuthi sivalwe.
Isikebhe sasePutukezi asihlali sibonakala sodwa. Kubonwa amabutho amakoloni angaphezu kuka-1000. Njengoba zihamba ngemimoya engalindeleka kanye nemisinga yolwandle, kungenzeka ukuthi ubone kusengaphambili ukuthi izidalwa eziningi zizovela kuphi futhi nini. Isibonelo, inkathi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi ePortugal eGulf Coast iqala phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika.
Isikebhe sasePutukezi sidlani?
Isithombe: Isikebhe saseMedusa Portuguese
Isikebhe sasePutukezi siyisilwane esidla ezinye. Isebenzisa izintambo ezinoshevu, iyabamba futhi ikhubaze isisulu, "siyiphindisele" kuma-polyps wokugaya ukudla. Imvamisa idla izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezinjengeplankton nezinhlanzi. Isikebhe sasePutukezi sondla kakhulu izinhlanzi ezithosiwe (izinhlanzi ezisencane) nezinhlanzi ezincane ezindala, futhi sisebenzisa nezimfanzi, amanye ama-crustaceans nezinye izilwane ezincane e-plankton. Cishe ama-70-90% wokubanjwa kwawo yizinhlanzi.
Imikhumbi yamaPutukezi ayinazici zejubane noma isimanga sokuhlasela inyamazane, njengoba ukuhamba kwayo kunqunyelwe kakhulu yimimoya namagagasi. Kumele bathembele kwamanye amadivayisi ukuze baphile. Ama-tentacles, noma ama-dactylozooids, yizinto eziyinhloko zesikebhe sasePutukezi sokubamba isisulu saso futhi sisetshenziselwa nokuvikela. Ibamba futhi ishwabadele izinhlanzi ezinkudlwana njengezinhlanzi ezindizayo kanye ne-mackerel, yize izinhlanzi zalolu sayizi ngokuvamile zikwazi ukweqa ezintanjeni zalo.
Ukudla kwesikebhe sasePutukezi kugaywa esiswini saso (ama-gastrozoids), atholakala ngaphansi kwe-float. Ama-gastrozoids agaya isisulu, akhiphe ama-enzyme adiliza amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate namafutha. Isikebhe ngasinye sasePutukezi sinama-gastrozoid amaningana agcwaliswe ngemilomo ehlukene. Ngemuva kokugayeka kokudla, noma iyiphi insalela engagayeki iphushelwa ngaphandle ngomlomo. Ukudla okuvela ekudleni okugayiwe kufakwa emzimbeni futhi ekugcineni kujikeleze ngama-polyps ahlukahlukene kukholoni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isikebhe esinobuthi sasePutukezi
Lezi zinhlobo kanye nesikebhe esincane sase-Indo-Pacific Portuguese (i-Physalia utriculus) yiso esibangela ukufa kwabantu abangafika ku-10 000 e-Australia njalo ehlobo, kanti ezinye zitholakala ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu naseNtshonalanga ye-Australia. Enye yezinkinga zokukhomba lokhu kulunywa ukuthi izintambo ezinqunyiwe zingakhukhula emanzini izinsuku eziningi, futhi umuntu obhukudayo angahle angazi ukuthi batinyelwe isikebhe sasePutukezi noma esinye isidalwa esinesihlungu.
Ama-polyp of izikebhe zasePutukezi aqukethe ama-clinocyte, aletha iprotheni enamandla ye-neurotoxin engakhubaza izinhlanzi ezincane. Kubantu, ukulunywa okuningi kubangela izibazi ezibomvu ngokuvuvukala futhi kube nobuhlungu obulinganiselayo kuya kabuhlungu. Lezi zimpawu zendawo zihlala izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu. Izindwangu zomuntu ngamunye nezibonelo ezifile (kufaka phakathi lezo ezigezwe ogwini) nakho kungasha kabuhlungu. Uma izimpawu ziqhubeka noma ziba zimbi, kufanele ubone udokotela ngokushesha.
