I-oatmeal - Le yinyoni encane yomndeni odlulayo, ogqame phakathi kwezinye izinyoni ezinombala ophuzi okhanyayo webele nekhanda. Le nyoni ichazwe okokuqala futhi yaqeqeshwa ngusosayensi odumile waseSweden uKarl Linnaeus maphakathi nekhulu le-18.
Phakathi kwabaqaphi bezinyoni, i-bunting yaziwa ngaphansi kwegama lesiLatini "citrinella", okusho ukuthi "ulamula" ngesiRashiya. Njengoba ungaqagela, kwavela igama elingajwayelekile kangako ngenxa yombala ophuzi wale nyoni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Oatmeal
Ngaphandle kokuthi inyoni yathola ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi ngo-1758, ibisaziwa kusukela endulo. Izinsalela zezinyoni namaqanda e-oatmeal zatholakala eJalimane futhi zabuyela emuva enkulungwaneni yesihlanu yeminyaka BC.
Umndeni wabantu abadlulayo, ofaka ukubhinca, uthathwa njengomunye wemikhulukazi emhlabeni onezimpaphe. Kodwa-ke, inyoni inezici zayo ezingafani ezihlukanisa nondlunkulu ovamile.
Ividiyo: Oatmeal
Izici ze-oatmeal zimi kanje:
- osayizi bezinyoni bangaphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15-18;
- isisindo senyoni endaweni yaso yemvelo asidluli amagremu angama-30;
- abesilisa nabesifazane banemibala ehlukile;
- kunenqwaba yezimpaphe eziphuzi (kwesinye isikhathi zegolide) esifubeni, esilevini nangaphezulu kwekhanda le-oatmeal;
- isifuba senyoni singaguqulwa;
- IBunting inomsila omude (ongafika kumasentimitha ama-5), okungajwayelekile kubantu abaningi abadlulayo.
Le nyoni iyancibilika kabili ngonyaka. Isigaba sokuqala se-molting senzeka entwasahlobo. Abesilisa bambozwe izimpaphe ezikhanyayo eziphuzi, ezidingekayo ukuheha abesifazane. Lapho kukhanya owesilisa onamabhantshi, kuba lula ngaye ukuheha owesifazane kuye.
Ekwindla (cishe ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba), umbala ogqamile uyanyamalala bese izimpaphe ziba phuzi ngokumnyama, zicishe zibe nsundu. Ngenkathi yasebusika, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane, ngoba banombala ofanayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-oatmeal
Ukubukeka nosayizi wokushaywa kuncike ezinhlotsheni ezingaphansi kwezinyoni. Namuhla, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-6 ze-oatmeal:
Umhlanga. Isici esivelele salolu hlobo lwezinyoni ukuthi zihlala futhi zakhe izidleke osebeni lwemifula namachibi, osebeni lwawo lugcwele umhlanga noma umhlanga. Empeleni, lapha kulapho kwavela khona igama lezinhlobo zezinyoni. Imvamisa, ukuqhutshwa komhlanga kuhlala emazweni aseningizimu yeYurophu (eSpain, e-Italy, ePortugal) nasemazweni ase-Afrika anjenge-Algeria, iMorocco neTunisia. Futhi uma izinyoni ezihlala e-Europe zindizela e-Afrika ebusika, khona-ke izakhamuzi zase-Afrika zihlala impilo yazo yonke endaweni eyodwa, zingazihluphi ngezindiza ezinde.
I-Polar. Lolu hlobo lwe-oatmeal luhlala ezifundeni ezinezimo ezibandayo. I-polar bunting yabonwa enkabeni yeSiberia naseMongolia. Lolu hlobo lwenyoni luhlukaniswa ngosayizi omncane (kuze kube ngamasentimitha ayi-12) nokungathobeki ekudleni. Ebusika, ukuqhutshwa kwe-polar kundizela ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeChina bese kubuyela ezindaweni zazo zokwakha kuphela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
Amabele. Enye yama-subspecies amaningi kakhulu we-oatmeal. Isisindo senyoni sifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-50, futhi ubukhulu bayo bungadlula amagremu angama-20. Abanye ososayensi bathambekele ekuthatheni amabele njengezinhlobo ezihlukile zezinyoni, kepha iningi labalindi bezinyoni liyaqhubeka nokubeka amabele njengohlobo lokubhimba. Isici esibalulekile sezinyoni ukuthi iduna nensikazi yamabele ayihlukani ngombala. Lezi zinyoni zihlala eKrasnodar Territory yaseRussia naseSifundeni saseRostov, kanye nasenyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
Okubomvu okuphuzi. Okuwukuphela kohlobo lokubhinca oluhlala esidlekeni sehlathi laseSiberia. Ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu (isisindo esifinyelela kuma-gramu ayi-18) nekhanda elimnyama, okuvela kulo amashiya aphuzi. Ebusika, i-bunting ephekwe ophuzi indizela eNdiya noma eziqhingini ezifudumele zaseChina.
