Ufudu lwasolwandle - isirhubuluzi sasemanzini esivela emndenini wofudu iTestudines, kanye nomndeni omncane uCheloniidae (Sea Turtle), lo mndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-4: ufudu lomnqumo, i-loggerhead, i-bissa, ufudu oluhlaza, ufudu oluhlaza wase-Australia, i-Atlantic Ridley. Phambilini, lolu hlobo lwalungelofudu lwe-leatherback, kepha manje sekungolomndeni omncane waseDermochelys.
Lezi zilwane zihlala olwandle nasolwandle emhlabeni jikelele, azitholakali kuphela emanzini abandayo ase-Arctic. Izimfudu zasolwandle ziyabhukuda futhi ziyakwazi ukungena zijule lapho zifuna inyamazane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasolwandle
Izimfudu zasolwandle ziyizilwane ezixakile ezingaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-oda lezimfudu, i-superfamily Chelonioidea (Izimfudu zasolwandle). Izimfudu izilwane zasendulo kakhulu. Okhokho bezimfudu zanamuhla baphila emhlabeni wethu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-220 edlule.
Okhokho balezi zilwane ezimangalisayo yizilwane zasendulo ama-cotylosaurs, ayehlala esikhathini sePermian sePaleozoic. AmaCotilosaurs ayebukeka njengezibankwa ezinkulu ezinezimbambo ezibanzi ezakha uhlobo lwesihlangu. Ngokusho komunye umbono, okhokho bezimfudu kwakuyizilwane zasendulo eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni ze-discosaurus.
Ividiyo: Ufudu lwasolwandle
Ufudu oludala kunazo zonke olwaziwa yisayensi namuhla, i-Odontochelys semitestacea, lwaphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-220 edlule ngenkathi kaMesozoic. Lolu fudu lwaluhluke kancane kofudu besimanje, lwalunengxenye engezansi kuphela yegobolondo, lwalusenamazinyo abukhali. Okufana kakhulu nezimfudu zanamuhla kwakuyi-Proganochelys quenstedti, eyaphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-215 edlule. Lolu fudu lwalunogobolondo oluqinile olwalumboze isifuba nangemuva kwesilwane, kwakusenamazinyo emlonyeni waso.
Izimfudu zasolwandle zanamuhla ziyizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu. Igobolondo lofudu basolwandle limise okweqanda noma limise okwenhliziyo, limbozwe izigaxa ze-horny. Ngokungafani nezimfudu zomhlaba, izimfudu zasolwandle azikwazi ukufihla amakhanda azo ngaphansi kwamagobolondo azo ngenxa yezintamo zazo ezimfushane neziwugqinsi. Imilenze engezansi iyizinhlamvu, kanti amaphiko angaphambili makhulu kunaleyo yangemuva.
Cishe kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, izimfudu zasolwandle zihola impilo engaphansi kwamanzi, futhi ziya ogwini kuphela zakha i-clutch bese zizalela amaqanda. Lapho sezizelwe, izimfudu zibuyela emanzini ziholwa umzwelo wemvelo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ufudu lwasolwandle
Cishe zonke izimfudu zasolwandle zinesakhiwo esifanayo. Izimfudu zasolwandle zinegobolondo elikhulu, elihlelekile elihlanganisa umgogodla nesifuba sofudu. Ikhanda likhulu, alihlehli ngaphansi kwe-carapace. Izitho ezingezansi ziguqulwa zibe ngamaphiko. Imilenze emibili yangaphambili ivamise ukuba nkulu kuneyangemuva futhi ithuthuke ngokwengeziwe.
Izinzwani ezithweni sezikhulile zaba ngamaphiko, kanti izinzwani ezimbalwa kuphela zemilenze yangemuva ezinenzipho. Amathambo okhalo olwandle ezimfudu zasolwandle awawelwanga nokhalo. Ngenxa yesici sokwakheka kwazo, izimfudu zasolwandle zihamba kancane emhlabathini, kodwa ziyabhukuda ngokuphelele. I-superfamily Cheloniidea ifaka izinhlobo ezi-4 zofudu. Ngokuya ngohlobo, ukubonakala kwezimfudu kuhlukile.