Izimpawu zesistimu azivamile, kepha zingaba nzima. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukukhukhumala okujwayelekile, ukuhlanza, umkhuhlane, ukuphumula kwenhliziyo (i-tachycardia), ukuphefumula okuncane, nezikhwebu zemisipha esiswini nasemhlane. Ukusabela okweqile kokungezwani komzimba nobuthi besikebhe sasePutukezi kungathinta ukusebenza kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula, ngakho-ke abahlukahlukene kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi bafune ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okufika ngesikhathi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isikebhe esiyingozi sasePutukezi
Isikebhe sasePutukezi empeleni siyikoloni lezinto zobulili obufanayo. Umuntu ngamunye unama-gonozooid (izitho zangasese noma izingxenye zokuzala zezilwane, owesilisa noma owesifazane). I-gonozoid ngayinye yakhiwa ngama-gonophores, angaphezulu nje kwamasaka aqukethe ama-ovari noma ama-testes.
Izikebhe zasePutukezi zine-dioecious. Izibungu zazo mhlawumbe zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu zibe amafomu amancane entanta. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuvundiswa kwesikebhe sasePutukezi kwenzeka emanzini avulekile, ngoba ama-gametes avela kuma-gonozooid angena emanzini. Lokhu kungenzeka lapho ama-gonozoid ngokwawo ehlukana futhi eshiya ikoloni.
Ukukhishwa kwama-gonozooid kungaba impendulo yamakhemikhali eyenzeka lapho amaqembu abantu ekhona endaweni efanayo. Ubuningi obubucayi buyadingeka ukuze kukhuleliswe ngempumelelo. Ukuvundisa kungenzeka eduze kwendawo. Iningi lokuzalela kwenzeka ekwindla, kukhiqiza inqwaba yezinsizwa ezibonakala ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Akwaziwa ukuthi yini ebangela lo mjikelezo wokuzala, kepha mhlawumbe uqala olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean.
I-gonophore ngayinye inendlebe emaphakathi yamaseli e-endodermal anezinhlaka eziningi ahlukanisa ama-coelenterates nohlaka lweseli legciwane. Ukumbozwa kweseli ngalinye legciwane kungqimba lwezicubu ze-ectodermal. Lapho kuvela ama-gonophores okokuqala, ungqimba lwegciwane luyisigaxa samaseli ngaphezulu kwendlebe ye-endodermal. Njengoba ama-gonophores evuthwa, amangqamuzana wegciwane akhula abe ungqimba olimboze izinso.
I-Spermatogonia yakha ungqimba olujiyile, kuyilapho i-oogonia yakha ibhendi elibi kakhulu ngamaseli amaningi ububanzi, kepha uhla olulodwa kuphela. Kunokuncane okuncane kwe-cytoplasmic kulawa maseli, ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kwenzeka. I-Oogonia iqala ukukhula ngosayizi ofanayo ne-spermatogonia, kepha iba nkulu kakhulu. Yonke i-oogonia, ngokusobala, yakhiwa esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwama-gonophores ngaphambi kokuvela kokunwetshwa.
Izitha zemvelo zemikhumbi yamaPutukezi
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikebhe sasePutukezi
Isikebhe sasePutukezi sinezilwane ezimbalwa ezidlayo. Esinye sezibonelo ngofudu lwe-loggerhead, oludla isikebhe sasePutukezi njengengxenye evamile yokudla kwaso. Isikhumba sefudu, kufaka phakathi ulimi nomphimbo, siwugqinsi kakhulu ukuze ukulunywa kungene ngokujulile.
I-blue sea slug, iGlaucus atlanticus, igxile kakhulu ekondleni isikebhe sasePutukezi, njengoba kunjalo ngomnenke onsomi, uJantina Jantina. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-moonfish kuqukethe i-jellyfish, kepha futhi kudla nezikebhe zasePutukezi. Ingubo ye-octopus ayivikelekile kubuthi besikebhe sasePutukezi; abasebasha baphatha izintambo eziphukile zezikebhe zasePutukezi, mhlawumbe ngenhloso yokuhlasela kanye / noma yokuzivikela.
Inkalankala yesihlabathi sasePacific, i-Emerita pacifica, yaziwa ngokuduna imikhumbi yamaPutukezi ehamba emanzini angajulile. Yize lesi sidlakela sizama ukusihudulela esihlabathini, imvamisa iflothi lingashayisana namagagasi lihlale ogwini. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinkalankala eziningi zihlangana zizungeze isikebhe sasePutukezi. Ubufakazi bokubheka ukuthi izinkalankala zidla izikebhe zasePortugal buqinisekisiwe ngokuhlaziya okuqukethwe yilezi zinkalankala emathunjini. Ubufakazi beMacroscopic bezicubu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nobufakazi obuncane bezikebhe zemikhumbi yasePutukezi zikhomba ukuthi zingumthombo wokudla wezinkalankala zesihlabathi. Lawa mdlavuza awubonakali ukuthi athintekile amaseli ahlabayo.
