Impukane Isinambuzane esikhulu esizokuluma ngokushesha okukhulu. Zingu-1.3 kuye ku-2.5 cm ubude, zingunxantathu futhi zidla. Uma ziluma, zikhipha ucezu lwenyama zijova ushevu. Indawo ezungeze ukulunywa yi-horsefly izoba buhlungu cishe izinsuku ezinhlanu. Izimpukane ezingamahhashi nazo zithwala izifo ezibalulekile ezifana nesifo se-turkey leukocytosan.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Horsefly
I-Horsefly ingummeleli womndeni wezinambuzane ze-horsefly (i-oda le-Diptera), noma kunalokho, ummeleli wohlobo lwe-horsefly. Lezi yizimpukane ezigcwele, ubukhulu bempukane yasendlini noma ubukhulu benyosi, kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi izilo ezinamakhanda aluhlaza. Amehlo abo ensimbi noma e-iridescent atholakala ngokulingana kowesilisa futhi ngokuhlukile kowesifazane.
Umlomo wabo ufana nowomuntu osebenza emayini. Amanye amagama alesi sinambuzane amalulwane nendlebe endizayo. Olunye uhlobo oluvame kakhulu (i-Tabanus lineola) lunamehlo aluhlaza okotshani futhi lwaziwa njengekhanda eliluhlaza. Uhlobo lwe-lacewing, olwaziwa kakhulu njengendiza yenyamazane, lincane kancane kunezimpukane zehhashi futhi lunezimpawu ezimnyama ezimpikweni zalo.
Ukulunywa kaningi, okubuhlungu kwabantu abaningi balezi zimpukane kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi ezinkomeni zobisi nezenyama futhi kuphazamise nokudla kwezinkomo namahhashi njengoba izilwane ezihlaselwe zihlangana ndawonye. Izilwane zingaze zilimale ngenkathi zibalekela lezi zimpukane. Kulokhu, ukulahleka kwegazi kungaba okuphawuleka kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Impukane
Lezi zimpukane ezinkulu, ezinamandla zinamandla futhi zinobungcweti, zizungeza noma ziphishekele umgomo wazo ngokuphuthuma okululazayo ukuletha izinhlaba ezibuhlungu esikhunjeni futhi zimunce igazi. Izimpukane zihlala zithintana nomninimzi okwemizuzu embalwa, bese zihamba zize zidinge ukudla futhi, okwenzeka njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-3-4.
Ukungezwani komzimba nokugula okubabazekayo okungajwayelekile akuvamile, kepha kungakhonjiswa ezinye izimpawu:
- ukuzizwa unesiyezi futhi ubuthakathaka;
- i-dyspnea;
- Isikhumba esivuvuke okwesikhashana, njengaseduze kwamehlo nezindebe
Ukungezwani komzimba okunzima kakhulu akuvamile kepha kuyaphuthuma.
Shayela i-ambulensi nganoma yiziphi izimpawu ze-anaphylaxis, ezibandakanya:
- ukuvuvukala, ukulunywa, noma ukuqubuka;
- ubuso, izindebe, izingalo nemilenze kungenzeka kuvuvuke;
- ukuvuvukala komphimbo nolimi kuyizimpawu eziyingozi;
- isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, noma isifo sohudo;
- ubunzima bokugwinya noma ukuphefumula.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani impukane
I-Horsefly iyimpukane emnyama empunga enamaphiko ansundu ansundu namehlo anemigqa ayinqaba. Izimpukane ezindala zinombala onsundu, uboya, ziqinile, zingaba ngu-1.7 cm ubude, zifana nezinyosi zezinyosi ngokubukeka, ngaphandle kokuthi zinamaphiko amabili kuphela. Kunezindawo ezishaywayo ezibhemayo ezimpikweni ze-horsefly.