Remez. Enye yezinhlobo ze-oatmeal ezihamba phambili kakhulu. Indawo eyinhloko yokwakha izinyoni ngamahlathi aseScandinavia nengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, kanti ebusika indizela eSouth Asia. Ezinye izinyoni zalolu hlobo zikwazi ukundiza cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngenyanga! Umbala wale nyoni nawo awujwayelekile neze. I-Remez oatmeal inekhanda elimnyama nentamo emhlophe ngokuphelele, ephikisana nombala wazo zonke izimpaphe.
I-oatmeal ejwayelekile. Uhlala kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Eurasia, ngaphandle kwezifunda ze-arctic nezintaba ezingaphezulu kwekhilomitha elilodwa. Okucacile kwale subspecies yokuqhudelwa ukuthi kungokwemizila. Kalula nje, ukuthi izinyoni ziyandizela ubusika noma cha kuncike endaweni ezihlala kuyo.
Isibonelo, ukuqhudelana okuhlala eRussia kundizela ebusika eSpain noma emazweni ase-Afrika, kuyilapho lezo ezizalela eCrimea noma eSochi zingandizeli ebusika nhlobo.
Manje wazi kahle ukuthi i-oatmeal ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi le nyoni ihlala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi i-oatmeal?
Isithombe: Oatmeal eRussia
Izinyoni zivamile kuwo wonke amazwekazi (ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica), kepha eziningi zazo zihlala eYurophu, eRussian Federation naseNew Zealand.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Kuze kube amashumi amabili eminyaka edlule, bekungekho oatmeal eNew Zealand. Zalethwa ngenhloso, kepha akekho owacabanga ukuthi izinyoni zizokwanda ngokushesha okungaka. Isimo sezulu esimnene ngokumangazayo saseNew Zealand, inala yokudla namanzi nokungabi bikho ngokuphelele kwezitha zemvelo - konke lokhu kube nomthelela eqinisweni lokuthi inani lezinyoni likhula kakhulu, lisusa ama-budgies nezintaka.
Ngisho nezimo zemvelo ezinzima azisona isithiyo kulezi zinyoni ezithanda impilo. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi bahlala endaweni eseKola Peninsula, eDenmark naseFinland, futhi lezi zifunda namazwe adume ngobusika obude namahlobo amafushane.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinyoni bezinethezeke kakhulu ezintabeni zaseCaucasus naseKrasnodar Territory yaseRussia. Imithombo eminingi yemvelo yezintaba zaseCaucasus nesimo sezulu esifudumele sesifunda sikulungele ukubhejwa. Izinyoni zahlala ngokushesha kulo lonke udonga lwaseCaucasus kuze kufike ezintabeni zase-Iran.
Ukusabalala okusheshayo kwendawo yokuhlala izinyoni kwenziwa lula ukuthi ukuqhuqha abesabi abantu futhi bayakwazi ukwakha izidleke ezindaweni eziseduze nojantshi nezintambo zokudlulisa amandla aphezulu.
Idla ngani i-oatmeal?
Isithombe: Bird Bunting
I-oatmeal ayikhethi kakhulu ngokudla. Zondla inani elikhulu lembewu yezitshalo nezinhlamvu ze-forage ngempumelelo efanayo.
Ngokuvamile, izinyoni zikhetha:
- ukolweni;
- ama-oats;
- ibhali;
- imbewu ye-plantain;
- ipea eluhlaza;
- izimbabazane;
- i-clover;
- i-yarrow;
- okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukuze uqoqe kahle imbewu nezinhlamvu, i-oatmeal inomlomo omfishane kodwa oqinile. Ngakho-ke, le nyoni yachitha amathumbu ngokushesha okukhulu futhi yagwinya imbewu. Ngemizuzu embalwa nje, le nyoni ikwazi ukubhekana nesipikili sikakolweni noma ikhethe imbewu ye-plantain.
Izinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka, i-oatmeal idinga ukondliwa kwamaprotheni, bese kuthi inyoni iqale ukuzingela izinambuzane. Ukubamba izinambuzane ezindizayo, le nyoni ayinaso isivinini esanele sokundiza nobungcweti, futhi izinambuzane zomhlaba kuphela ezifuna ukudla. I-Bunting ibamba ngempumelelo izintethe, ama-mayflies, ama-caddisflies, izicabucabu ezisezingeni eliphakathi, i-woodlice, amacimbi kanye nezimvemvane eziqhekekayo.
