Ujekamanzi - lesi yisinambuzane se-arthropod esinemilenze eyisithupha, esingaphansi kwesinambuzane esinamaphiko, ukuhleleka kukajekamanzi. Ukuhleleka kukajekamanzi njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-6650 zalezi zinambuzane. Ojekamanzi izinambuzane ezidlayo ezinkulu ngokwanele ezinekhanda eligudlukayo, amehlo amakhulu, isisu eside futhi esizacile namaphiko amane asobala. Zitholakala emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ebandayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ujekamanzi
I-Odonáta noma ojekamanzi izinambuzane ezidlayo ezingaphansi kohlobo lwe-arthropod, i-subclass yezinambuzane ezinamaphiko nokuhleleka kwe-dragonfly. Ngokokuqala ngqa, le nhlangano yachazwa nguFabrice ngo-1793. Ojekamanzi bahleleke kakhulu, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-6650. Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezingama-608 zithathwa njengezinhlobo ezingasekho, kanti izinhlobo ezingama-5899 zalezi zinambuzane zihlala emhlabeni wethu ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Isikwati sejekamanzi sihlukaniswe ngama-sub sub 3:
- ezinamaphiko amaningi;
- amasimtera;
- umabhebhana.
Ojekamanzi bayiqembu lasendulo kakhulu lezinambuzane. Ojekamanzi bokuqala bahlala emhlabeni esikhathini seCarboniferous senkathi yePaleozoic. Lezi zinambuzane zisuselwa ezinambuzaneni ezinkulu ze-dragonfly mega-neuras. IMeganeuras kwakuyizinambuzane ezinkulu ezinamaphiko afinyelela kumasentimitha angama-66. Lezi zinambuzane zazithathwa njengezinambuzane ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo. Kamuva, ama-mega-neuras azala amaqembu alandelayo ezizukulwane zawo: uKennedyina noDitaxineurina, la maqembu ezinambuzane ayehlala esikhathini seTriassic senkathi yeMesozoic. Zazinkulu, amaphiko alezi zinambuzane ayengaba ngamasentimitha ayi-9 ubude. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula, ayegoqwa ngaphansi kwesisu salesi sinambuzane.
Ividiyo: Ujekamanzi
Lesi sinambuzane besibuye sibe nobhasikidi wokuthuthuka osetshenziselwe ukubamba inyamazane. Ngesikhathi seJurassic, kwafika amaqembu alandelayo: iLestomorpha neLibellulomorpha kulezi zinambuzane, izibungu zakhula endaweni yasemanzini futhi zazinezindiza ezithuthukisiwe. Izinambuzane zeqembu laseLibellulida zazihlala e-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika nase-Australia esikhathini seTriassic. I-Mega-neuras ibisahlala e-Eurasia ngaleso sikhathi, kepha ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo imizimba yabo nemikhuba yabo ishintshile. Esikhathini seJurassic, ama-meganeurines afinyelela esicongweni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi ahlala yonke i-Eurasia. Lezi zinambuzane "zazinebhasikidi lokuzingela" futhi zazikwazi ukuzingela nazo ngesikhathi sezindiza. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kuleli qembu kwakwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-epithelium yokuphefumula, kepha futhi kwakukhona nama-lamellar gill, aguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ayeka ukwenza umsebenzi wokushintshaniswa kwegesi futhi kwafakwa izikhala zangaphakathi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, inzalo yomndeni wakwaCalopterygoidea yavela ngokuqinile kusuka esimweni sokuqala. Izimpiko zalezi zinambuzane zancipha, zahlaselwa futhi ubukhulu bezimpiko baba okufanayo. Esikhathini se-Jurassic, izinambuzane ze-suborder Anisozygoptera ziba kabanzi kakhulu, inani lazo elincipha kakhulu ngesikhathi seCretaceous, kodwa leli qembu lihlala lisabalele phakathi nesikhathi se-polygenic. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlobo ezinjengonojekamanzi ezifana neCoenagrionidae, iLestidae neLibelluloidea, nezinye zivele zanyamalala.Izilwane zaseCainozoic sezivele zihlalwa yizinhlobo zanamuhla zojekamanzi. Ngesikhathi seNeocene, i-ethnofauna ayifani neze neyesimanje. Inani labantu baseZygoptera lehla kakhulu, kepha iCoenagrionidae neLestidae baba yizinhlobo eziningi kakhulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka ujekamanzi
Zonke ojekamanzi banokubukeka okubonakalayo. Umbala walezi zinambuzane ungahluka.