I-Chelónia mýdas ufudu oluhlaza ufudu olukhulu kakhulu. Ubude begobolondo busuka ku-85 kuye ku-155 cm, isisindo somuntu omdala kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela kuma-205 kg. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, ubude begobolondo bungafinyelela ku-200 cm, kanti ufudu lungaba nesigamu sethani. Umbala walezi zinhlobo zofudu u-olive noma onsundu onamabala amhlophe nophuzi.
I-Eretmochelys imbricata (Byssa) ifana nezimfudu eziluhlaza, kepha zincane kakhulu. Umzimba wofudu omdala ungamasentimitha angama-65-95 ubude.Isisindo somzimba cishe singama-40-60 kg. Igobolondo lale zinhlobo zofudu limbozwe ungqimba lweziqu ezinama-horny. Izihlangu zithayishiwe ziseduze komunye nomunye. I-carapace imise okwenhliziyo. Ngemuva kwegobolondo kukhonjisiwe. Futhi nezimfudu zalolu hlobo zinomlomo oqinile. Umbala wegobolondo unsundu. Ungabona iphethini enombala ophuzi.
ILepidochelys kempii I-Atlantic Ridley ilufudu oluncane kakhulu kulo mndeni. Usayizi womuntu omdala ngu-77 cm, isisindo somzimba singu-47 kg.Lolu hlobo lunekhanda elingunxantathu elihlangene. Umbala we-carapace umpunga omnyama. Lezi zinhlobo zine-dimorphism yezocansi evuna abesifazane.
ICaretta caretta Loggerhead. Lolu hlobo lofudu lunezinzipho ezi-2 emaphikweni azo. I-carapace iyi-cordate, kusuka ku-0.8 kuya ku-1.2 m ubude, umbala ompunga ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Isisindo somuntu omdala singu-100-160 kg. Abesifazane nabo bakhulu kunabesilisa. Ngemuva kofudu kunezingqimba eziyishumi ezibizayo. Ikhanda elikhulu lesilwane nalo limbozwe ngamahawu.
ILepidochelys olivacea IGreen Ridley ufudu olumaphakathi ngobude begobolondo obungu-55-70 cm.Isisindo somzimba womuntu omdala silinganiselwa ku-40-45 kg. I-carapace imise okwenhliziyo. I-carapace inamabhangqa amane ama-porce scutes engxenyeni engezansi ye-carapace, futhi cishe ama-scute ayi-9 atholakala ezinhlangothini. I-carapace isicaba ukusuka phezulu, ingxenye engaphambili igobile kancane phezulu.
Zonke izimfudu zasolwandle zinamehlo amahle kakhulu futhi ziyakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala. Amehlo ezimfudu zasolwandle atholakala phezulu ekhanda, kanti lawo amafudu omhlaba atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igobolondo lofudu luqine kangangokuba likwazi ukumelana nomthwalo ophindwe ka-200 isisindo sesilwane esihuquzelayo.
Uhlala kuphi ufudu lwasolwandle?
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasolwandle emanzini
Izimfudu zasolwandle zitholakala olwandle nasolwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zilwane azitholakali emanzini abandayo ase-Arctic kuphela. Izimfudu eziluhlaza zihlala ezifundeni ezishisayo zezilwandle zomhlaba. Eziningi zalezi zilwane zitholakala olwandle lwasePacific nase-Atlantic. Izimfudu zaseByssa zikhetha izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esipholile impilo yonke. Bahlala emanzini oLwandle Olumnyama nolwandle lwaseJapan esifundeni saseNova Scotia naseGreat Britain.
Futhi futhi lezi zilwane zingatholakala eningizimu ye-Afrika, emanzini aseNew Zealand naseTasmania. Izimfudu zaseByssa ziyakwazi ukufuduka zikude, futhi ziyazenza ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izimfudu zalesi sidleke sezinhlobo ezisogwini lwaseSri Lanka naseCaribbean Sea.
Bangakha isidleke osebeni lwaseTurkey. I-Atlantic Ridley ihlala eGulf of Mexico. Lezi zilwane zitholakala eningizimu yeFlorida, Great Britain, Bermuda emaphethelweni aseBelgium, eCameroon naseMorocco. Imvamisa ihlala ngasogwini emanzini angajulile, noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sokuzingela ingacwila ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-410 futhi ihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle komoya-mpilo kuze kube ngamahora ama-4.