Ezinye izidumbu zemikhumbi yamaPutukezi yizinqamu zomndeni weplankton iGlaucidae. Ngemuva kokugwinya izikebhe zasePutukezi, ama-nudibranchs athatha ama-nematocyst futhi awasebenzise emzimbeni wawo ukuvikela. Bakhetha ama-nematocysts emikhumbi yamaPutukezi kunezinye izisulu zabo. Lesi simo sibikiwe e-Australia naseJapan. Ngakho-ke, isikebhe sasePutukezi sibalulekile kuma-nudibranchs hhayi njengomthombo wokudla kuphela, kepha futhi nangamadivayisi okuvikela.
Inhlanzi encane, uNomeus gronovii (inhlanzi yempi noma inhlanzi eyelusayo), ayivikelekile kancane kubuthi obuvela kumaseli ahlabayo futhi ingaphila phakathi kwezikebhe zesikebhe sasePortugal. Kubukeka sengathi igwema amatende amakhulu ahlabayo, kepha izondla ngamatende amancane ngaphansi kwebhulebhu legesi. Izikebhe zasePutukezi zivame ukubonwa nezinye izinhlanzi eziningi zasolwandle. Zonke lezi zinhlanzi ziyahlomula ekhoselweni lezilwane ezihlinzekwa yizintambo ezihlabayo, futhi esikebheni sasePutukezi, ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlobo kungaheha ezinye izinhlanzi ukuthi zidle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isikebhe sasePutukezi
Kunemikhumbi engaba ngu-2 000 000 yamaPutukezi olwandle. Ngenxa yokudoba kwabantu nokususwa kwezilwane eziningi ezizingelayo, inani labantu lavunyelwa ukwanda. Isikebhe sasePutukezi sintanta futhi sihlale phezu kolwandle ngenxa yesikhwama esigcwele igesi. Akanayo indlela yokuzihambela, ngakho usebenzisa imisinga yolwandle yemvelo ukuze ahambe.
Ngo-2010, ukuqhuma kwabantu basezikebheni zasePutukezi kwenzeka eMedithera Basin, kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, okubandakanya nokufa kwabantu okuqala okuhlobene nokulunywa yizilwane esifundeni. Ngaphandle kwethonya lemikhumbi yamaPutukezi emisebenzini yezomnotho ogwini nokubaluleka komkhakha wezokuvakasha esifundeni saseMedithera (esibalwa ngo-15% wezokuvakasha emhlabeni), akubanga khona ukuvumelana kwesayensi ngezizathu zalesi siqephu.
Izikebhe zasePortugal zinamandla okuthonya imboni yokudoba. Ukuvunwa kwezinhlanzi kungathinteka ngokudla izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinokudoba okukhulu njengeGulf of Mexico. Uma kune-boom ezinombolweni zesikebhe sasePutukezi, inani lezinhlanzi ezibabayo lingancishiswa kakhulu. Uma inhlanzi idliwe ngezigaba zesibungu, ngeke ikhule ibe ngumthombo wokudla kubantu.
Izikebhe zasePortugal zizuzisa umnotho. Zidliwa ezinye zezinhlanzi nama-crustaceans ezinani lentengiso.Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangadlala indima ebalulekile yemvelo engakahlolwa futhi egcina indawo yezemvelo isesimweni esifanele.
Isikebhe sasePutukezi Ingabe ingenye yezinhlanzi ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokugeleza okunamandla kwehlobo nemimoya yasenyakatho yasempumalanga, amabhishi amaningi asogwini olusempumalanga, ikakhulukazi lawo asenyakatho, ahlaselwe amaqembu akhukhulekayo alezi zilwane zasolwandle. Umuntu ngamunye empeleni wenziwe ngamakholoni amaningana abantu abancane abizwa ngama-zooid ahlangana njengoba engakwazi ukuziphilela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 10.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 11