Emzimbeni wesinambuzane, kukhishwa okulandelayo:
- ikhanda ngamehlo amakhulu;
- umzimba ocwebezelayo okhanyayo;
- isifuba;
- amaphiko asobala.
Lezi zinambuzane, kuye ngohlobo lwazo, zingaba nosayizi ohlukile: ojekamanzi abancane kunabo bonke bangama-15 mm ubude, kanti abakhulu kunabo bonke cishe bangama-10 cm ubude. Ikhanda likhulu, lingazungeziswa ngo-180 °. Ekhanda likajekamanzi kukhona amehlo, aqukethe inani elikhulu le-ommatidia, inombolo yawo isukela ku-10 kuye ku-27.5 ayizinkulungwane. Ama-ommathies aphansi angabona imibala kuphela, kanti engenhla kuphela ukwakheka kwezinto. Ngenxa yalesi sici, i-dragonfly ikwazi ukuziqondisa kahle futhi ithole kalula isisulu sayo. Ingxenye ye-parietal ivuvukile, kune-ocelli emithathu ku-vertex. Izimpondo ze-dragonfly zifushane, zingaphansi, ziqukethe izingxenye ze-4-7.
Umlomo unamandla, wakhiwa ngezindebe ezimbili ezingabhangiwe - ngaphezulu nangaphansi. Udebe olungezansi luqukethe ama-lobes ama-3, amboze imihlathi enamandla ephansi. Okungenhla kunesimo sepuleti elifushane, elengiswe ohlangothini olunqamulelayo, leqa umhlathi ongaphezulu. Indebe engezansi inkulu kunaleyo engenhla, ngenxa yokuthi isinambuzane singahlafuna inyamazane lapho indiza.
Isifuba siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: i-prothorax, i-metathorax ne-mesothorax. Ingxenye ngayinye yesifuba inezitho, futhi amaphiko ezinambuzane atholakala maphakathi nangemuva. Ingaphambili lihlukaniswe phakathi. Maphakathi nangemuva kwesifuba kuhlanganisiwe futhi kwakha i-synthorax, ebonwa ngemuva kwesifuba. Isimo sesifuba sicwecwe kusuka ezinhlangothini, ingxenye yesifuba esingemuva ihlehliselwe emuva. I-mesothorax itholakala ngenhla kwe-metathorax, edala ukuthi amaphiko ahlangane ngemuva kwemilenze. Isimemezelo sihlukaniswe ngama-lobes ama-3; i-lobe ephakathi ngokuvamile ine-indenti. Izingxenye lapho amaphiko atholakala khona zingama-hypertrophied pleirites.
Izimpiko zisobala, zinezingqimba ezimbili ze-chitinous, ngayinye yakhiwa uhlelo lwayo lwemithambo. Le mithambo iyashayana, ngakho-ke inethiwekhi yayo ibonakala iyinto eyodwa. Le venation iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iminyene. Ama-oda ahlukile alezi zinambuzane anezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokudlisa.
Isisu sikajekamanzi ngokuvamile siyindilinga futhi sihlangene. Ezinhlotsheni ezingavamile, iyisicaba. Isisu senza ingxenye enkulu yomzimba walesi sinambuzane. Iqukethe izingxenye eziyishumi. Ezinhlangothini kukhona ulwelwesi lwe-spittoon, oluvumela ujekamanzi agobe. Zonke izingxenye ngaphandle kwe-9 ne-10 zine-sigma eyodwa. Ekupheleni kwesisu, kukhona izengezo ezi-2 ezindala kwabesifazane, ezi-3-4 kwabesilisa. Kwabesifazane, izitho zangasese zitholakala ekugcineni kwesisu, kwabesilisa, isitho sokuhlanganiswa sitholakala engxenyeni yesi-2 yesisu, kanti ama-vas deferens asengxenyeni yeshumi yesisu. Amaphethelo aqinile futhi athuthukiswe kahle futhi aqukethe: amathanga, i-coxa, i-tibia, i-vetluga, imilenze. Kunameva ezithweni.
