UKrill Yizidalwa ezincane, ezifana nezimfanzi ezigcwala ngobuningi bazo futhi ezakha inqwaba yokudla kwemikhomo, amaphengwini, izinyoni zasolwandle, izimvu zamanzi nezinhlanzi. I- "Krill" igama elijwayelekile elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-85 zama-crustaceans abhukuda mahhala olwandle oluvulekile, olwaziwa ngokuthi ama-euphausiids. I-Antarctic krill ingenye yezinhlobo ezinhlanu zama-krill ezitholakala oLwandle oluseNingizimu, eningizimu ye-Antarctic Convergence.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Creel
Igama elithi krill livela encazelweni yeNorse yezinhlanzi ezisencane, kepha manje selisetshenziswa njengegama elijwayelekile lama-euphausiids, umndeni wama-crustaceans asolwandle asolwandle atholakala kulo lonke ulwandle lomhlaba. Igama elithi "krill" kungenzeka ukuthi laqala ukusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ze-euphausiid ezitholakala esiswini semikhomo ebanjwe eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
Ividiyo: Krill
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenkathi uhamba ngomkhumbi emanzini ase-Antarctic, ungahle uzwe ukukhanya okungajwayelekile olwandle. Kuyisibungu se-krill, esikhipha ukukhanya okwenziwe izitho ze-bioluminescent ezisezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba we-krill ngayinye: izitho ezimbili ezithweni lesibalo seso, esinye isibili emathangeni omlenze wesibili nowesikhombisa we-thoracic, nezitho ezilodwa esiswini. Lezi zitho zikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani ngezikhathi ezithile imizuzwana emibili noma emithathu.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-85 zekrill ezilingana ngosayizi kusukela kokuncane kakhulu, okungamamilimitha ambalwa ubude, kuya ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zasolwandle ezijule kakhulu, eziyi-15 cm ubude.
Kunezici eziningana ezihlukanisa ama-euphausiids kwamanye ama-crustaceans:
- ama-gill avezwa ngaphansi kwe-carapace, ngokungafani namanye ama-crustaceans, ambozwe nge-carapace;
- kukhona izitho ezikhanyayo (ama-photophores) ezansi kwezidladla zokubhukuda, kanye namabili ama-photophores engxenyeni yezitho zangasese ye-cephalothorax, eduze kwezimbotshana zomlomo kanye neziqu zamehlo ezikhiqiza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani krill
Uhlelo lomzimba jikelele lwe-krill luyafana nolwama crustaceans amaningi ajwayelekile. Ikhanda nesiqu esihlanganisiwe - i-cephalothorax - iqukethe iningi lezitho zangaphakathi - indlala yokugaya ukudla, isisu, inhliziyo, izindlala zocansi futhi, ngaphandle, izithasiselo zezinzwa - amehlo amabili amakhulu nezimbili zezimpondo.
Imilenze ye-cephalothorax iphenduka izengezo zokondla ezikhethekile kakhulu; okhulumela umlomo abayisishiyagalolunye kulungiselelwa ukucubungula nokusika ukudla, kanti amapheya ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili emilenzeni eqoqa ukudla athatha izinhlayiya zokudla emanzini azithumele emlonyeni.
Umgogodla wemisipha wesisu uqukethe amabhangqa amahlanu wokubhukuda (ama-pleopods) ahamba ngesigqi esibushelelezi. I-Krill inzima kunamanzi futhi ihlala intanta, ibhukuda ngokuqhuma, ifakwa ngezikhathi zokuphumula ezincane. I-Krill iningi liguquka ngamehlo amakhulu amnyama, yize amagobolondo awo ebomvu ngokugqamile. Izinhlelo zabo zokugaya ukudla zivame ukubonakala, futhi kaningi zinombala oluhlaza ogqamile ovela kumbala wezitshalo ezincane abazidlile. I-krill endala icishe ibe ngu-6 cm ubude futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwe-1 gram.
