Inqe - inyoni idume kakhulu, isiphenduke uphawu lwesikhohlakali esiphila ngokudla izidumbu ezibolayo. Izinhlangano aziyona imnandi kakhulu, kepha ungayibheka ngakolunye uhlangothi: ngokungafani nezilwane ezidla ezinye, amanqe enza umonakalo omncane kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo, ngenkathi eletha inzuzo ethe xaxa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Vulture
Izinyoni zokuqala zavela kuma-archosaurs eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-155-160 edlule. Okhokho babo bebengakasungulwa, futhi kunemibono eminingi yokuthi zivela kanjani ezilwaneni ezisemhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni bagxuma behla ezihlahleni futhi kancane kancane baba nokundiza okundizayo, bese kuba okwangempela.
Abanye abacwaningi banamathela kule nguqulo yokuthi ekuqaleni bafunde ukugxuma baya phezulu kakhulu ukuze bagxume ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo futhi. Ukuthi izinyoni zifunde kanjani ukundiza kubaluleke kangako ngoba, ngokususelwa kulokhu, kuzokwenzeka ukunquma nokuthi ukuvela kwazo kwaqhubeka kanjani.
Ividiyo: Inqe
Noma ngabe yikuphi, wahamba kancane, futhi ama-pterosaurs abusa emoyeni izigidi eziningi zeminyaka. Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezaziphila emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi, ngesikhathi seMesozoic, azikasinda kuze kube namuhla. Ingxenye ephawulekayo yazo yafa kanye nama-dinosaurs - kwakungemva kwalokho ukuqothulwa lapho izinyoni zaqala ukuvela khona kakhulu.
Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela ezokuqala ezinjenge-hawk - okungukuthi, amanqe angalawo oda. Kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-48-55 edlule, kepha lezo zinyoni seziphelile - isigaba sanamuhla saqala ukuvela eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, kwavela amanqe ngasikhathi sinye. Bachazwe nguK. Linnaeus ngo-1758 futhi bathola igama lesiLatin Neophron percnopterus.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: EGibhithe, amanqe abelokhu aziwa kusukela endulo njenge "nkukhu yamaharahara." Babehlonishwa kuleli zwe isikhathi eside, futhi abaze baxoshwa ngisho nasemaphiramidi, lapho bevame ukwakha khona izidleke. Futhi namhlanje, ukubulala inqe kujeziswa yimithetho lapho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni
Inqe liyinyoni enkulu impela, ubude bomuntu omdala bufinyelela ku-60-70 cm, amaphiko ayo adlula imitha elilodwa nohhafu, kanti isisindo sawo sifinyelela ku-1.6-2.3 kg. Izimpaphe zimhlophe, futhi emaphethelweni empiko kunezimpaphe ezimnyama ezibonakalayo. Izimpaphe eziseduze nomphimbo ziphuzi.
Inqe liyagqama ngekhanda lalo elinempandla; isikhumba sakhe siphuzi ngokugqamile, ngisho sinomthunzi owolintshi, futhi lokhu kuyamangaza kakhulu. Singasho ukuthi ukubukeka okungavamile kwekhanda kuyisici sayo esiyinhloko, lapho inyoni kulula kakhulu ukuyibona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgqomo uyabonakala, ophakama lapho ekhathazekile.
Amanqe amancane anombala ophuzi ngokunsundu, anamabala amancane. Njengoba zikhula, izimpaphe zazo kancane kancane zikhanya zibe mhlophe. I-iris yenyoni insundu ngokukhanya okubomvu, umsila umise okwekhanda.
Uqhwaku esisekelweni luphuzi ngokusawolintshi, kuthi ngasekugcineni lube mnyama, ligobeke phansi. Ibuthakathaka futhi mncane, futhi lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezinkulu esenza inqe londle kakhulu ngesidumbu, futhi, phezu kwesidumbu esincane: alikwazi nje ukudabula isikhumba esiqinile.