Uhlala kuphi ujekamanzi?
Isithombe: Ujekamanzi Opinki
Ojekamanzi basakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinambuzane azitholakali, mhlawumbe, kuphela e-Antarctica. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zezinhlobo zalezi zinambuzane zingatholakala endaweni ye-Indo-Malay. Kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-1,664 zojekamanzi. Izinhlobo eziyi-1640 zihlala kumaNeotropics. Futhi, ojekamanzi bathanda ukuhlala e-Afrotropics, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-889 zihlala lapho, esifundeni sase-Australia kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-870.
Emazweni anesimo sezulu esipholile, zimbalwa izinhlobo zojekamanzi ezihlala, lokhu kungenxa yesimo sokuqina komzimba walezi zinambuzane. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-560 ePalaearctic, ezingama-451 e-Nearctic. Impilo yonke, lezi zinambuzane zikhetha izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama. Ubukhona besiziba bubaluleke kakhulu kojekamanzi; ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, insikazi ibeka amaqanda emanzini, amaqanda kanye nezibungu kuyakhula endaweni yasemanzini. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwazo, ojekamanzi banezimvo ezahlukahlukene maqondana nokukhethwa kwemizimba yamanzi kanye nesidingo sokuhlala eduze kwamanzi. Isibonelo, ojekamanzi bohlobo lwe-Pseudostigmatinae banelisekile ngamachibi amancane wamanzi we-underbrush. Bangasebenzisa amachibi amancane, amachibi noma imigodi egcwele amanzi ukuzalanisa. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala eduze kwemifula, amachibi namachibi.
Izibungu zichitha impilo yazo emanzini, kanti abantu abadala, njengoba sebefunde ukundiza, bangandiza amabanga amade. Kutholakala emadlelweni, emaphethelweni ehlathi. Ojekamanzi bayathanda ukushiswa yilanga, kubaluleke kakhulu kubo. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ojekamanzi bandizela emazweni anezimo ezifudumele. Abanye ojekamanzi bandiza baze bafike kuma-2900 km. Kwesinye isikhathi ojekamanzi bafuduka ngobuningi babo ikakhulukazi. Kwaphawulwa imihlambi efinyelela ezigidini eziyikhulu zabantu. Kepha kaningi ojekamanzi abaphambukeli emihlambini, kepha bandiza bodwa.
Manje uyazi lapho i-dragonfly itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Udlani ujekamanzi?
Isithombe: Dragonfly ngokwemvelo
Ojekamanzi izinambuzane ezidla ezinye. Abantu abadala badla cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezihlala emoyeni.
Ukudla kukajekamanzi kuhlanganisa:
- omiyane;
- izimpukane kanye ne-midges;
- imvukuzane;
- amabhungane;
- izicabucabu;
- inhlanzi encane;
- ezinye ojekamanzi.
Izibungu ze-Dragonfly zidla omiyane nezimpungushe ezindizayo, ama-crustaceans amancane, inhlanzi ethosiwe.
Ngokuya ngezindlela zokuzingela, lezi zinambuzane zihlukaniswe zaba ama-subspecies amaningi.:
- abazingeli abakhulu abazingela esigabeni esingenhla. Leli qembu lifaka izinhlobo zojekamanzi ezinamaphiko anamandla futhi athuthukile akwazi ukundiza kahle futhi ngokushesha. Lezi zinhlobo zingasebenzisa ukuzingela kwamaphakethe, kepha kaningi zizingela zodwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amabili kuya kwayi-9 ngaphezulu komhlaba;
- izidalwa ezindizayo zamahhala ezizingela esigabeni esiphakathi. Lezi ojekamanzi zizingela endaweni ephakeme engafika kumamitha amabili. Zifuna ukudla ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuphumula zingahlala otshanini imizuzu embalwa, bese ziqala ukuzingela futhi;
- ukubamba ojekamanzi. Lolu hlobo luhlukaniswa ngendlela yalo engavamile yokuzingela. Zihlala buthule emaqabungeni noma eziqu zezitshalo, zibheke inyamazane, ngezikhathi ezithile ziyaphuka zihlasele;
- ojekamanzi abahlala esigabeni esiphansi. Lezi ojekamanzi zizingela emahlathini otshani. Zishaya kancane zisuka kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye zifuna izinambuzane ezihlala kulesi sitshalo. Lolu hlobo ludla isisulu sihleli esitshalweni, futhi aludli ngesikhathi sendiza.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-cannibalism ivame kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-dragonfly. Ojekamanzi abadala bangadla ojekamanzi abancane nezibungu. Kwesinye isikhathi izinsikazi, ngemuva kokukhwelana, zingahlasela eyesilisa ziyidle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Blue dragonfly
Ezweni lethu, ojekamanzi baphila kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba. Emazweni afudumele nasendaweni eshisayo, lezi zinambuzane zihlala unyaka wonke. Ojekamanzi izinambuzane ezinendlela yokuphila diurnal. Iningi elisebenzayo esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesifudumele.