Izimfudu zeLoggerhead zihlala olwandle iPacific, Atlantic kanye namaNdiya. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile. Okokwakha izidleke, zenza ukufuduka okude ziye ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo. Imvamisa bahamba ngomkhumbi baye esiqhingini saseMaskira e-Oman bayohlala izidleke.
Futhi kwaziwa izindawo zokwakha izidleke e-Australia naseDominican Republic. Izimfudu zomnqumo zikhetha amanzi oLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya nolwePacific. Izimfudu zasolwandle zichitha impilo yazo yonke emanzini, abesifazane kuphela abaphuma ogwini ukuze babeke amaqanda. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-clutch, izimfudu ngokushesha zibuyela emanzini.
Ludlani ufudu lwasolwandle?
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu lwasolwandle
Izimfudu zasolwandle eziningi ziyizilwane eziyingozi.
Ukudla kwezimfudu zasolwandle kuhlanganisa:
- izimila zasolwandle;
- iplankton;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izimbaza;
- inhlanzi;
- iminenke;
- imfanzi nenkalankala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimfudu eziluhlaza ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye kuphela eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwazo, ngobudala ziguquka zitshale ukudla.
Izimfudu zasolwandle zizingelwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Iningi labo lilinda inyamazane yalo emahlathini alga isikhathi eside, bese lihlasela ngamandla. Ezinye izimfudu zisebenzisa ulimi lwazo njengesicupho, ziyiveze bese zilinda izinhlanzi ukuba zibhukuthe ziye kulo ukuze ziyibambe.
Izimfudu zasolwandle ziyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha futhi zitshelele inyamazane ekujuleni okukhulu. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zezimfudu zasolwandle ezihlasela ezinye izinyoni zamanzi, kodwa lokhu akuvamile. Amacala okudliwa komuntu abikiwe kwezinye izinhlobo zofudu; izimfudu ezinkulu zihlasela izingane nezimfudu ezincane.
Izimfudu zasolwandle ezincane zivame ukugcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Ekuthunjweni, ufudu lwasolwandle luphakelwa inyama nezinhlobonhlobo zenyama, inyama yenkukhu, izinambuzane, izinhlanzi, ama-molluscs nama-crustaceans, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunezitshalo eziningi e-aquarium.Izimfudu zithanda kakhulu ukudla ulwelwe.
Lapho kudliwa, inyama nenhlanzi kufanele kusikwe kube yizicucu ezincane, kususwe amathambo. Kanye ngenyanga, nikeza izengezo zamavithamini nezamaminerali ezengeziwe, ushoki, umgubo weqanda.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ufudu lwe-sea leatherback
Izimfudu zasolwandle zinemvelo ezolile. Abajahile, yize bekwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha nangokushesha. Yonke impilo yezimfudu zasolwandle yenzeka emanzini. Izimfudu zihlala emanzini angajulile eduze nogu, kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzingela zingangena zijule ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi zihlale lapho isikhathi eside.
Zonke izimfudu zasolwandle zenza ukufuduka okukude ukuze zithole inzalo. Akunandaba ukuthi izimfudu zikude kangakanani nogu olufudumele lwasendaweni eshisayo, lapho zona zazizalelwa khona, lapho isikhathi sifika, zibuyela lapho zizobekela amaqanda. Kulokhu, ufudu olulodwa njalo lwenza ibamba endaweni efanayo. Izimfudu zizala ngasikhathi sinye futhi amakhulu ezinsikazi angabonakala edala imikhuhlane emabhange ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Isimo senhlalo kwezimfudu zasolwandle asithuthukisiwe. Izimfudu zivame ukuhlala zodwa. Izimfudu ezisencane, ezicashe ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, zichitha cishe sonke isikhathi sazo emahlathini alwelwe, lapho zingazizwa ziphephile khona. Izimfudu ezindala zibhukuda ngokukhululeka emanzini. Kwesinye isikhathi izimfudu zasolwandle zithanda ukushisa ilanga ngokukhuphuka ematsheni.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi zemvelo, nokuntuleka kokudla, izimfudu zasolwandle ziyakwazi ukuwela ohlotsheni lwezithombe ezimisiwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, izimfudu ziba namandla, zidle kancane. Lokhu kusiza izimfudu zisinde ebusika. Ebusika, izimfudu zicwila phansi, zingaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokubhukuda ngaphezulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasolwandle olwandle