Izibungu ezikhuliswe ngokugcwele zingu-0.6 kuye ku-1.27 cm ubude futhi zinesikhumba esinyene esiphuzi mhlophe noma sibomvana. Zibukhali kokunye (ngemuva) bese zithelela kokunye (ngaphambili), okunemilomo yomlomo eqinile emise okwegwegwe. Ingxenye ngayinye yomzimba izungezwe imiqolo eqinile. Izimpondo zezimpukane zehhashi zinezigaba ezinhlanu futhi ziwugqinsi phansi, ziba zincane ngengxenye ngayinye. Lezi zimpondo zinde futhi zizacile. Izimpiko ze-Horsefly ngokuvamile zimnyama ngokuphelele noma zisobala ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Indlela elula yokubona i-flyfly ukubheka ubukhulu bayo bonke. Lesi sinambuzane siba sikhulu uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izimpukane ezilumayo. Kwabesilisa, amehlo makhulu kangangokuba athinta umqhele wekhanda.
Akuzona zonke izimpukane zehhashi ezincike emanzini, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi zizalela amaqanda ezitshalweni ezikhula eduze kwamachibi, imifula nemifudlana. Izibungu zezinhlobo ezithile zasemanzini, kanti ezinye zihlala enhlabathini emanzi. Wonke umuntu uzondla ngezinye ezingenamgogodla kuze kube yilapho eselungele ukufundela futhi abe ngabantu abadala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nezimpethu ezizungeze imizimba yamanzi. Amapulazi isikhathi esiningi ayindawo eshisayo yalezi zimpukane njengoba zikhangwa yimfuyo namahhashi.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kwenzekani lapho impukane ihlaba. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sitholakalaphi.
Uhlala kuphi i-flyfly?
Isithombe: Isinambuzane se-Horsefly
Izimpukane zivame ukuhlala emahlathini. Izinhlobo zivame ukondla ngesikhathi sasemini futhi zibonakala kakhulu ezinsukwini ezolile, ezishisayo nezishisayo. Zivame ukutholakala kuzo zombili izindawo ezisemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi esebenza njengezindawo zokuzalela nalapho imikhosi yamammalia iningi kakhulu.
Izibungu zikhula emgodini wamathumbu wezilwane ezisingethe ebusika. Ngasekupheleni kwezinyanga zasebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izibungu ezindala zitholakala endleni yomgcini. Ukusuka lapho, bayangena emhlabathini bese benza i-puparium esikhunjeni sesibungu sabo sokugcina (instar). Zikhula zibe izimpukane ezindala ngaphakathi kwe-puparium futhi zivele ngemuva kwamasonto ama-3-10.
Abantu abadala basebenza kusukela maphakathi nehlobo kuya ekwindla. Abesifazane abadala bahlanganisa amaqanda ezinweleni zamahhashi, ikakhulukazi ezinweleni ezinyaweni zangaphambili, nasesiswini, emahlombe nasemilenzeni yangemuva. Amaqanda achamisela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-140 ngokucasuka okufanele (umswakama, ukushisa nokungqubuzana) okubangelwa ukukhotha ihhashi noma ukuluma izinwele ezigcwele iqanda.
Izibungu ezincane zokuqala (i-instar) zingena emlonyeni bese zigobhoza olimini cishe izinsuku ezingama-28 ngaphambi kokuncibilika futhi ziye esiswini, lapho zihlala izinyanga eziyi-9-10, zikhule zibe isigaba sesithathu ngemuva kwamasonto angaba ma-5. Isizukulwane esisodwa sezimpukane zehhashi sikhula ngonyaka.
Yini edliwa ihhashi?
Isithombe: Impukane enkulu
Izimpukane ezindala ngokuvamile zidla umpe, kodwa abesifazane badinga igazi ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukuzala kahle. Ukulunywa yizimpukane zesifazane, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu, kungaba buhlungu impela ngoba imilomo yazo isetshenziselwa ukudabula nokuqhikiza, ngokungafani nomiyane, abamane babhoboze isikhumba bamunce igazi. Banamazinyo ajiyile, anjengesaha asika isikhumba esivulekile, bese ededela i-anticoagulant ukumisa ukujiya kwegazi ngenkathi bejabulela ukudla kwabo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinsikazi zamahhashi zidinga kuze kufike ku-0.5 ml wegazi ukukhiqiza kabusha, okuqhathaniswa kakhulu nosayizi wazo. Bangadonsa cishe u-200 mg wegazi ngemizuzu embalwa.