Isidingo sokudla kwamaprotheni kungenxa yokuthi kuyadingeka ekubekeni amaqanda nokondla amatshwele. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni ziqala ukubamba izinambuzane cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda. Ngakho-ke, banikeza amandla egobolondo leqanda futhi baqinisekise ukukhula okujwayelekile kwemibungu.
Ngemuva kokuthi izinyoni ezincane zindiza kude nesidleke, isidingo sokudla kwamaprotheni siyanyamalala futhi i-oatmeal iyeke ukubamba izinambuzane, iphinde ishintshele ekudleni kwemifino.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Oatmeal egatsheni
I-Bunting ichuma emaphethelweni amahlathi amakhulu, emahlathini avulekile, kanye nase-steppes yamahlathi. Le nyoni ivame ukutholakala emathafeni ezikhukhula zemifula, emigwaqeni ngisho nasezintanjeni zikagesi. I-oatmeal ichuma kakhulu otshanini obujulile noma ehlathini, lapho kulula khona ukufihla, ukwakha isidleke, noma ukuthola ukudla.
I-Oatmeal izizwa izethembile emoyeni, iyakwazi ukuhamba ngezindiza ezinde futhi iyakwazi ukukhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Kepha phansi, inyoni nayo ayilahlekile. Ihamba ngokushesha okwanele emhlabathini, iyakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha ifuna ukudla futhi iyashesha lapho ibamba izinambuzane. I-oatmeal isheshe ijwayele umuntu futhi ayilahleka lapho ikhona. Ngokufuna ukudla, izinyoni zingandiza ziye ezingadini zemifino, izindlu zokuhlala zasehlobo kanye nasemadolobheni, uma kunesidingo.
Izinyoni zichitha isikhathi esiningi sosuku zifuna ukudla, ngakho-ke ukuzincinza kutholakala kakhulu ezihlahleni noma otshanini obude. Ama-buntings awahambeli izinyoni, achitha unyaka wonke ngababili, kepha ahlala asondelene kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ahlela izidleke ngamamitha ambalwa ukuqhela.
Kuphela lapho kusondela i-eksisi, ukuqhuma kuthutheleka emihlambini yezinyoni ezingama-40-50 bese kuya emazweni afudumele. Imvamisa, ama-buntings ajoyina izintaka futhi ahamba amabanga amade nazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuqhutshwa kwabesilisa kungokokuqala ukuphuma endaweni yokwakha izidleke, kepha futhi bangabokuqala ukubuya. Abesifazane bahamba kuphela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa (futhi kwesinye isikhathi amasonto), futhi akukacaci ukuthi leli qiniso lixhumane nani.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Yellow Bunting
Ukubhinca yizinyoni ezingandile ezikwaziyo ukukhiqiza izingane ezimbili ngesizini ngayinye. Lokhu kwenziwa yisikhathi esifushane sokufukamela amaqanda kanye nokwakheka ngokushesha kwamachwane, okusheshe kube sephikweni.
Abesilisa bangabokuqala ukubuyela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, futhi lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqhwa lokuqala licibilike. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, abesifazane bayabuya futhi ngababili baqala ukwakheka. Izinyoni azinabo ubudlelwano obuzinzile, futhi, njengomthetho, ukuqabana kwakha ngazimbili minyaka yonke.
Ukuheha abesifazane, abesilisa basebenzisa hhayi kuphela izimpaphe eziphuzi ezikhanyayo, kodwa futhi nokucula okuhle, okukhulu. Imvamisa, lo mbhangqwana wakheka ekuqaleni kukaMeyi bese uqala ukwakha isidleke ndawonye. Utshani obude, izihlahlana ngisho neziza zomhlaba ezifudunyezwa kahle yilanga zikhethwa njengendawo yokwakha isidleke.
Ngesikhathi sokufukamela nokuvuthwa kwamachwane, ukugoqa kuhola indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyilandelela usebenzisa imishini ekhethekile. Amachwane aqanduselwa emaqandeni ngemuva kwamasonto amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azinqunu, kepha zimbozwe yi-fluff, eguquka ibe izimpaphe ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa.
Owesilisa kuphela owenza umsebenzi wokondla umndeni, ngoba insikazi ichitha isikhathi esiningi esidlekeni. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-buntunt azingela izinambuzane futhi azilethe esidlekeni. Ekuqaleni, iduna londla amaphuphu ngokudla okugaywe ku-goiter, kodwa ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa kuletha isisulu sonke.