UKrill kukholelwa ukuthi unamandla okukhipha amagobolondo akhe ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze abaleke ngokushesha. Ngezikhathi ezinzima, zingancipha futhi ngosayizi, zilondoloze amandla, zihlale zincane njengoba zikhiqiza amagobolondo amakhulu kunokuba zikhule zikhudlwana.
Uhlala kuphi krill?
Isithombe: Atlantic krill
I-Antarctic krill ingenye yezinhlobo zezilwane eziningi kakhulu eMhlabeni. ISouth Ocean iyodwa iqukethe cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-500 we-krill. I-biomass yalolu hlobo ingahle ibe enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezilwane ezinamaseli amaningi emhlabeni.
Njengoba i-krill iba njengomuntu omdala, bayabuthana ezikoleni ezinkulu noma ezigcwabeni, kwesinye isikhathi behamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, nezinkulungwane zama-krill zigcwele kuwo wonke ama-cubic meter amanzi, ziguqula amanzi abomvu noma i-orange.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, i-krill ihlangana ezikoleni iminyene futhi isakazekile kangangokuthi ingabonakala ngisho nasemkhathini.
Kukhona ucwaningo olusha olukhombisa ukuthi i-krill ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekutheni iSouthern Ocean ilandelela kanjani ikhabhoni. I-Antarctic krill imunca izimoto ezilingana nezingu-15.2 million unyaka nonyaka, noma cishe u-0.26% wokukhishwa kwe-anthopogenic CO2 yonyaka, ngokusho kombiko okhishwe yi-Antarctic-Southern Ocean Coalition. I-Krill ibuye ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhambiseni izakhamzimba kusuka olwandle lwasolwandle kuya ngaphezulu, kuzenze zitholakale kulo lonke uhla lwezinhlobo zasolwandle.
Konke lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kwenqwaba yabantu abanempilo yama-krill. Abanye ososayensi, izimenenja zamazwe ngamazwe zokudoba, izimboni zokudla kwasolwandle kanye nezimboni zokudoba, kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo badla ngokulinganisela imboni ye-krill enenzuzo enkulu ngokuvikela lokho okubhekwa njengezinhlobo eziyisihluthulelo kwesinye sezinto eziphilayo ezizwelana nesimo sezulu kakhulu emhlabeni.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona i-krill. Ase sibone kutsi lesilwane sidlani.
Yini edla i-krill?
Isithombe: Arctic Krill
I-Krill ngokuyinhloko ingumthombo wokudla okwehla esiphundu, isebenzisa i-phytoplankton (izitshalo ezimiswe ngocoscopic) oLwandlekazi lwaseNingizimu futhi, kancane, yizilwane zeplanktonic (zooplankton). UKrill uthanda nokudla ulwelwe oluqongelela ngaphansi kweqhwa lolwandle.
Ingxenye yesizathu sokuthi i-Antarctic krill igcwele kakhulu ukuthi amanzi oLwandle lwaseNingizimu oluzungeze i-Antarctica ayimithombo ecebile kakhulu ye-phytoplankton ne-algae ekhula ngaphansi kweqhwa lolwandle.
Kodwa-ke, iqhwa lolwandle alihlali likhona ngase-Antarctica, okuholela ekushintsheni kwabantu be-krill. INhlonhlo YaseNtshonalanga Antarctic, engesinye sezifunda ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni, ibhekane nokulahleka okukhulu kweqhwa olwandle emashumini eminyaka adlule.
Ebusika, basebenzisa eminye imithombo yokudla enjenge-algae ekhula ngaphansi kweqhwa lepakethe, i-detritus olwandle nolunye izilwane zasemanzini. UKrill angaphila isikhathi eside (kufika ezinsukwini ezingama-200) ngaphandle kokudla futhi angancipha ngobude njengoba ebulawa yindlala.
Ngakho-ke, i-krill idla i-phytoplankton, izitshalo ezincane ezinama-unicellular ezikhuphuka eduze nolwandle futhi ziphila ngelanga nesikhutha. I-Krill uqobo iwukudla okuyisisekelo kwamakhulu ezinye izilwane, kusuka ezinhlanzini ezincane kuya ezinyoni kuya emikhomeni ye-baleen.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Shrimp krill
UKrill ugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye ezijulile e-Antarctic Ocean, cishe ngamamitha angama-97 ngaphansi kobuso. Ebusuku, zikhuphukela ebusweni bamanzi zifuna i-phytoplankton.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Antarctic krill ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10, impilo ende emangazayo yesidalwa esinjalo esidliwa yizilwane eziningi.
