Zhelna Ingabe uhlobo olukhulu lomndeni we-woodpecker. Indawo yokuhlala yabasebenza ehlathini inwebeka kulo lonke elase-Eurasia: kusukela e-Alps yaseFrance kuya esiqhingini saseHokkaido saseMpumalanga Ekude. Imikhawulo yasenyakatho yendawo yokuhlala ikhawulelwe yi-tundra, eseningizimu - yi-steppe-steppe.
Le nyoni ayinalo idumela elihle kakhulu phakathi kwabantu. Umqali wenkuni ondize phezu komgwaqo uletha amashwa, njengekati elimnyama. Ehleli ekhoneni lendlu, angaveza umlilo, noma okubi nakakhulu, ukulahlekelwa ngumuntu osondelene naye. Umsuka walezi zimpawu ngokusobala uhlotshaniswa nombala wale nyoni.
Incazelo nezici
UZhelna, ohlala ezwenikazi laseYurophu, unesisindo esingu-250-350 g. Njengoba uthuthela empumalanga, isisindo esiphakathi sezinyoni siyanda. Ngaphandle kwe-Urals, akunzima ukuthola inyoni efinyelele isisindo esingu-450 g.Amaphiko abantu abakhulu angashwibeka aze afike kuma-80 cm.
Izimpaphe zale nyoni zinombala omnyama wamalahle, yingakho uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umnyama wokhuni. Izinyoni zinengubo yezimpaphe ebomvu emakhanda azo. Kwabesilisa, lumboza isiphongo, phezulu kwekhanda, ngemuva kwekhanda, kwabesifazane - kuphela emuva kwekhanda. Kwabesifazane abasebasha, izigqoko kungenzeka zingabikho ngokuphelele.
Uqhwaku luyithuluzi lokusekela impilo. Ku-woodpecker, inobulukhuni obuyingqayizivele nokuqina. Isakhiwo esimunca ukushaqeka, esakhiwa imihlathi engenhla nengezansi (uqhwaku uqobo), ithambo le-hyoid kanye nogebhezi lwesihlahla somthi, kunomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwemivimbo eqinile.
Ubukhulu bomlomo u-5-6 cm ubude bayo bukhulu kakhulu kunolimi olunamathelayo, oludlala indima enkulu ekuqoqeni izinambuzane. Esimweni sokungenzi lutho, ulimi ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi lungena kahle ekhanda lesinqamu sezinkuni - luphendukela emaphethelweni ogebhezi. Umlomo unombala onsundu ngombala ophuzi. Amehlo amancane ayindilinga ane-iris ephuzi ephaphathekile, atholakala phambi kogebhezi, ayavumelana nayo.
Ikhanda lilonke libonakala linwetshiwe, lifinyene, njengebhola lombhoxo. Lokhu kubangelwa hhayi kuphela uqhwaku, kepha futhi nezinsika ze-occipital nokukhula kwamathambo. Kungenzeka ukuthi banikeze ukuma okulinganiselayo kogebhezi ngesikhathi semithelela nokujika.
Imilenze imnyama mpunga, izidladla zineminwe emine, izinzwane zinemikhakha eminingi: ezimbili zibuyiselwe emuva, ezimbili zingaphambili. Kunezinzipho eziqinile eminweni, zigcina isiqophamithi esiqwini sesihlahla lapho sizishaya kakhulu. Kuyasiza futhi ukugcina umsila umile. UZhelna kuyaqabukela ehlala emagatsheni, imvamisa etholakala esiqwini.
Izinyoni ezincane ziyafana nezabantu abadala, kepha azinazo izimpaphe eziminyene, okungenzeka ukuthi kungani umbala ubonakala ufiphele ngaphandle kokukhanya nokuchichima. Umphimbo wezinambuzane ezingaphansi unombala ompunga kunomnyama. Ikhadi lebhizinisi lenyoni - isigqoko esibomvu - libukeka lifiphele, lingase lingabikho nhlobo.
Njengezinhlobo eziningi ezihlobene, umqali womuthi omnyama unomsindo. Izwi lamukelekile akunakubizwa ngamamodi. Kepha kunesigqi esithile emisindweni ekhishiwe. I- "kyu" edonselwe ngaphandle, ephindaphindwe ngokuhlaba ikhefu izikhathi eziningana, ngemuva kwalokho uchungechunge lwe- "kli-kli ..." noma "kr-kr ..." lungalandela. Ukukhala kungaba yihlazo.
Ama-Woodpeckers awawona amaqhawe anqobayo omoya. Ukundiza kwazo zonke izinhlobo zalezi zinyoni akusheshi kakhulu futhi kunomusa omncane. Umqali womuthi omnyama uvame ukundiza, amemeze, enze amaphiko akhe anomsindo. Kugcina ikhanda liphakeme.
