Iphela laseMelika - iphela le-peridomic elikhulu kunawo wonke kanye nenkathazo enkulu e-United States. Iphela laseMelika linamaphiko athuthukile, kepha akuyona indiza enhle.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Iphela laseMelika
Amaphela aseMelika ayizinambuzane ezingcolile futhi ukuba khona kwawo ekhaya kungaba yingozi enkulu empilweni. Amaphela kubikwe ukuthi asabalalisa okungenani izinhlobo ezingama-33 zama-bacteria, kufaka phakathi i-E. Coli ne-salmonella, kanye nezinhlobo eziyisithupha zezikelemu ezinamagciwane kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa okungenani zamagciwane omuntu.
Ividiyo: Iphela laseMelika
Baqoqa amagciwane ezinqeni zemilenze yabo nasemizimbeni yabo njengoba bengena ezintweni ezibolayo noma endle, bese bedlulisela amagciwane ezindaweni zokudla noma ezindaweni zokupheka. Amathe, umchamo, nendle yamaphela aseMelika aqukethe amaprotheni ezakhi zomzimba ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba nokuhlaselwa yisifuba somoya. Ngakho-ke, amaphela ayimbangela ejwayelekile yokungezwani komzimba nonyaka kanye nezimpawu zesifuba somoya, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amaphela aseMelika ayizinambuzane eziphawulekayo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, abazalwanga eMelika nhlobo. Ikhaya langempela lephela laseMelika empeleni yi-Afrika eshisayo. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi iphela laseMelika layiswa eMelika ngemikhumbi yezigqila.
Izinhlobo ezingama-47 zifakiwe kuhlobo lwePeriplaneta, akukho nolunye kuzo olugcwele eMelika. Iphela laseMelika lalethwa e-United States lisuka e-Afrika ngabo-1625 futhi lasabalala emhlabeni wonke ngokuhweba. Kutholakala ikakhulukazi ezindlini ezingaphansi, ezindle, emhubheni oshunqayo nasezinhlelweni zokuhambisa amanzi. Leli qhude litholakala kalula ezakhiweni ezinkulu nezikhulu ezifana nezindawo zokudlela, izitolo zokudla, amabhikawozi, nanoma yikuphi lapho kulungiswa khona futhi kugcinwa khona ukudla. Iphela laseMelika alivamile emakhaya, kepha ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngemuva kwemvula enkulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani iphela laseMelika
Amaphela asebekhulile aseMelika ngokwesilinganiso ubude obungu-1 kuya ku-1.5 cm kodwa angakhula aze afike kuma-5 cm.Amaphela aseMelika anombala onsundu ngokubomvu ngomugqa ophuzi oveza indawo engemva kwekhanda labo. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane banamaphiko abakwazi ukundiza ngawo amabanga amafushane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokuphila sephela laseMelika kusuka eqandeni kuye komdala liyizinsuku eziyi-168 kuye kwezingu-786. Lapho sesifikile ebudaleni, insikazi ingaphila kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-90 kuye kwezingama-706, kuthi owesilisa asele izinsuku ezingama-90 kuye kwezingama-362.
Amaphela aseMelika anamandla okuluma, yize engavamile ukwenza kanjalo. Uma iphela liluma, akufanele kube yinkinga, ngaphandle kokuthi lithelelekile.
Kunezimpawu ezine zesici sokuhlaselwa kwamaphela aseMelika:
- Okokuqala, abaninikhaya bazobona ukuthi izinambuzane ezihamba ngokushesha zibalekela kanjani ezindaweni ezimnyama;
- okwesibili, amaphela aseMelika ashiya obulongwe ngemuva ezindaweni ezimnyama ezicashe kuzo. Lokhu kudonsa okuncane kubuthuntu emaphethelweni futhi kunezinqe ezinhlangothini. Imvamisa kuyiphutha ngofaka igundane, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuxhumana nochwepheshe onelayisense lokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ukuthola ukuhlonza okufanele;
- Okwesithathu, ukuba khona kwama-capsules amaqanda anombala omnyama angaba ngu-8 mm ubude nakho kuwuphawu lokutheleleka kwamaphela aseMelika. Ama-capsule amaqanda kwesinye isikhathi anamathela ezindaweni eziseduze nemithombo yokudla futhi angatholakala ezindlini ezingaphansi, elondolo nasemakhishini, nasemuva kwezinto zikagesi noma ngaphansi kwamakhabethe;
- okwesine, iphela laseMelika likhiqiza i-pheromone abanye abantu abayichaza njengephunga "elifanele". Abantu abanomuzwa ophunga kakhulu bangabona leli phunga endlini yonke.
Uhlala kuphi iphela laseMelika?
