AmaGerbils awumndeni omkhulu ovela eMhlabeni Omdala. Ingesinye sezivelele emndenini omkhulu wamagundane, iMuroidea, okubandakanya amagundane, amagundane, ama-voles, ama-hamster, ama-gerbils nezinye izihlobo eziningi. Amalungu omndeni omncane waseGerbillinae anokuningi afana ngakho. Iningi lazo zingama-diurnal, amagundane asogwadule. UGerbil - Amagundane ahlekisayo ahlala endle futhi azivumelanisa ngokuphelele nezimo zasekhaya. Ihlala kanjani futhi kuphi i-gerbils, konke mayelana nezindlela zokukhiqiza kanye namanye amaqiniso ngobukhona bawo kungafundwa kulokhu okusetshenziswayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Gerbil
Emkhakheni wesigaba esingu-16 okhona, kunezinhlobo ezifika ku-110 zama-gerbils. Zingezamagundane futhi zakha igatsha elijwayelekile elinamagundane anemisila emide. Zingahlukaniswa ngokokuma komzimba kwezinye izinhlobo ezinjengegundane ngezici eziningi ezithathiwe. Izifundo zofuzo zamangqamuzana zofuzo eziningana ze-mitochondrial ne-DNA yenuzi ziqinisekisa ukuzimela kwazo ngemvelaphi futhi zikhombisa ukuthi zinokuxhumana okusondelene namagundane futhi ziyiqembu lodadewabo lama-Deomiinovs.
Ividiyo: Gerbil
Ngezigaba zangaphambilini, ama-Old World gerbils ayevame ukubhekwa njengezihlobo eziseduze zamagundane aseHamster noma eMadagascar namanye amagundane ase-Afrika omdlandla. Ubudlelwano obuseduze negundane lasendulo elinjengamagundane, elinohlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lwezinyo le-molar, seludalwe ukufana okukhulu kwephethini yemiqhele ye-molar kuma-gerbils nakuzo. Kodwa-ke, imivubukulo eminingi yasendulo yegundane inezinduku ezengeziwe ze-mandibular ezazingaziwa ekuqaleni kuma-gerbils.
Ama-gerbils esimanje anamehlo amakhulu nokubona okuhle. Basebenzisa izinkomba zokuzwa, zamakhemikhali nezithintekayo ngokubona kwabo imvelo yabo. Izinduku zibuye zishintshane ngamakhemikhali, zisebenzisa ama-pheromones ukukhombisa isimo sokuzala kanye nenhlalo. Ama-gerbils wesilisa abika ubunikazi bensimu ngokuhogela indawo kusuka ezingxenyeni zabo ezinkulu ze-ventral sebaceous. AmaGerbils awahlali isikhathi eside kunezinyanga ezintathu noma ezine endle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuthunjweni, abanye abantu bakwazile ukuhlala kuze kube yiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-gerbil
Ama-Gerbils mancane kuya kumagundane asayizi aphakathi nendawo. Ubude bazo busuka ku-50 kuye ku-200 mm, futhi imisila yazo isukela ku-56 kuye ku-245 mm. Abantu banesisindo esisuka ku-10 kuye ku-227 amagremu. Ngisho naphakathi kohlobo olulodwa, abesilisa bangasinda kakhulu kunabesifazane endaweni eyodwa futhi bangalingana kwesinye isibalo sabantu. Zivame ukuba yizilwane ezizacile ezinamazipho amade. Zingaba nezindlebe ezinde noma ezifushane. Ama-gerbils amaningi anezinwele ezinde ezinoboya obuhle nemilenze yangemuva emincane emincane.
Umbala woboya uyahlukahluka ngemibala ehlukahlukene futhi ungaba bomvu, mpunga, uphuzi, ubumba, umnqumo, nsundu, onsundu ngokusawolintshi, isinamoni ophuzi noma opinki ebusweni bomgogodla. Umzimba ongezansi uvame ukuba nemibala ekhanyayo yegrey, ukhilimu, noma umhlophe. Ezinye izinhlobo zinamabala amhlophe ekhanda, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwezindlebe.