Izidladla zakhe nazo zibuthakathaka, ngakho-ke akakwazi ukuthwala inyamazane enkulu, kanye nokulwa - ngisho nezinyoni ezincane zivame ukuhloma ngoqhwaku noma uzipho olunamandla, ngakho-ke inqe ngeke likwazi ukulwa nazo. Lokho wukuthi, imvelo uqobo lwayo isinqume kusengaphambili ukuthi kufanele balinde ngokubekezela kuze kube yilapho bonke abanye benelisekile.
Uhlala kuphi amanqe?
Isithombe: Inqe endizeni
Le nyoni ihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, yize iqhathaniswa nebanga langaphambilini, eyamanje yehle kakhulu.
Kubandakanya:
- I-Afrika - ibhande elibanzi eduze kweTropic of Capricorn ukusuka eSenegal entshonalanga kuya eSomalia empumalanga;
- Eduze kwaseMpumalanga;
- I-Asia Minor;
- Iran;
- India;
- ECaucasus;
- IPyrenees, iMorocco neTunisia;
- Inhlonhlo yaseBalkan.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zindawo, kunezindawo ezincane zamanqe kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi eMedithera - ngokwesibonelo, eningizimu yeFrance ne-Italy. Phambilini, zaziziningi kakhulu, futhi le nyoni yayihlala kulo lonke iMedithera.
Kukhona ngisho nabantu abancane eRussia, eKrasnodar naseStavropol Territories, kanye naseNyakatho Ossetia naseDagestan. Inombolo isiyonke incane - cishe abantu abayi-200-300. Le nyoni incamela ukuhlala emadwaleni, kuyavama ukuthi ihlale emahlathini, kepha kuphela lezo eziseduze ne-steppe. Kuncane ukudla abakudlayo ehlathini, kodwa amadlelo kungenye indaba. Futhi bahlala kaningi eduze nezindawo zokuhlala.
Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi kukhona idamu eduze kwendawo yokuhlala: amanqe angabonakala kaningi eduze kwawo, aya lapho hhayi ukuyophuza kuphela, kodwa nokudla - imvamisa kunendawo eseduze, ngaphezu kwalokho, athanda ukubhukuda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ingahamba ibanga elide, kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwake kwaba nokuhlambalaza kombuso, lapho eSaudi Arabia, isidlulisi se-GPS esifakwe kwa-Israyeli satholwa kwenye yezinyoni - sasolwa ngobuhloli.
Manje uyazi lapho inqe lihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa inqe?
Isithombe: Vulture vulture
Amanqe adla:
- isidumbu;
- izithelo;
- amaqanda;
- izinsalela zokudla kwabantu;
- imfucuza yezilwane.
Kuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi amanqe adla izidumbu: ezinye izinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama ziyayidla, kepha akusizi ngalutho ukuthi amanqe ahlanganiswa nayo ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye, ngoba ithatha indawo eyinhloko ekudleni kwabo. Lezi kungaba yizidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, ezinye izinyoni, izinhlanzi, njalonjalo.
Zikhetha izidumbu zezilwane ezincane: ngenxa yomlomo obuthakathaka, azikwazi ukuphula isikhumba sezilwane ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, uma lolu uhlobo oluthile lwe-ungrate, inqe lingalinda kuphela kuze kube yilapho ezinye izilwane zigcwele, bese lizama ukuthola izinsalela ezingadingi ukuthi zidwengulwe ngamandla emzimbeni; noma ulinde kuze kube yilapho isidumbu sithanjiswa ukubola.
Imvamisa bahlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu, ngoba izidumbu ngobuningi obanele azitholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, kepha kuhlale kunodoti omningi kuzo naseduze kwazo. Amanqe nawo angazondla ngawo: athola ukudla okusele, ukudla okubolile, nokunye okunjalo, bese ekuhlukanisa phakathi. Bangadla futhi izithelo ngqo ezihlahleni.
Bayakwazi ukudla ngisho nendle: impela, ekugcineni, kodwa hhayi ngoba badidekile ngokunambitheka nephunga - ukubona kwabo bobabili, ngokusobala, kusonteke ngokuqinile. Vele ukuthi inani labo lokudla okunempilo namandla liphansi kakhulu, kepha amanqe angathola amakhalori ngisho nasendleni.