Ngenyoni ehlathini ehlanzekile, ukuhamba ngejubane elikhulu nokuvutha kwesikhathi eside akudingeki. Umqali wokhuni uzizwa engakhululekile hhayi emoyeni kuphela - kuyaqabukela kwehlele phansi. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ukonakalisa isiduli bese ugcwalisa isisu sakho ngezinambuzane.
Izinhlobo
UZhelna, igama lohlelo lwalesi siqophamithi, iDryocopus martius, lingaphansi kohlobo lwegama elifanayo, iDryocopus. Ngaphezu kwesihlahla somuthi esimnyama, kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha ngaphezulu kuso:
- Inyongo yesigqoko - ihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika. Kusindisa amahlathi aseBrazil nase-Argentina ezinambuzaneni.
- Isiqophamithi esinemigqa singumqali womuthi odabuka eTrinidad, enyakatho ye-Argentina naseningizimu neMexico.
- ICrested Yellow - ihlala endaweni yamahlathi empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, eduzane neGreat Lakes, eCanada.
- I-black-bellied yellow - ihlala emahlathini ase-Argentina, eBolivia, eParaguay.
- I-white-bellied yellow - etholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia, ezwekazini laseNdiya.
- Indlala ye-Andaman ivame kakhulu eNdiya naseziQhingini zaseAndaman.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezihlobene, ophuzi, ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuvele ama-subspecies. Kukhona ezimbili zazo:
- Ama-subspecies akhethiwe, okungukuthi okuphuzi okumnyama noma ejwayelekile ibizwa ngegama lohlelo - iDryocopus martius martius.
- Ama-subspecies aseTibetan noma amaShayina. Kuzala emahlathini emithambekeni esempumalanga yeTibet. Le nyoni inkulu kunaleyo ejwayelekile. Kwethulwe kusihlukanisi semvelo ngaphansi kwegama elithi Dryocopus martius khamensis.
Izici ze-morphological ze-subspecies ziyahluka kancane. Ama-subspecies amaShayina anombala oqinile, ongenayo i-anthracite okhanyayo futhi weqa usayizi wensimbi evamile emnyama.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Umqophamithi - inyoni ehlala phansi. Uhlala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamahlathi: i-coniferous, exubile, evulekile. Ama-Woodpeckers ahlala wodwa noma ngababili; awaphambuki abe ngamaqembu kanye nemihlambi. Ukondla, indawo enezihlahla ezindala neziqu ezibolile iyakhethwa. Ubukhulu besiza sehlathi esikwazi ukondla i-woodpeckers abukho ngaphansi kwamamitha-skwele ayi-3-4. km.
UZhelna uvame ukuziqhelelanisa nokuhlala kwabantu. Uma idolobha noma isigodi sizungezwe amapaki amadala, izigaxa zezinkuni zingahlala kuzo. Enye indawo yokuhlala izihlahla ezimnyama ezihlobene nabantu ukuhlanzwa ezindala. Izihlahla neziphunzi ezisele ekuhlanzweni zivame ukugcwala amabhungane - ukudla kwabagawuli bezinkuni.
Njengazo zonke izinyoni, ziyancibilika. Lokhu kwenzeka ekupheleni kwehlobo, lapho ukukhathazeka ngesizukulwane esisha sabagawuli abamnyama kuphela. Izinyoni molt kancane kancane, okokuqala kuba noshintsho ezimpapheni ezinkulu eziyinhloko, bese kuba nezimpaphe zomsila. Ekwindla, ithuba liya ezimpapheni ezincane.
Ensimini lapho amaphuphu achanyuselwa khona futhi adliswa khona, abagawuli bezinkuni ababili bangacinana, akukho ukudla okwanele. Kulokhu, izinyoni ezisinde ekushintsheni kwezimpaphe ziqala ukufuna izindawo ezintsha zokudla. Ngaphezu kwezindawo ezi-flat, kuvame ukufiseleka empilweni ukuthi ukhethe amahlathi asezintabeni eziphakeme. Isihlahla somuthi esimnyama singabonakala futhi sizwakale ezindaweni eziphakeme kuze kufike ku-4000 m.
Impilo kule nsimu entsha iqala ngokwakhiwa kwendawo yokukhosela engenalutho. Phakathi nonyaka, le nyoni igxaza izindlu eziningana ezigqokweni. UZelna esithombeni okuvame ukubanjwa eduze komgodi. Indawo yokuhlala eyakhiwe entwasahlobo iba yisidleke, abanye basebenzela ukuphumula ebusuku.
