Impisi empunga - ummeleli omkhulu womndeni we-canine. Isilwane esihle, esinamandla, sinokufana kwangaphandle ne-East European Shepherd Dog, kepha sibukeka sincane, sihambisana kakhulu. Izilwane zihlakaniphe kakhulu. Ukuphunyuka ngamasu ekuphishekeleni bese ubamba amathrekhi. Ngokwakha umbhangqwana, banakekela inzalo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokwesaba, bavusa umuzwa wenhlonipho.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Impisi Mpunga
Impisi ejwayelekile noma impisi empunga (evela eLatin Canis lupus) ingeyomndeni we-canine. Ndawonye ne-coyote, impungushe nezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezilwane, bakha uhlobo lwezimpisi. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo lwe-DNA yabo, kwavezwa ukuthi lesi silwane singukhokho oqondile wenja yasekhaya, kuyilapho eyesibili ibhekwa njengezinhlanya zempisi.
Okhokho okungenzeka abe nguyena wesilo yiCanis lepophagus, i-canine enokhakhayi oluncane olwalukhona ngesikhathi seMiocene. Ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwama-borophages, ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, u-C. lepophagus wakhula ngosayizi, nogebhezi lwakhula. Izinsalela ezitholakala eNyakatho Melika kungenzeka ukuthi zingezokhokho wazo zonke izimpisi zanamuhla.
Ividiyo: Impisi Mpunga
Izimpisi zokuqala ezimpunga zaqala ukuvela esikhathini sePleistocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona ama-priscolatrans ezinhlobo ze-Canis, kamuva aguqukela ku-C. mosbachensis, ngaphandle acishe afane nezimpisi ezivamile zanamuhla. Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 edlule, yaguqukela kuCanis lupus.
Ngesikhathi seHolocene, lolu hlobo lwahlala eNyakatho Melika, lapho impisi enzima yayivele ihlala khona. Ngenxa yokushoda kwezilwane ezinkulu, impisi ebabazekayo yanyamalala cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-8 eyedlule. Ukuvela kwempisi empunga kwabangela ukuncintisana kwezilwane ezincane nezinamahloni, okwasheshisa inqubo yokuqothulwa.
Umhlobo lo unama-subspecies angama-37 ngokwe-Mammal Species of the World kanti angama-38 ngokwe-United Taxonomic Information Service, ayi-13 awo asephelile. Iningi labantu phambilini lalibhekwa njengezinhlayiya ezihlukile, kepha kamuva lahlanganiswa ngenxa yokushoda komehluko wofuzo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impisi
Umzingeli omncane, onomthethosisekelo onamandla, imilenze emide, ubuna kakhulu. Intamo imfishane futhi iminyene, ingemuva liyathambeka, ikhanda likhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nebunzi elibanzi, isifonyo sifushane. Ijazi linzima; umugqa omnyama ugijima ogwini, obonakala kakhulu kwabesilisa. Umbala ompunga, onombala onsundu ngokubomvu. Emilenzeni nasesiswini, umbala ulula.
Izici zomzimba:
- ubude bomzimba - 100-160 cm;
- umsila ubude - 30-50 cm;
- ukuphakama kubuna - 75-90 cm;
- isisindo - 35-70 kg;
- isisindo ngonyaka 1 - 20-30 kg.
Abesifazane bacishe babe ngama-20% amancane futhi alula. Usayizi wenza isilwane sibe ngesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu emndenini. Abantu bafinyelela ebudaleni lapho beneminyaka engu-2.5-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, anesisindo esingaba ngama-50 kilograms. Izakhamizi zaseSiberia nase-Alaska zikhudlwana kancane, isisindo sazo singaphezu kwama-70 kilogram.
Isilwane sigijima sibhekise ikhanda phansi. Enye indlebe iqaphile phambili, enye emuva. Lapho uhamba, umsila ulenga phansi; lapho ugijima, uphakanyiselwa ezingeni ngemuva. Amathrekhi afana nesimo senja, kepha imidwebo emikhulu yezinzipho iyabonakala. Ubude bethrekhi ngamasentimitha ayi-10-12. Ngokungafani neminwe ye-canine, iminwe yempisi igcinwa "ebholeni".
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho sihamba, ikakhulukazi lapho sigijima, isilwane sinyathela umzila. Izinyawo zangemuva zilandela ngqo unyathela lwezinyawo zangaphambili. Iminonjana ihlelwe ngomugqa oqondile.