AmaGerbils anefomula yamazinyo engu-1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3 = 16, ngaphandle kohlobo lweDesmodilliscus, olunama-molar amabili kuphela aphansi ohlangothini ngalunye. Izendlalelo zoqweqwe lwawo kuma-incisors mncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane. AmaGerbils anezitho zomqolo eziyi-12 ezinama-thoracic nama-lumbar eziyisikhombisa. Abesifazane banamabhangqa amathathu noma amane wezindlala ezincelisayo. Isisu siqukethe ikamelo elilodwa kuphela. AmaGerbils ahlobene namagundane namagundane futhi angabomndeni wakwaMuridae.
Uhlala kuphi lo gerbil?
Isithombe: Gerbil eRussia
AmaGerbils yizimpuku ezindala zomhlaba. Zijwayelekile kulo lonke elase-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, zidabula i-Asia Ephakathi, kufaka phakathi iningi laseNdiya, iChina (ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseningizimu nasempumalanga), nasempumalanga yeMongolia. Ububanzi babo busuka eziqhingini eziningana empumalanga yeMedithera nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeCiscaucasia kuya eTransbaikalia naseKazakhstan.
Ububanzi bama-gerbils bugxilwe ezifundeni ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- ezindaweni ezingama-savanna ase-Afrika, kanye naseNamib naseKalahari, lapho amazinga okushisa ebusika ngokuvamile ehla abe ngaphansi kuka-zero;
- ezingwadule ezishisayo nasezingwadule zase-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nasophondweni olomile lwase-Afrika;
- ezingwadule, ezingwadule ezisemihlathini nasemathafeni ase-Asia, lapho amazinga okushisa ebusika nawo ehla kakhulu ngaphansi kweziro.
Isizukulwane ngasinye ngokuvamile singesinye salezi zifunda ezintathu. Iningi lama-gerbils lihlala ezindaweni ezomile, ezivulekile ezinezimila ezincane, kufaka phakathi izingwadule, amathafa anesihlabathi, izintaba, izindawo ezinotshani, ama-steppes nama-savannah. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emahlathini aswakeme, emasimini ezolimo nasezigodini zezintaba.
Amanzi ngokuvamile akhishwa ngesikhumba, umoya, umchamo nendle. Ama-gerbils amaningi ahlala ezifundeni ezomile nezimo zezulu ezinzima futhi anendawo yomzimba enkulu ngokungathandeki ngokuya ngevolumu. Benze izakhiwo ezihlelelwe ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela banciphise izidingo zoketshezi. Azijuluki ngakho-ke azikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-45 ° C ngaphezu kwamahora amabili.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-gerbil ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ngani i-gerbil?
Isithombe: Igundane gerbil
Ama-Gerbils ngokuyinhloko adla ngezinto zokutshala ezifana nembewu, izithelo, amaqabunga, iziqu, izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izinhlobo zasebusuku zama-gerbils eqiniso zifuna imbewu epheshulwa umoya ogwadule. I-gerbil yaseNdiya iyona kuphela inhlobo edinga ukudla okusha unyaka wonke, ngakho-ke ihlala kaningi eduze kwamasimu aniselwa. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zithatha lokho ezingakuthola futhi zidle izinambuzane, iminenke, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, namanye amagundane. Ikakhulu, izilwane ezisogwadule olomile ngokweqile eningizimu ye-Afrika ikakhulukazi zibamba izinambuzane, kanti i-gerbil kaGagner (G. dasyurus) yakha izintaba zamagobolondo omnenke angenalutho.
Ukuphathwa okuthandayo kwe-gerbil kufaka:
- amantongomane;
- imbewu;
- izimpande;
- ama-bulb;
- izithelo;
- amakhambi;
- izinambuzane;
- amaqanda ezinyoni;
- amaphuphu
- ezihuquzelayo;
- amanye amagundane.