Yize bekhetha ukudla okungenakukwazi ukumelana nakho, babeka ingozi kwezinye izilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni: zivame ukonakalisa izidleke zabanye abantu, zidle amaqanda nezinkukhu. Izisulu azikwazi ukulwa nomhlambi wonke wamanqe, futhi imvamisa zingaphuma kuphela esidlekeni, zishiye inzalo idwengulwe.
Amanqe ayakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha emhlabathini, awasebenzisela ukubamba izilwane ezincane zomhlaba ezifana namagundane, izibankwa noma izinyoka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu bakwenza ngokungajwayelekile, ngoba akukho mehluko kubo - noma ngabe isidumbu noma inyamazane ephilayo, kepha owesibili usadinga ukubanjwa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inqe e-Andes
Inqe lindiza kalula futhi liyakwazi ukuthola ijubane elikhulu kofunayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokudla okufanayo kwezinyoni, kuncane kakhulu ukuthambekela futhi kundiza kakhudlwana. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubheka noma iyiphi inyamazane noma kuphi. Ezinye izinyoni azimesabi, ngisho nezinyoni ezincane zindiza zindiza ngokukhululeka.
Amanqe ahlanganisiwe ngokuvamile ahlala ndawonye iminyaka futhi ahlala esidlekeni esisodwa. Bangandizela kwenye, kodwa kuphela uma isimo sibaphoqa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi kunokudla okuncane eduze. Bahudula amagatsha kanye nemfucumfucu ehlukahlukene, amathambo, izintambo bangene ezidlekeni, futhi bakhiphe isakhiwo esingajwayelekile neze.
Ngaphakathi embotsheni edwaleni noma emhumeni, eduze kwesidleke, izinsalela zezilwane ezidliwayo zivame ukuhlakazeka - amanqe adla ikakhulukazi endaweni lapho ayithole khona, kodwa ezinye izingcezu zenyama zingasuswa nazo ukuze zidliwe kamuva. Okuthile kuhlala kungakaqedwa, kepha lezi zinsalela azisuswa ngamanqe, iphunga lokubola alibakhathazi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, babheka ngentshiseko inhlanzeko nokuhleleka kwezimpaphe, futhi nsuku zonke bachitha isikhathi esiningi behlanza izimpaphe futhi bazihlele kahle. Ngokuyinhloko, inqe lithule, akuvamile ukuzwa, futhi izwi lalo lingamangaza ngomculo walo: kunzima ukulindela into enjalo enyoni enjalo.
Abasabi abantu, e-Afrika bangabonakala njalo ezindaweni zokuhlala, lapho bahlala khona ophahleni lwezindlu bathuthelezele ezindaweni zokulahla udoti. Zingabizwa nangokuthi izinyoni ezikhukhumezayo, ziyakwazi ukuhlwitha ngokoqobo ukudla ezandleni zazo, zigqugquzelwa umbango ophakathi komhlambi - abesilisa abazikhukhumezayo bafuna ukuya phambili futhi babe ngabokuqala ukudla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amanqe
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, amanqe ahlala ikakhulukazi emaqenjini amancane ayishumi nambili noma amabili. Ezinye zihlala ngokuhlukana namaqembu, zodwa noma ngazimbili, imvamisa lezi kufanele zilinde inyamazane kuze kugcwale umhlambi. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi maphakathi nentwasahlobo, akha ngazimbili.
Isiko labo lokukhwelana lilula: abesilisa nabesifazane benza umdanso - bayakhuphuka futhi bawele phansi ngokujula okubukhali, bahlangane, babeke izidladla zabo phambili, ukuze kubonakale sengathi bazolwa. Ngemuva kokuphela kwesiko, bakha isidleke noma bandise leso esivele sakhiwe eminyakeni eyedlule.