Izimfudu zasolwandle zizalela emanzini afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka emanzini angajulile eduze kogu olunesihlabathi. Abesilisa bakhetha insikazi futhi babhukude baye ebusweni bayo. Uma insikazi isilungile futhi ingalahli umlingani, ukukhwelana kuyenzeka, okuthatha amahora amaningana. Abesilisa abakhombisi ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane, kanti abesifazane, kunalokho, bangaluma umuntu ongafuneki.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi iphumela ogwini izalele amaqanda. Insikazi yakha i-clutch ngokumba umgodi ojulile esihlabathini. Kulokhu, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kungatholakala ezindaweni ezingalindelekile maphakathi nolwandle, noma eceleni komgwaqo. Insikazi yenza umgodi ojulile esihlabathini kuze kube uhhafu wemitha ukujula. Insikazi izalela amaqanda emgodini. I-clutch eyodwa iqukethe amaqanda angaba ngu-160-200. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-clutch, insikazi ishiya i-clutch futhi ayiphindeli kuyo. Abazali abanandaba nesiphetho senzalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubulili benzalo yesikhathi esizayo buncike ekushiseni kwesihlabathi lapho amaqanda angcwatshwe khona. Uma isihlabathi sifudumele, abesifazane bazochamuselwa, emazingeni okushisa aphansi abesilisa bazochamuselwa.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, kuzalwa izimfudu ezincane. Lapho kufika isikhathi sezingane, ziyazalwa, ziphula igobolondo leqanda ngezinyo leqanda, bese ziphumela ngaphandle. Izimfudu ezincane zikhasa ngokwemvelo ziye olwandle. Kodwa-ke, izidalwa eziningi zilinda amawundlu ogwini, ngakho-ke akubona bonke abantu abangena emanzini. Emanzini, izimfudu ezincane ziphoqeleka ukuba ziphile impilo eyimfihlo isikhathi eside, zicashe emahlathini algae ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Izimfudu zivuthwa ngokocansi cishe eminyakeni engama-30 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo zofudu zasolwandle
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasolwandle oluhlaza okotshani
Ngaphandle kwekhambi lemvelo lofudu - igobolondo eliqinile, izimfudu zasolwandle ziyizidalwa ezisengozini kakhulu. Izimfudu zasolwandle eziningi zifa zisencane futhi ukufa kulesi sigaba cishe kungama-90%.
Izitha zemvelo zofudu zasolwandle yilezi:
- oshaka abakhulu;
- inhlanzi;
- izinja;
- ama-raccoon;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle nezinye izinyoni;
- izinkalankala.
Oshaka kuphela abayingozi kwizimfudu ezindala. Izilwane eziningi zingabhubhisa imvuthu; emhlabathini nasemanzini, izingane zingahlaselwa izinyoni, izinja, izinhlanzi ezidlayo. Ngesikhathi sezulu esingesihle ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo izimfudu, amawundlu amaningi avame ukufa. Azichanyuselwa nakancane ngenxa yokuthi ziphansi kakhulu noma, kunalokho, amazinga okushisa aphezulu esihlabathi, noma zifa sezivele zichanyuselwe futhi zashaya ogwini esimweni sezulu esibi.
Kodwa isitha esiyinhloko sezimfudu zasolwandle ngumuntu. Abantu babamba izimfudu zasolwandle ngendlela inyama yalezi zilwane esetshenziselwa ngayo ukudla, kanti igobolondo lisetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe, amabhokisi nezinto eziningi zangaphakathi.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kunomthelela omubi kakhulu kubantu bezimfudu zasolwandle. Imvamisa, izimfudu zasolwandle zibona udoti kanye nezicucu zepulasitiki nezeplastiki njenge-jellyfish edliwayo futhi ziyafa ngenxa yokungeniswa kwezinto ezingadliwayo. Izimfudu eziningi zibhajiswa emanetheni okudoba nezimfanzi, nawo ayazibulala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zofudu zisebenzisa izimvukuzane ezinobuthi ukuzivikela, kuyilapho izimfudu ngokwazo zingalinyazwa, kodwa inyama yofudu iba nobuthi futhi lokhu kusabisa izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ufudu lwasolwandle
Ubukhulu bofudu lwasolwandle kunzima kakhulu ukulandela ngenxa yokuthi abantu abafudu bahlakazeke kakhulu futhi izimfudu zenza imfuduko ende. Kodwa-ke, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, inani lezimfudu zasolwandle lehliswe kakhulu. Okokuqala, ukwehla kwenani lezimfudu zasolwandle kudalwa ukuzingelwa okunonya kwalezi zidalwa ukuze kutholakale inyama negobolondo eliyigugu.