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-krill ziyazijabulisa. Isikhathi esiningi, izinkumbi ze-krill zihlala ekujuleni kwamanzi emini, futhi zikhuphukela phezulu ebusuku kuphela. Akwaziwa ukuthi kungani ezinye izidleke kwesinye isikhathi zibonakala ebusweni emini libalele.
Kwakungulo mkhuba wokubuthana ngobuningi obabenza bahehe ekudobeni ngenhloso yokuhweba. Ubuningi be-krill ezikoleni bungaba bukhulu ngokwedlulele nge-biomass yamashumi ambalwa wamakhilogremu kanye nobuningi bezilwane ezingaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa kumamitha ayi-cubic wamanzi olwandle.
Umhlanga ungamboza izindawo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi e-Antarctica, lapho izinkumbi ze-Antarctic krill zikalwe zimboza indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-450 futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ziqukethe ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezi-2 ze-krill. Iningi lezinhlobo ze-krill ezivunwayo njengamanje nazo zakha izinkumbi zomhlaba, futhi yile ndlela yokuziphatha edonsela ukunaka kuyo njengomthombo ovuniwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Antarctic krill
Izibungu zokubhukuda zidlula ezigabeni eziyisishiyagalolunye zentuthuko. Abesilisa bavuthwa cishe ezinyangeni ezingama-22, abesifazane ezinyangeni ezingaba ngu-25. Ngesikhathi sokuzala cishe izinyanga ezinhlanu nengxenye, amaqanda azalelwa ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-225.
Njengoba izibungu ze-krill zikhula, kancane kancane ziya phezulu, zidla izinto ezincane kakhulu. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli, ukugxila kwe-krill oLwandle i-Antarctic kungafinyelela ekugxileni okungaba ngamakhilogremu ayi-16 ngekhilomitha lesikwele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Female Antarctic krill izalela amaqanda afinyelela ku-10 000 ngesikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi izikhathi eziningana ngesizini ngayinye.
Ezinye izinhlobo zama-krill zigcina amaqanda azo esikhwameni se-hatcher zize zichanyuselwe, kepha zonke izinhlobo ezivunwayo njengamanje zizalela amaqanda azo emanzini lapho zikhula khona ngokuzimela. UKrill udlula esigabeni seplanktonic lapho esemncane, kepha njengoba bekhula, bayakwazi ukuzula imvelo yabo futhi bazigcine ezindaweni ezithile.
Iningi lama-krill amadala abizwa ngokuthi ama-micronektons, okusho ukuthi ahamba ngokuzimela kakhulu kune-plankton, asuka ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni ngomusa wokuhamba kwamanzi. Igama elithi nekton lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane kusuka ku-krill kuya emikhomeni.
Izitha zemvelo ze-krill
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani krill
I-Antarctic krill iyisixhumanisi esiyinhloko ochungechungeni lokudla: zisondele ezansi, zondla kakhulu i-phytoplankton futhi kancane kwi-zooplankton. Zenza ukufuduka okukhulu okumi mpo nsuku zonke, zinikeze izidlo ezidlayo eduze komhlaba ebusuku nasemanzini ajulile emini.
Ingxenye yawo wonke ama-krill idliwa minyaka yonke yilezi zilwane:
- imikhomo;
- izinyoni zasolwandle;
- izimpawu;
- amaphengwini;
- ingwane;
- inhlanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyakwazi ukudla kuze kufike kumathani amane we-krill ngosuku, kanti eminye imikhomo ye-baleen nayo ingadla izinkulungwane zamakhilogremu e-krill ngosuku, kepha ukukhula okusheshayo nokuzala kabusha kusiza lolu hlobo lunganyamalali.