Ukudla kuvame ukudliwa ngaso leso sikhathi njengesinyathelo sokuqapha. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezindaweni ezinobusika obubandayo zigcina izinqolobane ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokwakha, ziyengeza ekujuleni kwemitha elilodwa. Inani elikhulu lokudla kwezitshalo ligcinwa emigodini yabo - kwesinye isikhathi kufika kuma-60 kg. AmaGerbils abathengi bokuqala kanye nabesibili, kanye nokudla kwenani labathengi abasezingeni eliphakeme. Benza impova kwezinye izitshalo futhi mhlawumbe badlale indima ekusabalaliseni imbewu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Mongolian gerbil
AmaGerbils angabantu abahlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukweqa zifike kumamitha ayi-3.5. Ezinye izinhlobo zigijima kuphela emilenzeni emine. Labo abahlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala bavame ukuba abagibeli abagibelayo. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ama-gerbils angamagundane okushona, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zasebusuku, ziyi-crepuscular, noma ubusuku nemini.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaGerbils akha imingxuma ngomnyango owodwa negumbi lokuzalela, noma amanethiwekhi ayindida emihubhe aneminyango eminingi namakamelo okubeka izidleke, agcina ukudla nendle. AmaGerbils ageza ngothuli ukugcina ingubo yawo eyisilika isesimweni esihle.
Amanye ama-gerbil yizilwane ezizodwa, ezinolaka nezendawo, ngasinye sihlala emgodini waso. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyazijabulisa kakhulu futhi zakha amakoloni amakhulu, nabantu abaningi abahlala kumanethiwekhi womhubhe amashumi amamitha ubude namamitha amabili noma amathathu ukujula. Futhi abanye bahlala emaqenjini amancane emindeni, futhi iqembu ngalinye lomndeni livikela indawo yalo. Amanye ama-gerbils anokuxhumana okuningi ngenkathi esesidlekeni. Amantshontsho ayahlobana, asukelane, adlale futhi alwe lapho enezinsuku eziyi-18 kuya kwezingu-35 ubudala.
AmaGerbils ikakhulukazi ahlala endaweni efanayo, yize izingane zingadlula enkathini yokufuduka ezimpilweni zazo zize zikwazi ukuthola indawo yokuhlala unomphela, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziyafuduka ngesikhathi sesomiso. Azifihli ubusika, kepha kwezinye izindawo zithola ukuthambeka okude kobandayo ebusika futhi zihlala emigodini yazo, zidla ukudla okugciniwe izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ama-gerbils
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kufakwa ama-plugatory plugs endaweni yokuzala yabesifazane, evimbela ukukhwelwa okulandelayo. Amanye ama-gerbils azala unyaka wonke, kanti amanye azala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Abesifazane bezinhlobo eziningi bayakwazi ukukhiqiza udoti amaningana ngonyaka. Abanye futhi babhekana ne-estrus yangemva kokubeletha kanye nokubambezeleka kokumiliselwa, ukuze ubulembu obusha buqale ukukhula ngokushesha nje lapho owokuqala eselunyuliwe. Izikhathi zokukhulelwa, uma owesifazane engancelisi, zihlala amasonto amathathu kuya kwamane.
Osayizi be-Litter basukela ku-1 kuye ku-13, yize u-litter 4 kuya ku-7 ejwayelekile kakhulu. Ama-gerbils amancane azalwa enqunu futhi engaboni ngokuphelele. Uboya buqala ukukhula buhle phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-8 no-13 ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi zimbozwe ngokuphelele ngoboya ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-13-16. Amehlo avuleka cishe amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngemuva kokuzalwa. Intsha ingahamba futhi igxume ngokushesha ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu. Ngenyanga eyodwa ubudala, amawundlu ayalunyulwa bese azimela. Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni emavikini ayi-10-16.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Omama balungisa izingane zabo ngokukhotha izitho zangemuva zezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa ukuzikhuthaza ukuthi zikhiqize umchamo nendle, bese kudliwa.