Ekuseni, ojekamanzi bazama ukuzithamela elangeni, behleli ematsheni noma izingcezu zokhuni. Ngesikhathi sokushisa kwasemini, bathatha isikhundla se- "glare", lapho ithiphu ekhanyayo yesisu iqondiswe khona elangeni. Lokhu kunciphisa umthelela wokukhanya kwelanga emzimbeni wezinambuzane futhi kusiza ukugwema ukushisa ngokweqile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ojekamanzi cishe abayisebenzisi imilenze yabo ukunyakaza, basetshenziswa kuphela ngesikhathi sokusuka nokwehla. Izitho zombili ezingemuva zisetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane.
Ojekamanzi bayazingela ekuseni nakusihlwa. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyasebenza kakhulu entathakusa. Ngesikhathi sasemini, ojekamanzi bamatasa ngokuzala. Ebusuku, izinambuzane zicasha phakathi kwamahlathi aminyene notshani. Ikakhulukazi ojekamanzi bahlala bodwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yokwakheka kwamaphiko abo, ojekamanzi bangandiza ngokushesha okukhulu, benze ukushintshana okuthakazelisayo emoyeni, futhi bathuthele amabanga amade. Ngenxa yokuthi ojekamanzi bakwazile ukundiza, kunzima kakhulu ukubabambela izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ojekamanzi
Lezi zinambuzane zidlula ezigabeni ezintathu zenguquko.:
- iqanda;
- ama-naiads noma izibungu;
- izinambuzane ezindala (abadala).
Ojekamanzi abaningi bayakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo engaphezu kweyodwa ngonyaka. Izinambuzane zikhwelana ngqo emoyeni. Ngaphambi kokukhwelana, abesilisa benza uhlobo lomdanso wesiko phambi kowesifazane. Zindizela kuye zenza izinto ezingajwayelekile emoyeni. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, abesifazane bazalela amaqanda angama-260 kuya kwangama-500. Isizathu sokufa kwamaqanda ukuwadla ezinye izidalwa, kubandakanya ojekamanzi.
Futhi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, noma ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa lomoya. Ezimweni ezikahle, izibungu zichanyuselwa emaqandeni ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, kepha imvamisa ezimweni zezulu ezipholile, izibungu zichanyuselwa kuphela entwasahlobo elandelayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amaqanda e-Dragonfly angadlula ebusika angashintshi kanti izibungu zizochamusela entwasahlobo ezayo.
Achanyuselwa kuphela eqandeni, ubukhulu bezibungu bungu-1 mm. Kulesi sigaba, isibungu siphila imizuzu embalwa nje, bese siqala ukuncibilika. Ngokuya ngama-subspecies, izibungu zikhula ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene futhi zidlulise inani elihlukile lama-molts. Izibungu ziyakwazi ukuzondla ngokuzimela futhi ziholele impilo engaphansi kwamanzi.
Imvamisa izibungu azisebenzi, zigobhoza emhlabathini noma zicashe phakathi kolwelwe. Izibungu zejekamanzi zidla izibungu zomiyane nezinye izinambuzane, gazinga lezinhlanzi ezincane nama-crustaceans.
Izitha zemvelo zikajekamanzi
Isithombe: Blue dragonfly
Izitha eziyinhloko zojekamanzi:
- izinyoni;
- izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye;
- izicabucabu ze-orb-web, izicabucabu ezi-vagrant nama-tetranatids;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- izilwane ezincelisayo.