Ukhakhayi lukhulu, amakhala abanzi. Kunamazinyo abukhali angama-42 emlonyeni, angakwazi ukumelana nomthwalo cishe wama-megapascal ayi-10. Ukuphela kwamazinyo esilwane kuyabulala futhi kuholela endlaleni. Ngokusho kobuso obuzwakalayo besilo, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi zemizwa - intukuthelo, intukuthelo, ubumnandi, usongo, uthando, ukuqapha, ukwesaba, ukuzola.
Ihlala kuphi impisi?
Isithombe: Impisi empunga ehlathini
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, uhla lwezilwane esikhathini esedlule lwalubeka indawo yesibili ngemuva kwabantu. Lokhu kwakuyindawo enkulu yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Esikhathini sethu, izindawo zokuhlala kwezimpisi zehle kakhulu. Namuhla, lesi silwane sesivamile ezindaweni eziningi zaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, e-Asia, ezwekazini laseNdiya.
Umngcele osenyakatho wale ndawo ugu lolwandle i-Arctic Ocean. ENingizimu - 16 degrees latitude latitude. Izilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa zihlukanisa ama-steppes, i-tundra, ama-semi-desert, ama-step-steppe. Izindawo ezingamahlathi aminyene ziyagwenywa. Ama-subspecies amakhulu kakhulu atholakala e-tundra, amancane ahlala ezifundeni eziseningizimu.
Ezindaweni ezinezintaba kuhlala ezindaweni ezisukela enyaweni kuya ezimfundeni eziphakeme. Zikhetha izindawo ezivulekile. Bangakwazi ukuhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu. E-taiga, yasakazeka eceleni kwesiqephu sokusika sendawo ye-taiga. Izilwane zimaka imingcele yeziza zazo ngomchamo nangendle.
Insimu ehlala umhlambi owodwa ingamakhilomitha angama-30-60. Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo-ekuqaleni kwehlobo, lapho umhlambi wehlukana, indawo ehlala kuyo nayo ihlukaniswa. Indawo ehamba phambili iya kwabashadikazi abakhulu. E-steppes nase-tundra, ungathola abantu abazulazula ngemuva kwemfuyo yezilwane ezifuywayo noma izinyamazane.
Lapho kuzaliswa inzalo, izindawo zokukhosela zemvelo zivame ukusetshenziswa - izihlahlana zezihlahla, imifantu emadwaleni, imigodi yezinye izilwane. Kwesinye isikhathi izidlakela ziyamba zodwa. Ngemuva kokukhula kwamawundlu, umndeni uyayeka ukusebenzisa umhhume; bahlala kwezinye izindawo eziphephile ukuze bakhosele.
Manje uyazi lapho impisi empunga ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi yini le edliwayo.
Idlani impisi?
Isithombe: Impisi empunga ebusika
Izimpisi ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukudla kutholakala ngokuzingela okusebenzayo, ngokulandela izisulu.
Ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, isisekelo sokudla kwezimpisi yizilwane ezahlukahlukene:
- itundra - i-reindeer;
- ibhande lehlathi - izingulube zasendle, i-moose, izinyamazane zezinyamazane, izinyamazane;
- ama-steppes kanye nezingwadule - izinhlwathi.
Imvamisa isilo singabanjwa sizingela imfuyo - izinkomo, izimvu, amahhashi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinja. Uma kungabikho isisulu esikhulu, kubanjwa ama-hares, amagundane, kanye nama-gopher. Ehlobo ngeke bahluleke ukucekela phansi isidleke senyoni nokudla amaqanda noma amatshwele amancane. Kwesinye isikhathi bangakhipha ihansi elifuywayo emhlambini.
Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-corsacs, izimpungushe, ama-raccoon abe yisisulu sesilwane. Ikakhulukazi abantu abalambile bangaphazamisa ibhere emgodini. Ngeke badelele ukudla isidumbu semfuyo, izilwane ezigulayo, ezenziwe buthaka yimpi, edutshulwa abazingeli. Ngenkathi elambile, bavame ukubuyela ezinsaleleni zezilwane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunecala elaziwayo lapho iphakethe lezimpisi libulala ibhere elincane.