Ama-gerbils esifazane athambekele ezinganeni zawo aze abe cishe nezinsuku ezingama-30 ubudala. Kuyaziwa ukuthi omama be-gerbil bahambisa amaphuphu abo ezindlekeni ezintsha kaningi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi bashintsha imingxuma phakathi kukadoti. Lapho zishiya amawundlu esidlekeni ziyofuna ukudla, kwesinye isikhathi zimboza amazinyane azo ngotshani nesihlabathi bese zivimba indawo yokungena esidlekeni. Abesifazane bathwala amawundlu abo ngokuwakhama ngemilomo yabo.
Lapho nje abantu abasha beqala ukunyakaza kakhulu, omama bayabamba ngemisila yabo bese beyidonsela kubo, bese beyibuyisela esidlekeni. Bayayeka ukulanda izingane zabo lapho zinezinsuku eziyi-17 kuya kwezingu-23 ubudala. Omama bakaGerbil bathambekele ekubambeni udoti baze baphume bodwa. Abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo zezinto bavame ukufaka ubulongwe ngendlela efanayo nabesifazane.
Izitha zemvelo zama-gerbils
Isithombe: Gerbil
AmaGerbils awanazilwane eziningi ezizingelayo endaweni yawo yemvelo. Zizingelwa kakhulu izinyoka ezahlukahlukene, izikhova nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, zonke izidalwa ezizidlula ngosayizi. Ukwesabisa umhlaseli ekungeneni emigodini yabo, amanye ama-gerbils agcina ukungena kwawo kunesihlabathi. Eminye ifaka imizila yokuphunyuka ezinhlelweni zabo zemigodi lapho bengacasha khona uma behlaselwa ngaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-gerbils anengubo yombala engathathi hlangothi esebenza njengokufihla futhi iyabasiza ukuthi bahlangane nesizinda esinesihlabathi noma samatshe.
Izilwane ezaziwayo zokuzingela ama-gerbils zifaka:
- izinyoka;
- izikhova;
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo.
Ama-Gerbils akhubazekile yizinhlobo eziningana ze-flea, njenge:
- i-xenopsylla cumulus;
- i-xenopsylla debilis;
- i-xenopsylla difficilis.
Amanye ama-gerbils athathwa njengezilokazane ebangeni lawo lemvelo ngoba abhubhisa izitshalo, alimaze imigoqo nezinhlelo zokunisela ngokumba nokusabalalisa isifo se-bubonic. Ngakho-ke, zibhujiswa ngabantu endaweni yazo yemvelo. Kukhona nokukhathazeka ukuthi ama-gerbil asekhaya angahle abaleke futhi akhe abantu basendle abazominyanisa amagundane omdabu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho ihlasela i-gerbil, ifana nesibankwa esikwazi ukuphonsa umsila waso, kodwa le igundane aliwukhulisi umsila omusha njengesilwane esihuquzelayo.
Ama-Gerbils, ikakhulukazi ama-shrew shrews, yizilwane ezihlanzekile kakhulu okulula ukuzinakekela nokuzalanisa kalula ekuthunjweni. Ngalezi zizathu, la magundane asetshenziswa kumalabhorethri amaningi ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha, lomzimba nolwezengqondo. Futhi ziyizilwane ezifuywayo ezidumile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-gerbil
Ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yangaphansi komhlaba, kunzima ukunquma ubukhulu besibalo sabantu begundane. Izinhlobo eziningana zama-gerbils zisengozini ngenxa yokugxambukela komuntu endaweni yazo. Iningi lezilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa, ezinye zibhekwa njengezilokazane ngoba zonakalisa izilimo zezolimo, futhi zidala nomonakalo omkhulu kwingqalasizinda yezolimo. Ngakho-ke, abalimi balwa nabo ngokufaka ubuthi begesi noma ngokulima izinhlelo zabo zokwakha.