Ngemuva kwalokho insikazi yenza ibamba, imvamisa amaqanda amabili, amhlophe anezindawo ezinsundu. Kwaphela amasonto ayisithupha, bobabili abazali babafukamela ngokushintshana. Amachwane asanda kuzalwa ambozwe umkhuhlane omhlophe, futhi ukufukamela kwawo akugcini lapho: ngeviki lokuqala noma amabili, insikazi ihlala esidlekeni, ngoba amaphuphu adinga ukufudunyezwa.
Kuphela lapho umkhuhlane wokuqala ushintshela kokukhulu kakhulu lapho iqala ukundiza iphume esidlekeni ukusiza owesilisa ekutholeni ukudla kwamachwane. Lapho nje zimbozwe izimpaphe, ziyaphuma esidlekeni bese ziqala ukushaya amaphiko azo, kepha azikwazi ukundiza okwamanje.
Bavuka ephikweni kuphela emavikini ayi-11 kuya ku-12 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, kepha bahlala nabazali babo nangemva kwalokho, yize ingxenye enkulu sebevele bazondla bona, bendiza nabazali babo. Ekwindla, baqala ukuhlala ngokuzimela, futhi ezindaweni ezibandayo bayandiza baye ebusika, lapho bahlala khona baze bafike ebusheni - lokhu kwenzeka eneminyaka emihlanu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isisu senqe sikhiqiza i-asidi enamandla ukwedlula ezinye izilwane, kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi zingadla inyama ebolayo: i-asidi ibulala onke amagciwane, ayenze ingabi nabungozi.
Izitha zemvelo zamanqe
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni
Phakathi kwezitha zamanqe:
- izinyoni ezizingelayo;
- izimpungushe;
- izimpisi;
- izimpungushe;
- abanye abakhwabanisi.
Azikho izingozi eziningi kangaka ezibhekene nezinyoni ezindala: izilwane ezidla ezinye azizizingeli, ngoba kulula kuzo ukubalekela izinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza, futhi kwezindizayo zinkulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamehlo abukhali, ukuze bakwazi ukubona isitha kude futhi ngomoya ophansi bandizele kude naye.
Abanye abakhwabanisi bayingozi kakhulu kubo: amanqe awanalo ithuba lokulwa nawo, ngakho-ke, noma ngabe afike ngaphambi kwesikhathi, angaxoshwa enyameni. Kufanele balinde kuze kube yilapho wonke umuntu esutha, ngaphandle kwabahlanzeli abancane kakhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi akukho okusalayo kubo.
Ezinye izinsongo kumatshwele: izidleke zamanqe zicekelwa phansi izinyoni ezidla inyama, ngokwesibonelo, izikhova, kanye namantshontsho asevele aqhamuka esidlekeni angadliwa yizimpisi nezimpungushe - futhi noma abazali babo beseduze, akukho abangakwenza ukuzivikela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubuhlakani bamanqe kufakazelwa yindlela aqhekeza ngayo amaqanda ezintshe. Amagobolondo abo awugqinsi futhi awanakuhlatshwa ngemilomo yawo, ngakho amanqe awajikijela ngamatshe. Ngasikhathi sinye, bazama ukusebenzisa itshe elincane ukuze bangalimazi kakhulu iqanda. Uma bekungenakwenzeka ukulihlephula, bakhetha itshe elisinda kancane, bese bekhetha elinye, njalonjalo lize liphule.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani inqe
Ngisho nasekuqaleni ngisho naphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, amanqe ayesakazekile - kwakungelona ize ukuthi adume kangaka. Kwakuneziningi zazo hhayi e-Afrika kuphela, kodwa nasezingxenyeni ezinkulu zase-Asia naseningizimu yeYurophu. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu babo cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala lehla ngokushesha emashumini eminyaka alandelayo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kwezinye izindawo lapho babehlala khona, abasekho nhlobo, kwezinye kusele abambalwa kakhulu, futhi ekuqaleni kwamanye amazwe babekhathalela ukulondoloza lezi zinhlobo, ngoba kuzo zacishe zanyamalala, kwase kuba nosongo kubantu bomhlaba. Lezi zinhlobo sezisengozini (EN), okusho ukuthi kufanele ivikelwe kuzo zonke izindawo.