Abakhiqizi bezinkuni abamnyama abanazitha eziningi zemvelo. Kusuka kubadli bomhlaba, ama-martens maningi amathuba okuba afinyelele ezidlekeni zabagawuli bezinkuni abamnyama. Bangathumba amaqanda namachwane. Ngemuva kwezenzo zokudla, i-marten ingahlala endlini.
Ngaphezu kwama-martens, abamele ama-corvids bangasebenza njengezidleke zezidleke: amagwababa, izibungu. EMpumalanga Ekude, inyoka i-Ussuri ifinyelela ezidlekeni zabagawuli bezinkuni. Akuzona zonke izinyoni ezidla inyama ezikwaziyo ukuzingela ehlathini. Izikhova ezinomsila omude, izikhova zokhozi, amachwane, ama-buzzards, izinkozi zegolide ziba yingozi kubagawuli bezinkuni abamnyama.
Ngaphezu kwezitha zomhlaba nezimpaphe, izinyoni zihlaselwa ngama-parasites amancane azo zonke izinhlobo. Lezi yizimpukane ezimunca igazi, amazeze, ama-springtails, imikhaza nokunye. Akukho neyodwa i-bile eye yakwazi ukugwema izimuncagazi emathunjini. Ukubhekana nabathwali bokutheleleka kanye nezimuncagazi, abagawuli bokhuni basizwa yimpilo ehlukene ehlathini.
Usongo olukhulu kulezi zinhlobo ukwakhiwa kwezimboni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okucacile okukhulu. Lokhu kwephuca abagawuli bezinkuni hhayi ukudla okuningi kangako njengezindawo zokwakha izidleke. Abagawuli bezinkuni abamnyama abavamile kakhulu, kodwa bayazwela ekushintsheni kwendawo yezinyoni.
Ithonya labagawuli abamnyama empilweni yabantu basehlathini nasehlathini liyazuzisa. Izinambuzane ze-Xylophagous zibhujiswa ngendlela futhi ngamanani amakhulu. Isidleke siyathandeka, eyafeza injongo yayo futhi yashiywa yile nyoni, isebenza njengekhaya lezinyoni nezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Kuma-clintuchs nezikhova, imigodi yemithi yokhuni cishe iyona kuphela indawo efanelekayo yokwakha izidleke.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Umthombo omkhulu wezakhamzimba ze-gallna yizinambuzane ezidla izitshalo ezingatholakala ngaphansi kwegxolo noma ngaphakathi kwesiqu somuthi: izibungu, izinkuni ezikhonkotha, ama-sawflies kanye nezibungu zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimaphi ama-arthropods ahlala noma ngengozi esihlahleni ayadliwa.
Abagawuli abamnyama abavamile ukukhipha izimpethu ezinkuni eziqinile, ezinempilo. Bathanda ukubhujiswa kwegxolo elifile, ukucutshungulwa kweziqu ezindala, ezibolayo, iziphunzi, eziphenduke isiphephelo sama-xylophages amaningi, okungukuthi, abadla izinkuni.
Lapho kucutshungulwa isiqu sayo, le nyoni ihlala phezu kwayo ekuphakameni okungaba ngamamitha ama-2. Okokuqala, ihlaba izinambuzane ebusweni besihlahla. Ube esedabula ucezu lwamagxolo. Ihlola ithuba lokuzuza kumabhungane nezintuthwane ezihlaliswe ngaphansi kwegxolo. Esigabeni sesithathu, icosha izindima ezibekwe yizibungu. Uma isihlahla sinentshisekelo yokudla, sihamba sizungeza isiqu, sikhuphuke kancane kancane.
Imikhuba yokudla kwabagawuli bezinkuni iletha izinzuzo ezingangabazeki ehlathini. Amagxolo amabhungane angenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zasehlathini. Amabhungane ahlala ngaphansi kwegxolo, lapho abagawuli bezinkuni bengafinyelela khona kalula khona. Izibungu zamabhungane ezikhonkwane zivela entwasahlobo futhi zenze izibungu ezinomuthi ngeziqu zemithi. Abakwa-Woodpeckers entwasahlobo abakhathazeki ngokudla kwabo kuphela, kepha nangokondla amaphuphu abo, ngakho-ke bayazingela futhi bamunce izibungu eziningi.
Izintuthwane zazo zonke izinhlobo zivame ukutholakala ekudleni kokhuni olumnyama. Ngokukhotha kwazo, noma kunalokho zikhothe, izinyoni zihlala phansi ngqo entuthwaneni. Ukufika emaqoqweni ezinambuzane nezibungu zazo, abagawuli bokhuni benza imigudu entuthwaneni ehlala kuze kufike ku-0.5 m ubude.Ukuqoqa izintuthwane nezibungu zazo kusebenza kakhulu ngenxa yolimi olunamathelayo nolukhuni.