Ingakapheli inyanga emva kokuzalwa, amaphuphu asukuma ephikweni futhi kancane kancane aqala ukuzitholela ukudla ngokwawo. Ngaphandle kokulinda amachwane ukuthi ekugcineni aphume aphume esidlekeni, owesilisa nowesifazane baqala imidlalo emisha yokuqomisana futhi balungiselele ukufukamela amazinyane wesibili.
Izitha zemvelo zokubangwa
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-oatmeal
Le nyoni inezitha eziningi zemvelo. Ikakhulu, izilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana noKlebe, ama-kites, ama-gyrfalcons nezikhova zizingela i-bunting. Ngenxa yokuthi i-bunting ayishefi kakhulu emoyeni, iba isisulu sabazingeli basemoyeni. I-oatmeal igcinwa kuphela ngokuqapha, amandla okucasha ezihlahleni notshani obude, kanye nokuthi inyoni ayikhuphuki kakhulu.
Phansi, uphuthu luthembele ezingozini ezifanayo. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kwesidleke senyoni cishe kuyimitha elilodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezisemhlabeni (kufaka phakathi amakati asekhaya) zingadla kalula amaqanda noma amatshwele amancane. Imvamisa, izimpungushe nezimbila zizingela ngokukhethekile izidleke zokubopha futhi zidle amaqanda namachwane. Ngenxa yobuncane bazo, izinyoni azikwazi ukukuvimbela lokhu nganoma iyiphi indlela, yize eyeduna izama ukuvikela indawo yokwakha izidleke.
Amakhemikhali anamuhla asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokubamba ezolimo nawo angalimaza izinkukhu. Ukudla okusanhlamvu okuphathwe ngamakhemikhali, izinyoni zinobuthi futhi ziyafa ngaphambi kokuba zishiye inzalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abantu balethe ingozi enkulu ku-oatmeal. I-oatmeal ethosiwe ibhekwa njengesidlo esingajwayelekile futhi esifiswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokudlela eziningi zase-Europe. Njengoba inyoni inesisindo esincane, ibekwa ehokweni elifakwe egumbini elimnyama. Esimweni sokucindezeleka, i-oatmeal iqala ukudla njalo futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ikhulisa isisindo sayo izikhathi ezingama-3-4.
Lapho-ke inyoni iminza ngewayini elibomvu bese yosiwe iphelele ngemathumbu. Izindleko zenyoni ethosiwe enjalo zingafika kuma-euro angama-200!
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bird Bunting
Inani eliqondile lokuqhathwa alaziwa kuma-ornithologists. Ngokuya ngokulinganisela okulinganiselwe, kunabantu abayizigidi ezingama-30 kuya kwezingama-70 emhlabeni, ngakho-ke, ukunyamalala noma ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lezinyoni akusongelwa.
Kodwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, inani lezinyoni ezidla izidleke eYurophu lehle kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinyoni zaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukudla. Isibonelo, eFrance, zonke izinyoni zazibanjwa ngokungavunyelwe, futhi iminyaka eminingana ilandelana i-oatmeal yayisemenyu yazo zonke izindawo zokudlela ezihamba phambili ezweni. Ngokusho kososayensi, ama-oatmeal ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50-60 asetshenziswa minyaka yonke, futhi lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhula komphakathi wonkana.
Ngo-2010, isimemezelo esikhethekile samukelwa emazweni e-EU, ngokuya lapho kuvinjelwe khona:
- bamba i-oatmeal yokukhuluphalisa nokubulala okulandelayo;
- ukubhuqa izidleke zezinyoni noma ukuziqoqa ukuze ziqoqwe;
- thenga futhi uthengise izinyoni;
- yenza i-oatmeal egxishiwe.
Lezi zinyathelo zinciphise inani lokubanjwa kokubanjwa, kepha azizivikelanga ngokuphelele izinyoni. Kwezinye izifundazwe zaseFrance, izinyoni zalolu hlobo sezingandile futhi cishe azikaze zitholakale. Ngokuvamile, izifunda ezingahlali muntu zaseSiberia naseMongolia zingesinye sezifunda ezimbalwa lapho ukuqhudelana kuzizwa kuphephile futhi kungasongelwa lutho ngaphandle kwezitha zemvelo ezidalwe yimvelo uqobo.
I-oatmeal unombala ogqame kakhulu futhi uhlukaniswa ngokuhlabelela okunomusa futhi okumnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinenzuzo enkulu ngokubamba izinambuzane eziyingozi nangokudla imbewu yezitshalo zokhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-oatmeal ingagcinwa ekhaya njengenyoni yezingoma, futhi izokujabulisa ngokucula kwayo iminyaka eminingana.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/06/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/28/2019 ngo-22: 26