Ukulunywa kwamahhashi kungakhula kube ngamaqhubu amakhulu, abomvu, alumayo, avuvukele kungakapheli nemizuzu. Abanye abantu futhi babika ukuzwa umkhuhlane, ubuthakathaka, nesicanucanu. Kwabaningi, ayinangozi nhlobo, kepha iphazamisa kakhulu. Ezimweni ezihlukile, abanye abantu bangahle bahlushwe ukungezwani nezinto ezithile ezinjengezizungulu, isifuba, ukuphefumula kanzima, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba okuyisikhumba, nokuvuvukala okukhulu okungabonakala ezindebeni noma olimini.
Izimpumputhe zingama-feeder ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukulunywa kwazo okubuhlungu kuvame ukuphendula isisulu, ngakho-ke impukane iyaphoqeleka ukuba iye komunye umphathi. Ngenxa yalokho, bangaba ngabathwali bemishini bezinye izifo zezilwane nezabantu. Izimpukane ezingamahhashi zesifazane nazo ziyaphikelela futhi ngokujwayelekile zizoqhubeka zilume ophethe zona zize ziphumelele ukuthola ukudla kwazo kwegazi noma zibulawe. Kuyaziwa nokuthi balandela izinhloso zabo ezihlosiwe isikhathi esifushane. Ezinye izinhlobo zithwala izinto ezibanga izifo, kepha izifo eziningi ezithwalwa yizimpukane zihambisana nemfuyo kuphela.
Uma ungaphandle, gqoka izingubo ezinombala okhanyayo nokuxosha izinambuzane ukuvikela ukulunywa i-horsefly. Uma bengena ezakhiweni, indlela ehamba phambili yokubhekana nokuqedwa, kufaka phakathi ukubheka yonke iminyango namawindi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bull flyfly
Izimpukane ezindala ezindala ziyizindiza ezisheshayo, ezinamandla ezikwazi ukundiza ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-48, yize ngokuvamile zingasakazeki kabanzi. Imvamisa bahlasela izinto ezihambayo nezimnyama. Izimpukane zamahhashi zivame ukuphumula ezindleleni nasemigwaqweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, lapho abalindi abangaba khona bezilindele khona. Izimpukane zikhangwa ukukhanya futhi kwesinye isikhathi zihlangana emafasiteleni. Izimpukane zivame kakhulu lapho kushisa, libalele lapho kunomoya ovunguzayo, njengasemini phakathi nehlobo. Zingaba izinambuzane eziningi lapho ukuduma kuhambisana nesimo sezulu esishisayo.
Izimpukane zingama-diurnal, okusho ukuthi ziyasebenza emini. Zincamela ukudla igazi lemfuyo efana nezinkomo namahhashi. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga njengoba izimpukane zehhashi zithwala amagciwane angadala izifo kwezinye izinhlobo zemfuyo, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni komnotho okungaba khona. Futhi, ngeshwa, izimpukane zehhashi azinankinga lapho zizitika esidlangalaleni noma ezifuywayo, uma zinikezwa ithuba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengezinye izinambuzane ezimunca igazi ezinjengomiyane, izimpukane ezingamahhashi zesifazane zisebenzisa zombili izimpawu zamakhemikhali nezokubukwayo ukuthola ababaphethe. I-Carbon dioxide ekhishwa yizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele inikeza isignali ekude yokuheha izimpukane buqamama, kuyilapho izinkomba ezibukwayo njengokuhamba, ubukhulu, ukuma nombala omnyama zisebenza ukuheha izimpukane emabangeni amafushane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impukane enkulu
Izimpukane zishintsha ngokuphelele, okubandakanya ukudlula ezigabeni zokuphila ezi-4 eziphelele. Lawa amaqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, nesigaba sabadala. Abesifazane babeka amaqoqo amaqanda angama-25 kuye kwayi-1000 kuzimila ezima ngaphezu kwamanzi noma izindawo ezimanzi. Izibungu eziqanduselwa kula maqanda ziwela phansi bese zidla ngezinto ezibolayo noma izinto ezincane ezisemhlabathini noma emanzini.