Ogwini lolwandle, badla izidumbu zezimpawu zamanzi ezifile ezigezwe ogwini. Isilwane esilambile ngaphandle kokungabaza sizohlasela ixoxo, isibankwa, inyoka noma ibhungane elikhulu. Izakhamizi zaseNingizimu zifaka amajikijolo, izithelo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amakhowe ekudleni kwawo. Emathafeni, bahlela ukuhlasela amakhabe namakhabe ukuze baqede ukoma kwabo, kubaphathe kabi lapho kushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abayidli ikhabe lokuqala abahlangana nalo, kodwa baququda baze bathole elivuthiwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impisi Mpunga
Izilwane ezihlasela izilwane ebusuku. Benza umkhulungwane omkhulu ukukhombisa ukuba khona kwabo. Ngosizo lwayo, abantu baxhumana bodwa emabangeni amade, ukukhala kukuvumela ukuthi nibonane, nibize amalungelo ezintweni zabo, futhi ninakekele umlingani wabo wesikhathi esizayo.
Lapho zizingela, izimpisi ziziphatha ngokuthula, ngaphandle kokwenza imisindo engadingekile. Kuzo zonke izinzwa ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, ukuzwa yikhona okuthuthuke kakhulu, kulandelwe ukuhogela, ukubona - endaweni yesithathu. I-Reflexes nemisebenzi yengqondo ithuthukiswe kahle futhi ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nobugovu, amandla, isivinini kanye neminye imininingwane ekhulisa amathuba okusinda.
Izimpisi azikwazi ukukhala kuphela, kodwa futhi nokugquma, yap, ukukhala, ukukhonkotha. Ephaketheni, isinali lokuhlasela likhishwa ngumholi. Abanye bayamjoyina. Lo msindo uyefana nokubhonga kwenja ethukuthele izokhokhisa. Iningi lokuhewula kuzwakala kusihlwa noma ebusuku, kodwa hhayi nsuku zonke. Ukuhewula ngokuhlanganyela kubhekisa kusibonakaliso sokuba semphakathini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbhali wemvelo uF. Mowet uhlangane e-tundra yaseCanada no-Eskimo ogama lakhe lingu-Utek, owayeqonda imiyalezo yezwi ethunyelwa izimpisi komunye nomunye.
Iphunga livumela izidalwa ukuthi zizwe inyamazane engafika kumakhilomitha ama-3. Impumulo yazo inkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-14 kuneyomuntu, kodwa iphunga layo lingcono ngokuphindwe kayikhulu. Abantu bahlukanisa imiphunga eyizigidi ezi-5, kanti izimpisi zihlukanisa izigidi ezingama-200. Ulwazi oluningi lwesilo luza ngephunga.
Izilwane ezizingelayo azizingeli eduze komhume wazo. Ukufuna inyamazane, bahamba amakhilomitha ayi-8-10 ukusuka ekhaya. Izilwane zikwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esingu-50-60 km / h. Ebusuku, bangahamba amakhilomitha angama-70-80. Ukusheshisa, badinga amamitha ama-4 ukujaha ngejubane eligcwele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impisi yasendle empunga
Izimpisi ezimpunga zinomfazi oyedwa. Banendlela yokuphila yomndeni. Umhlambi ungaqukatha abantu abayi-3 kuye kwabangu-40. Siqukethe i-alpha wesilisa, i-alpha wesifazane, izingane zabo nezihlobo. Lezi zithandani zizoba khona kuze kube kushona omunye wozakwethu. Amantshontsho kadoti owodwa awahlangani; umzwelo wemvelo ubenza babheke umlingani komunye umhlambi.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa senziwa ngoJanuwari-Ephreli. Njengoba abalingani be-alpha pair bevikelana ngonya kwabanye abantu, ukungezwani kokuzulazula ephaketheni. Abesilisa bazungeza izimpisi ezizodwa. Imvamisa kuba nokulwa kwabesifazane, okuvame ukubulala.
Lapho nje sekwenziwe ipheya, abalingani ngokushesha bafuna indawo efanelekayo yenzalo yesikhathi esizayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa nowesifazane bayathandana, bahlikihla izinhlangothi zabo. Ngokushesha nje lapho impisi eyinduna isishisa, ama-pheromone ayakhishwa ngomchamo wakhe, kukhombisa owesilisa ukuthi ahlangane.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili. Ngesinye isikhathi, kusuka ezinganeni ezintathu kuya kwezingu-13 eziyizimpumputhe. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, aqala ukubona. Okokuqala, amawundlu adla ubisi lukanina, bese abazali bephindisela inyama kubo. Bese kulethwa izisulu ezibulewe. Umhlambi wonke ubandakanyekile kule nqubo.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, amawundlu aqala ukuzingela. Yize abazali bezivikela ngentshiseko izingane zabo, kufika ku-80% wezingane ezifa ngonyaka wokuqala. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi eminyakeni emibili, abesilisa beneminyaka engu-3. Ukuguga kuqala eminyakeni eyi-10-12. Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila yiminyaka eyi-15.