Ukufika kwempucuko nokwakhiwa kwamabhishi ezindaweni ezizalanayo zofudu nakho kube nomthelela omubi kubantu bezimfudu zasolwandle. Izimfudu eziningi zesaba umsindo, izibani zikagesi kanye nenani elikhulu labantu olwandle futhi azivele ziye ogwini zenze izinduku. Izimfudu eziningi zifa ngokubanjwa ngamanetha okudoba nokugwinya imfucumfucu entanta emanzini.
Okwamanje, izinhlobo eziningi zezimfudu zasolwandle zibhalwe kuRed Book njengezilwane ezisengcupheni yokushabalala, kanti izinhlobo zazo zisengozini enkulu. Izimfudu zeBissa zicishe zaqothulwa ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke ukuzizingela akuvunyelwe emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, kunezimakethe ezimnyama lapho abazingeli abazingela ngokungekho emthethweni behweba ngamaqanda nezinhlobo zofudu kanti ukufunwa kwazo kuqhubeka kunganqandeki. Emhlabeni wonke, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuvikela izinhlobo ezingavamile zofudu ukubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane.
Ukulondolozwa kwezimfudu zasolwandle
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasolwandle oluvela eRed Book
Izimfudu zasolwandle eziningi zibhalwe kuRed Book futhi zidinga izindlela zokuzivikela ezikhethekile. Ukudoba izimfudu ze-biss manje sekuvunyelwe. Emazweni amaningi, ukuhweba ngamagobolondo wofudu, amaqanda abo nenyama akuvunyelwe. Iziphathimandla zeDominican Republic zenza mihla namalanga ukuhlonza abaphula umthetho abathengisa imikhiqizo evela kulezi zilwane.
IDominican Republic nayo yakha umphakathi ovikela ufudu. Benza ukuvikelwa kwamabhishi lapho lezi zilwane zizalela khona. Ukuze kungasatshiswa abesifazane abaphumela olwandle ukuze benze amafu, konke ukukhanyisa olwandle kubomvu. Noma imuphi umsindo ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezimfudu awuvunyelwe.
Amabhishi lapho kuvela khona izimfudu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana avaliwe kubavakashi. Ama-clutches amakwe amafulegi, kwamanye amazwe izazi zezilwane ziqoqa ngokucophelela amaqanda bese ziwayisa enkulisa, lapho amaqanda abekwa khona ku-incubator. Izimfudu ezichanyuselwe zikhula ekuthunjweni izinyanga ezi-2, bese zidedelwa olwandle. Futhi, izinzwa ezikhethekile ze-GPS zinanyathiselwe kufudu ngalunye ukulandelela ukuhamba kwesilwane. Emazweni amaningi, ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlobo zofudu ezingavamile akuvunyelwe.
Ukuze kuncishiswe inani lezilwane ezibulewe emanethini okudoba, amanetha okudoba enziwa abe maqondana nemiyalo yeziphathimandla. Ngenxa yalesi sesimanje, amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zofudu ezingavamile asindisiwe. Kodwa-ke, unyaka nonyaka, naphezu kwesimanje, kufinyelela ezinhlungwini eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kumanethi.Imvamisa, izimfudu zibanjwa eSea Bay, lapho zidobela khona izimfanzi. Abatakuli babamba izimfudu ezibhajwe emanetheni noma ezifakwe ubuthi ngodoti bese zizama ukubasiza.
Ufudu lwasolwandle isidalwa esimangalisayo kakhulu, sasendulo, naso esiqinile kakhulu. Bangabantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu beqiniso. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, inani lalezi zilwane lisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Masiqaphele kakhulu imvelo yethu ukuze silondoloze lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo. Sizoqapha ukuhlanzeka kwemizimba yamanzi futhi sivikele nemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Septhemba 22, 2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 09