I-Krill nayo ivunwa ngokuhweba, ikakhulukazi eyokudla kwezilwane nenhlanzi, kepha kube nokwanda ekusetshenzisweni kwe-krill embonini yezemithi. Ziyadliwa nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia futhi zisetshenziswa njengesengezo se-omega-3 e-United States. Isibonelo, uPapa Francis unezela ekudleni kwakhe ngamafutha we-krill, i-antioxidant enamandla enamandla ecebile ngama-omega-3 fatty acids novithamini D3.
Ngaphezu kokukhulisa indawo yokudoba ama-krill, indawo ehlala kuyo isinyamalele njengoba uLwandle lwaseNingizimu lufudumala - kushesha kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili futhi kushesha ukwedlula noma yiluphi olunye ulwandle. UKrill udinga iqhwa lolwandle namanzi abandayo ukuze asinde. Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kunciphisa ukukhula nenqwaba yama-plankton adla i-krill, futhi ukulahleka kweqhwa lasolwandle kuqeda indawo yokuhlala evikela kokubili i-krill nezinto eziphilayo ezizidlayo.
Ngakho-ke, lapho iqhwa lolwandle e-Antarctica lincipha, ubuningi be-krill nabo buyancipha. Ucwaningo oluthile lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi uma ukufudumala kwamanje nokukhuphuka kwekhabhoni ye-CO2 kuqhubeka, i-Antarctic krill ingalahlekelwa okungenani ama-20% - futhi kwezinye izindawo ezisengozini - kufika kuma-55% - endawo yayo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Creel
I-Antarctic krill ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu kwezingu-85 ze-krill futhi ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi. Bahlangana emhlanjini emanzini abandayo azungeze i-Antarctica, futhi inani labo elilinganisiwe lisukela kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-125 kuye kweziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha: isisindo esiphelele sayo yonke i-krill yase-Antarctic sidlula isisindo sabo bonke abantu eMhlabeni.
Ngeshwa, ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi amasheya e-krill anciphile ngo-80% kusukela ngawo-1970. Ososayensi bathi lokhu ngokwengxenye kube ukulahleka kweqhwa okubangelwe ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Lokhu kulahleka kweqhwa kususa umthombo wokudla oyinhloko we-krill, ulwelwe lweqhwa. Ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi uma lolu shintsho luqhubeka, luzoba nomthelela omubi esimisweni semvelo. Sekuvele kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi ama-macaroni penguin nezimpawu zingakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuvuna i-krill eyanele ukuxhasa inani labantu.
“Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, inani le-krill lehlile eminyakeni engama-40 eyedlule, nokuthi indawo eyikhrill iye yehla ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi zonke ezinye izilwane ezidla i-krill zizobhekana nokuncintisana okukhulu kakhulu ngomunye nomunye ngale nsiza ebalulekile yokudla, ”kusho uSimeon Hill we-British Antarctic Agency.
Ukuhweba ngenhloso yokuhweba nge-krill kwaqala ngeminyaka yama-1970, kanti ithemba lokudoba mahhala i-Antarctic krill laholela ekusayinweni kwesivumelwano sokudoba ngo-1981. I-Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources yenzelwe ukuvikela imvelo yase-Antarctic emiphumeleni yezinhlanzi ezikhula ngokushesha, nokusiza ukubuyisa imikhomo emikhulu nezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezisetshenziswe ngokweqile.
Indawo yokudoba iphethwe ngomgwamanda wamazwe omhlaba (i-CCAMLR) obeke umkhawulo wokubamba i-krill ngokuya ngezidingo zawo wonke ama-ecosystem. Ososayensi eAustralia Antarctic Division bacwaninga nge-krill ukuze baqonde kangcono imijikelezo yayo yokuphila nokuphatha kangcono imboni yokudoba.
UKrill - isilwane esincane, kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu ezilwandle zomhlaba. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-plankton. Emanzini azungeze i-Antarctica, i-krill ingumthombo obalulekile wokudla kwama-penguin, ama-baleen nemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (engadla kuze kufike kumathani amane we-krill ngosuku), izinhlanzi, izinyoni zasolwandle nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 24.09.2019 ngo-12: 05