Izibungu ze-Horsefly zikhula odakeni emaphethelweni echibini noma osebeni lomfula, amaxhaphozi noma izindawo zamanzi. Ezinye zazo zinamanzi kanti ezinye zikhula enhlabathini eyomile. Isigaba sesibungu ngokuvamile sithatha unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu, kuya ngohlobo lwazo. Izibungu ezivuthiwe zikhasa ziye ezindaweni ezomile ukuze zifunde futhi ekugcineni kuvele abantu abadala. Ubude besigaba se-pupal buxhomeke ezinhlotsheni nasezingeni lokushisa, kepha kungahluka kusuka ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kuya kweziyi-12.
Kunzima noma cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola nokuqeda indawo yokuzalanisa izimpukane zehhashi. Zizalela ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezizwelayo ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke kunokukhathazeka ngomthelela wamanzi okufaka amanzi noma okusetshenziselwa ukubulala izinambuzane ezintweni ezingadalwanga noma ekuhlinzekelweni kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinambuzane ziyizimpukane ezinamandla ezihamba zisuka kude. Izindawo zokuzalela zingaba zinkulu kakhulu noma zibe ibanga elithile ukusuka lapho kwenzeka khona inkinga.
Ngenhlanhla, izimpukane ziyizinkinga ezithile ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Olunye uguquko ekuziphatheni noma ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokuxosha kungavumela ukuthokozela kwangaphandle.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpukane zehhashi
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani impukane
Kanye nezinye izinambuzane eziningi ezindizayo, izimpukane ezingamahhashi nazo ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwezinye izilwane eziningi eziphakamisa uchungechunge lokudla. Zisiza ukuxhasa ezinye izinhlobo ezinjengamalulwane nezinyoni, kuyilapho izibungu zezinambuzane zasemanzini zidla izinhlanzi.
Izinyoni ezidla izimpukane zehhashi:
- oKhadinali abamnyama ngamakhanda yizinyoni zezingoma ezinemilomo emikhulu, emincane, eminyene. Umbala wabo uncike ebulilini benyoni: owesilisa ovuthayo unomzimba wesinamoni osawolintshi onekhanda elimnyama namaphiko amnyama namhlophe, kanti abesilisa nabesifazane abangakavuthwa nsundu benendawo enombala osawolintshi esifubeni. Bazingela izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izimpukane zehhashi nezibungu. Okhadinali abansundu bangatholakala ikakhulukazi entshonalanga ye-United States emahlathini nasemaphethelweni ehlathi, kanye nasemagcekeni nasezivandeni;
- Ondlunkulu baphakathi kwezinyoni eziningi kakhulu eNyakatho Melika futhi zingabonakala kakhulu emihlambini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma kunezinambuzane engadini, kufaka phakathi izimpukane zehhashi, ondlunkulu bangaba wuhlupho ekhaya lakho uma kugcwala ngokweqile. Zakha izidleke zazo ngaphakathi kwezindonga zendlu, zibhubhisa ihlathi. Indle yazo nayo ingadala ingozi empilweni. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, bangahamba ibanga elide ekwehliseni inani lama-horsefly azungeze amakhaya;
- ISwallows idla kakhulu izinambuzane, kanye nokusanhlamvu, imbewu nezithelo, futhi ihlala eduze nezinkambu nezindawo ezinenqwaba yezindawo ezindizayo kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi ngokwemvelo. Ziyizinyoni zezingoma ezindiza ngokushesha eziba nombala kusuka konsundu ngokukhanyayo kuya kokumhlophe okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe futhi zihlala kakhulu eNyakatho Melika. Izinambuzane ezindizayo njengezimpukane zamahhashi zingumthombo wokudla omkhulu wezinkonjane;