Amaqanda nezibungu ezincane kudliwa yizinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans nezinye izibungu. Amaqanda amaningi afa ngaphandle kokuchamuselwa, adliwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, noma isimo sezulu esingesihle asiwavumeli ukuthi akhule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ojekamanzi bavamise ukukhungathwa ama-sporozoan. Ama-trematode, izikelemu eziyindilinga nezibungu zamanzi. Ngenxa yendlela yabo yokuphila, ojekamanzi nabo bavame ukuba yizisulu zezitshalo ezinambuzane.
Ojekamanzi izinambuzane ezinamandla kakhulu ezindiza ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngesikhathi sasemini, bangazifihla ngaphansi kwelanga, behleli ezitshalweni noma ezihlahleni ngesisu sabo sibheke phansi, amaphiko abo asobala akabonakali kahle ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla ezinye, futhi lokhu kufihla kuvumela ojekamanzi ukuba bazungeze isitha ngeminwe yabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ojekamanzi bandiza ngobunyoninco, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ujekamanzi; okuwukuphela kwendlela umhlaseli angazidla ngayo ngalesi sinambuzane ukusimangaza. Izibungu, ezizivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, zizama ukungena emhlabathini, noma zicashe kulwelwe. Izibungu zivame ukubhukuda, yize zikwazi kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka ujekamanzi
Inani labantu be-oda i-Odonáta liningi futhi lehlukahlukene. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-6650 zalezi zinambuzane emhlabeni. Lezi zinambuzane zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi futhi ziyafuduka. Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinambuzane zihlala futhi zizalana kahle endle. Kodwa-ke, namuhla ezinye izinhlobo zojekamanzi zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa futhi inani labo lehla ngokushesha. Lokhu kungenxa yokungcola komuntu kwezindawo ezihlala ujekamanzi.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zifakiwe kwiRed Book. Ekupheleni kuka-2018, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-300 kwiRed Book. Kulezi, izinhlobo eziyi-121 zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, izinhlobo ezingaphansi kuka-127 zinesimo sezinambuzane ezisengozini, kanti izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingu-19 sezivele zingasekho. Izinhlobo zeMegalagrion jugorum zithathwa njengezingasekho. Kubantu bomhlaba jikelele, ngokujwayelekile, cishe u-10% wazo zonke izinhlobo ze-dragonfly usengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Ojekamanzi bayiqembu elibaluleke kakhulu elikhombisa isimo semizimba yamanzi, njengoba izibungu ze-dragonfly zisabela ngokuqinile kunoma yiluphi ushintsho kwikhwalithi yamanzi. Emizimbeni yamanzi engcolile, kufa izibungu zejekamanzi. Ukuze kugcinwe inani lalezi zinambuzane, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqaphele kakhulu imvelo. Faka imishini yokuhlanza kumabhizinisi, dala izindawo ezivikelwe ezindaweni ezihlala ojekamanzi.
Ukuvikelwa ojekamanzi
Isithombe: Ujekamanzi ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ojekamanzi badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emvelweni. Lezi zinambuzane zibulala izinambuzane ezimunca igazi ezithwala izifo ezahlukahlukene. Izibungu ze-Dragonfly zinikeza ukudla kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, futhi izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo nezicabucabu zidla izinambuzane ezindala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ojekamanzi bayizinkomba ezinhle kakhulu zesimo semvelo, ngoba izibungu ze-dragonfly azikwazi ukukhula emanzini angcolile. Namuhla, izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinambuzane zibhalwe ku-International Red Book yokulandelwa kwabantu. Bangaphansi kokuvikelwa okukhethekile.
Umphakathi wokuvikela ojekamanzi wenziwe, obandakanyeka ekulandeleni inani lalezi zinambuzane. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha ngumuntu kanye nokufika kwamadolobha, inani lojekamanzi laqala ukwehla. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhishwa kwemizimba yamanzi ngabantu, ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi, imigwaqo kanye namadolobha.
Ujekamanzi - inambuzane enhle kakhulu futhi emangalisayo. Kuyajabulisa kakhulu ukubuka lezi zidalwa.Kufanele siqaphele kakhulu imvelo ukuze silondoloze ukwehluka kwalezi zinambuzane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/11/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-18: 13