Izitha zemvelo zempisi empunga
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impisi
Ukuhleleka kwamahlathi kunezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu zemvelo. Izimpi zingenzeka phakathi kwezimpisi nama-lynx, amabhere. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenkathi zizingela, izidumbu zingalimala zibulawe yi-moose, inyathi noma amahhashi. Indlala ingenye yezitha eziyinhloko. Kokubili abadala nemidlwane bayafa ngayo.
Kepha usongo olukhulu luvela kubantu. Phambilini, abantu bebesaba izidlakela ngenxa yokungavikeleki kwabo. Kepha manje, enkathini yentuthuko yempucuko, izimpisi zihlala ngaphandle komthetho. Zihlasela abantu ngokungajwayelekile, ngaphandle kwezimo zamarabi, kepha zingabantu abancintisana nabantu ngokudla, kwesinye isikhathi zihlasela imfuyo.
Ngaphansi kwesizathu sokuvikela, abantu bazingela isilwane ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezingafani nesintu. Ukuzingela kwenzelwa ukuzijabulisa, ngokubandakanya ama-hounds, ama-greyhounds, izinkozi zegolide, ngosizo lwezicupho, ukubamba ngama-decoys, ukulandelela amathrekhi, ngesibhamu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izilwane ezincelisayo zibizwa ngokuthi ukuhleleka kwehlathi ngesizathu. Ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwazo, ukuqubuka kwezifo eziwumshayabhuqe phakathi kwezinye izilwane kuvame ukwenzeka.
Emazweni amaningi, izilwane zinesithombe esingesihle. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, izimpisi zazikholelwa ukuthi zikhonza uSathane. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izidlova bekungamaqhawe amabi ezinganekwaneni. Lezi zibambiso bezilokhu zisetshenziselwa ukuqothula izilwane. Eqinisweni, ukubhujiswa kuvunyelwe kuphela uma izimpisi zigula ngamarabi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Impisi Mpunga
Kwamanye amazwe, impisi empunga isongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Okuningi kwalokhu kwakudalwa ukwesaba komuntu ukulahlekelwa yimfuyo. Lesi silwane sinobuthi obungenazwelo futhi sidutshulwe. Lezi zenzo ziholele ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani lezidalwa, ngakho-ke ezifundeni eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, eMinnesota, impisi sekuyisikhathi eside ithathwa njengezilwane ezisengozini.
Ukushintsha kwezwe nakho kuholela ekwehleni kwabantu. ECanada, iGrisi, iFinland, i-Italy, iPoland, i-Alaska, iMiddle East, isimo esijwayelekile senombolo sihlolwa njengezinzile. Ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokuzingelwa kwemvelo kusongela ukwehlisa inani labantu eHungary, ePortugal, eLatvia, eLithuania, e-Ukraine, eBelarus, eSlovakia, eRomania.
Isibalo sezinhlobo asaziwa. Kuyacaca nje ukuthi incipha ngokushesha. Yize ama-subspecies amaningi ebhekwa njengokunyamalala, inani eliphelele labantu alikwenzi ukuthi kufakwe izinhlobo kuRed Book. Ngasikhathi sinye, abantu abaningi bavikelekile ngeSithasiselo II soMhlangano we-CITES.
Izibalo zokugcina zenziwa ngo-1998. E-Alaska, isimo esizinzile sabantu sibhalisiwe - abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-6-8. Cishe ama-60 wezimpisi eziyimpunga zihlala eCanada. ERussia, kubhaliswe abantu abangu-30,000, eBelarus - 2,000, China - 6,000, India - 1,600, Estonia - 500, Latvia - 900, Kazakhstan - 9,000, njll.
Impisi empunga inokukhuthazela okwehlukile nekhono lokujwayela noma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala. Izinganekwane eziningi zezimpisi ziyenza ibe ngumholi ongenakuphikiswa embusweni wezilwane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/06/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/28/2019 ngo-22: 33