- Ama-warblers yizinyoni ezinambuzane ezidla ama-spruce buds nezimpukane zehhashi. Inani labo livame ukwehla ngokulingana nenani lezilokazane abazidlayo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngama-50 ezahlukahlukene zama-warblers. Ziyizinyoni zezingoma ezincane ezinamabala angaphansi amhlophe, imihlane eluhlaza, nolayini abamhlophe phezu kwamehlo abo. Ama-warblers ama-juvenile aluhlaza okotshani ngomugqa ocacile wamehlo aphansi nangaphansi okuphaphathekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Horsefly
Inani lempukane likhula esimweni sezulu esishisayo. Ikakhulu esimweni sezulu esifudumele, esinomswakama nokuzola, baba inhlupho yangempela yamahhashi nabanikazi bawo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-8,000 zamahhashi ahlukene emhlabeni ezihlobene. Ngisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulwa nezimpukane zehhashi.
Ngeshwa, zimbalwa izindlela ezikhona zokulawula izimpukane zehhashi nokunciphisa ukulunywa kwazo. Ingcuphe yokulunywa ingancishiswa, kepha okwamanje azikho izindlela ezaziwayo zokuyiqeda ngokuphelele. Njengakwezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane, izindlela zokuvimbela ziyizindlela zokuqala zokuvikela izimpukane zasekhaya. Ukukhucululwa kwendle okuhle nokuhlanza indlu kungavimbela izimpukane ekuhlaselweni, njengoba izibungu zazo zivame ukukhula ezintweni eziphilayo ezibolayo. Ukufaka izikrini eminyango nasemawindini nakho kungavimbela izimpukane ukuba zingene emakamelweni nasezinza endlini.
Izingibe ze-Horsefly zikhona, kepha ukusebenza kwazo kuyahlukahluka. Izicupho ziqukethe indawo enkulu, emnyama ehla yenyuka iye emuva, ivame ukufuthwa ngolunye uhlobo lwesilwane musk noma iphunga elifanayo elikhangayo. Lo mkhakha utholakala ngaphansi kwebhakede noma isitsha esifana neso esiqukethe iflattrap enamathelayo - izimpukane zehhashi ezikhangwa yimbulunga indizela phezulu futhi zifike kahle ebhandeni. Ukukhipha noma yimaphi amanzi amile azungeze indawo nakho kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokutheleleka kwe-horsefly.
Uma usuvele uthole ukuhlaselwa yimpukane yamahhashi ekhaya lakho, izindlela zokuzivikela ngeke zibe lusizo oluncane. Izindlela zemvelo zokulawula ukungena kwe-horsefly zifaka i-flypaper nama-fans. Izimpumputhe zikhathazekile ngentuthu, ngakho-ke amakhandlela avuthayo nawo angabenza bashiye indlu abahlala kuyo. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinyathelo zibonisa ukusebenza kahle komkhawulo ekususeni ukugcwala kwe-horsefly. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nakho kungaphumelela ngokulingene ekulawuleni inani lamahhashi
Impukane yizimpukane ezinkulu. Yize amaduna amadala ephuza kakhulu umpe neziphuzo zezitshalo, izimpukane ezingamahhashi zesifazane zidinga amaprotheni ukukhiqiza amaqanda. Igazi liwumthombo wale protein, kanti izimpukane zingalithola emahhashini, ezinkomeni, ezimvini, konogwaja ngisho nakubantu. Ukulunywa kwempukane yesifazane kuzwakala ngokushesha, kwakha iqhubu elibomvu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09/10/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/25/2019 ngo-13: 54