Inani lamanqe selinciphe kakhulu emashumini eminyaka adlule ekhulu elidlule. Isizathu kwakuvame ukuthi kube yimithi yokugoma izilwane ezifuywayo: kwaba yingozi kakhulu kumanqe, noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa kwezolimo, ngokwesibonelo, ukwelapha amasimu ngokumelene nezinambuzane.
Ukwehla kwenani lamanqe ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba yinhlekelele nje, futhi kwezinye izindawo kuqhubeka ngesivinini esincane:
- eYurophu naseMiddle East, zehla ngesigamu esikhathini esisuka ku-1980 kuya ku-2001;
- e-Canary Islands kusuka ngo-1987 kuya ku-1998, inani labantu lehle ngama-30%;
- eNdiya, kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2017, zehle ngo-35%. Eduze naseDelhi, abantu abangu-30,000 babehlala, manje sebengasekho - kusele izinyoni eziyi-8-15 kuphela.
Ukuvikelwa kwamanqe
Isithombe: Inqe elivela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Emazweni amaningi, ukuvinjelwa kuye kwafakwa ezintweni ezinobuthi kulezi zinyoni, kodwa ngesikhathi sokufuduka, amanqe avame ukuphela emazweni angakasebenzi kuwo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphela kwazo, kudingeka imizamo yamazwe amaningi kakhulu, futhi kuze kube manje awakwazanga ukuyixhumanisa.
Yize kunjalo, inqubekela phambili seyenziwe ngekhulu leminyaka elisha - okungenani inani lamanqe alisehli ngokushesha njengakuqala, yize lisahla. Ngaphezu kokuvinjelwa kwezinto ezinobuthi, kudingeka ezinye izindlela eziningi. Ngakho-ke, izincomo ze-International Union for Conservation of Nature zifaka ukuhlelwa kokondla lapho kunezimbalwa khona.
Kunamazwe amaningi lapho lokhu sekwenziwe khona, futhi imicimbi enjalo ingazuzisa izinyoni kuphela, kodwa futhi nabahleli ngokwabo, ngoba abavakashi bezemvelo beza ukuzobona lokhu. Kwezinye izindawo, amanqe afuyelwa ekuthunjweni, afundiswe ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa bese ededelwa endle. Yile ndlela okwakhiwe ngayo abantu, okulula kakhulu ukuvikela.
ERussia, amanqe esidleke kuphela, futhi kusadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela. Phambilini, bahlangana eCrimea, kepha manje sebephelile, kepha basendizela eCaucasus. Iningi lazo liseDagestan, kepha nalapho kule minyaka yamuva sekunciphe kakhulu kunakuqala.
Yize lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yezinkinga ezindaweni zobusika, ukuwohloka kwezindawo zokuzalela nakho kube nomthelela kulokhu kwehla. Ukusiza ukulondoloza lezi zinhlobo, yafakwa kwiRed Data Books yezifunda lapho abameleli bayo basandizela esidlekeni.
Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, kuhlelwe ukuthatha izinyathelo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukusetha izindawo eziningana zokudla zezinyoni, ukudala ipaki yemvelo yezidleke zazo eziphephile, ukugcina irekhodi lazo zonke izidleke zazo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokuvikela olunemininingwane eminingi.
Makube njalo, inqe, ngokungafani nezinkozi noma okhetshe, ayihlotshaniswa nento ephakeme neqhoshayo, kodwa ukuqothulwa kwayo kudinga nje ukuvinjelwa. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amanqe abaluleke kakhulu njengababhubhisi bezidumbu: njengoba abacwaningi basungula, kulezo zindawo abanyamalala kuzo, izidumbu zilele kude kakhulu, yingakho izilwane zivame ukugula.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/13/2019
Idethi yokuvuselela: 09.09.2019 ngo-15: 01