Indlela yokuthola ukudla kuma-woodpeckers iyasebenza kakhulu. Ukuze ugcwalise ukulahleka kwamandla, inyongo kufanele idle izinambuzane eziningi. Inani elingabalulekile, elingaphansi kuka-3% wenani eliphelele lokudla okumunciwe, ukudla kokutshala - ama-acorn, imbewu, okusanhlamvu.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, ukushaywa okuyingxenye kuzwakala njengenduku ocingweni ehlathini. Laba besilisa nabesifazane, ngokushaywa kaningi ngeziqu, bazisa ihlathi ngokuvuka kwentshisekelo yabo empilweni. Kungezwe ekungqongqozeni okuyingxenye ukukhala kuyinto efiselekayo... Zibukeka njengemisindo ehlekayo, ama-trill wamaphoyisa.
Abesilisa bajaha izimbangi nabesifazane. Abokuqala bahamba ngemoto, okwesibili bakukhuthaza ukuthi benze ama-pair. Azikho izimpi ezikhethekile phakathi kwabesilisa, kodwa abagawuli bezinkuni benza umsindo omkhulu.
Ngo-Ephreli-Mashi, kudalwa ngababili abazohlala okungenani isizini eyodwa. Lezi zithandani zihlala endaweni enkulu lapho kukhethwa khona umuthi omude, obushelelezi. Imvamisa kungaba yi-aspen noma uphayini, kungabi njalo ngesi-spruce, i-birch, nezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla. Izinkuni zesihlahla esikhethiwe zivame ukugula, zingoma ngokuphelele.
Ukukhetha indawo yokuhlala endala, yangonyaka odlule kwehlukile kulowo mthetho. Ngokuvamile inyoni iyathandeka ikhipha umgodi omusha, ukwakhiwa kwawo kuthatha amasonto ama-2. Izindleko zabasebenzi eziphakeme azimisi izinyoni, futhi abagawuli bezinkuni abamnyama bachitha izindlu eziningana esizeni sabo. Hhayi kuhlala ngaphansi kwendlwana yokukhosela, izinyoni zisebenzisa ukuphumula.
Umgodi wesidleke usendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-15. Umnyango wendlu yezinyoni mkhulu ngokwanele, uyindilinga ngokuma. Kungabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-15 ukuphakama, ububanzi obungu-10 cm. Phansi kwendlu ngaphandle kombhede okhethekile. Ijule ngo-40-60 cm maqondana ne-taphole.Indima yengubo yokuthambisa idlalwa ngamachipsi amancane - imfucuza eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesidleke esingenalutho.
Ukuqubuka kuvela ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Imvamisa lawa angamaqanda ama-4-5, angabekwa ngosuku olulodwa. Ukufukamela kuqala ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphela kwe-clutch. Owesilisa nowesifazane bayashintshana ukufudumeza inzalo yesikhathi esizayo.
Izinsimbi zezinkuni zesikhathi esizayo zivuthwa ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14-15, amaphuphu aqala ukuzikhulula egobolondweni. Izinkukhu ziphuziokokuqala ukuvela kuvame ukuba kukhulu kakhulu. I-Cainism, esakazeke ezinyonini - ukubulawa kwamachwane abuthakathaka ngamachwane aqinile - ayibonwa ngabagawuli abamnyama. Kodwa amaphuphu amakhulu ahlala enethuba elikhulu lokusinda.
Amachwane amemezayo afuna ukudla. Ebumnyameni, abondli abagawuli bezinkuni abakhulayo. Cishe njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15-20, omunye wabazali undizela esidlekeni nezinambuzane ezikhishiwe. Abazali baletha ukudla hhayi kuphela ngomlomo, kodwa futhi nasesikhathini. Ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuletha ingxenye enesisindo okungenani esingu-20 g ngasikhathi.
Abakhiqizi bezinkuni abasebasha bashiya isidleke ngezinsuku ezingama-20-25. Abahlukani nabazali babo ngokushesha. Zibajaha isikhathi esingangesonto, zifuna ukondliwa okwengeziwe. Sebezimele ngokuphelele, babambelela kusayithi labazali isikhathi esithile.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, abagawuli bezinkuni abasebasha bayasakazeka befuna izindawo eziklaba. Lezi zinyoni zingazalela inzalo yazo entwasahlobo ezayo. Bese uphinda umjikelezo wempilo amahlandla ayi-7 - yilokhu okuhlala isikhathi eside abagawuli bezinkuni abamnyama, yize izazi ze-ornithologists zithi zineminyaka eyi-14 yobudala benyoni.