Njengomsingathi wamazeze, i-gerbil isabalalisa izifo ezinjengesifo futhi iphethe i-leishmaniasis eyingozi. Amanani aphakeme kakhulu wokutheleleka kwe-leishmaniasis ayabonakala ekwindla. Kwakunama-gerbil angu-5.8% atholakele ene-L. major kuphela, nama-23.1% weLeishmania turanica. Ukutheleleka kwemvelo okuxubekile kwabonwa kumagundane aneL. Enkulu kanye neL. Turanica (21.2%). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inyama enoshukela ebizwa ngokuthi i-gerbil ibhekwa njengesibiliboco kwezinye izindawo. Izinhlobo eziningi zisetshenziswa ngabantu njengezilwane zokuhlola emalabhorethri, kanti ezinye ziye zaba yizilwane ezifuywayo ezithandekayo ngaphandle kwazo impilo ebingabonakala imbi kakhulu.
Izizathu zokuthandwa kwama-gerbils njengezilwane ezifuywayo zifaka:
- izilwane azinalo ulaka;
- kuyaqabukela ukuluma ngaphandle kokucasuka noma ukucindezeleka;
- mancane futhi kulula ukuwaphatha;
- izidalwa ezinobungane ezijabulela ukuba nabantu kanye namanye ama-gerbils.
UGerbils uguqule amahlumela awo ukuze akhiqize imfucuza emincane ukuze agcine uketshezi lomzimba, okwenza ahlanzeke kakhulu futhi acishe angabi nephunga. Amalungu amaningana ohlobo lwe-Lesser gerbils ahlala endle eRussia, kufaka phakathi i-midday gerbil (M. meridianus). Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo eziyi-110 zama-gerbils ezigaba eziyi-14.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-gerbils
Isithombe: Gerbil ovela kwiRed Book
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezingama-35 zama-gerbils zifakiwe kwiRed Book njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Kufaka uhlobo olulodwa (Meriones chengi), olusesimeni esibucayi futhi olusongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Futhi futhi nezinhlobo ezine ezisengcupheni ezisengozini yemvelo (M. arimalius, M. dahli, M. sacramenti, M. zarudnyi).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezisengozini (i-dwarf gerbils hesperinus ne-andersoni allenbyi), eyodwa eseduze nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (dwarf gerbils hoogstraali), eyodwa engcupheni ephansi (dwarf gerbils poecilops), nezinhlobo ezingama-26 ezingenayo imininingwane. Ucwaningo lwesayensi luyadingeka ukuthola isimo salezo zinhlobo ezaziwa kancane ngazo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Isibalo esiqondile sezinhlobo asikaziwa. Umehluko obonakalayo ngaphakathi kwesizukulwane uvame ukuba mncane kakhulu futhi ubonakaliswe ngombala wejazi nofaka uzipho, ubude bomsila, noma ukungabikho noma ubukhona bentsimbi yomsila. Ngisho nokunikezwa kohlobo lohlobo oluthile kwesinye isikhathi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokucwaninga nge-chromosomal, protein noma ngamangqamuzana.
Ama-Gerbils ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene manje athengiswa ezitolo zezilwane kuyo yonke indawo, okuwumphumela weminyaka eminingi yokuzalaniswa kokukhetha. I-gerbil yaseMongolia inemibala ehlukene yoboya engaphezu kwengu-20, ephakanyiswe ekuthunjweni isikhathi eside kunezinye izinhlobo. Muva nje, olunye uhlobo lwama-gerbils selungenisiwe ekuhwebeni kwesilwane: i-fat-tailed gerbil.
Incane kune-gerbils yaseMongolia futhi inejazi elide, elithambile nomsila omfushane, ojiyile, ofana ne-hamster. Amabala amhlophe aseduze nezindlebe awatholakali ku-gerbil yaseMongolia kuphela, kodwa nakwi-gerbil ephaphathekile. Ukuguquka kwezinwele ezinde nendawo emhlophe nakho kwavela ezinhlotsheni - zase-Afrika gerbilehlala emisileni emhlophe ehlathini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.09.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 23.08.2019 ngo-22: 39