Isithombe: Iphela elikhulu laseMelika
Amaphela aseMelika ahlala kakhulu ngaphandle, kepha avame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo. Enyakatho ye-United States, amaphela aseMelika avame ukutholakala kumasu okuhambisa indle nasezinhlelweni zokuhambisa amanzi. Eqinisweni, amaphela aseMelika yizinhlobo zamaphela ezivame kakhulu ezindle zasemadolobheni. Eningizimu ye-United States, amaphela aseMelika avame ukubonakala ezindaweni ezinomthunzi nezinomswakama, njengemibhede yezimbali nangaphansi kommbhede. Ngezinyanga zasehlobo, zingatholakala nangaphandle emagcekeni nasemigwaqweni eseceleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kubikwe ukuthi kunamaphela angaphezu kuka-5 000 ngamanye aseMelika atholakale emgodini owodwa.
Amaphela aseMelika azongena ngaphakathi ezindlini uma ehlangabezana nokushoda kokudla noma ushintsho olukhulu lwesimo sezulu. Ngokuvamile, amaphela aseMelika athanda izindawo ezifudumele, ezinomswakama nezimnyama ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-21 kuye ku-26 degrees Celsius. Imvamisa zingena ezakhiweni ngemuva kokuthi abantu bengene kuzo, bephume ohlelweni lokuhambisa indle ngemisele, noma ngezikhathi ezithile besuka kwezinye izakhiwo, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza, njll, esimweni sezulu esifudumele.
Amaphela aseMelika ajwayelekile ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezinkulu zezentengiselwano ezinjengezindawo zokudlela, amabhikawozi, izitolo zokudla, izitshalo zokulungisa ukudla, izibhedlela, nokuningi, lapho zivamise ukugcwala khona izindawo zokugcina nokudla, amakamelo okubilisa ama-boiler, ama-steam tunnel namakamelo aphansi. Lezi zinambuzane zingangena nasemakhaya ngokudlula kalula ngaphansi kweminyango okungamelana nesimo sezulu, noma ngamafasitela angaphansi nangamagaraji.
Lapho sebengaphakathi ekhaya, amaphela aseMelika ajwayele ukungena ekhishini, endlini yangasese, egumbini elingaphansi, noma egumbini lokuwasha efuna ukudla namanzi. Enyakatho ye-United States, iphela litholakala ngokuyinhloko emhubheni wokushisa kwe-steam noma ezakhiweni ezinkulu zomphakathi. Iphela laseMelika lisendaweni yesibili kuphela kwephela laseJalimane ngenombolo.
Lidlani iphela laseMelika?
Isithombe: Iphela laseMelika emvelweni
Iphela laseMelika liyi-omnivore. Uzobheka konke ongakhetha kukho esidlweni sakhe esilandelayo. Ukudla, indle nakho konke okuphakathi kulungele iphela elilambile. Idla into ebolayo ebolayo, kepha iyisidlakudla futhi izodla cishe noma yini.
Uthanda amaswidi, kepha futhi angadla ngokuphepha okulandelayo:
- iphepha;
- amabhuzu;
- izinwele;
- isinkwa;
- izithelo;
- izembozo zencwadi;
- inhlanzi;
- amakinati;
- irayisi elidala;
- ukubola
- ingxenye ethambile yemibilini yesikhumba sezilwane;
- indwangu;
- izinambuzane ezifile.
Amaphela aseMelika adla izinhlobo eziningi zokudla, kepha akhombisa uthando olukhethekile ngezinto zokubilisa. Ngaphandle, bavame ukudla amaqabunga abolayo, amakhowe, ulwelwe, izingcezu ezincane zokhuni nezinambuzane ezincane. Ngaphakathi, badla imvuthu etholakala ngaphansi kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ezitamkokweni, ngemuva kwamakhabethe asekhishini, naphansi. Bazodla nokudla kwesilwane okuhlala kutholakala kubo. Noma yini iqhude laseMelika eligcobhoza noma elihamba kuyo lingangcoliswa ngamagciwane. Ngeshwa, kungenzeka ukuthi awazi ukuthi bekukhona iphela, ngakho-ke indawo kufanele ihlanzwe kahle futhi ukudla akufanele kushiywe kuvulekile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Iphela laseMelika eRussia
Amaphela aseMelika avame ukuhlala ngaphandle. Zikhetha izindawo ezifudumele, ezinomswakama ezifana nemibhede yezimbali nangaphansi kwesivalo. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-United States, abantu bababiza ngokuthi "saw palmetto beetles" ngoba bahlala ezihlahleni. Amaphela aseMelika ajwayelekile kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuhambisa indle emadolobheni amaningi aseMelika. Amaphela aseMelika angena emakhaya ukuthola amanzi noma ukudla.
Bangadlula kalula ngaphansi kweminyango uma izimo zezulu zihambisana nalokhu. Amafasitela angaphansi namagaraji nawo ayizindlela zokuhamba ezivamile. Lapho amaphela aseMelika engena emakhaya, ajwayele ukuya ezindlini zangasese, emakhishini, elondolo nasendlini engaphansi.
Ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi kwamaphela aseMelika kuvame kakhulu. Bafudukela ezindlini nasemafulethini kusuka endle ngamapayipi amanzi, kanye nasezihlahleni nasezihlahleni eziseceleni kwezakhiwo noma ngamagatsha alenga ophahleni. Emini, iphela laseMelika, eliphendula kabi ekukhanyeni, lihlala emachwebeni aseduze namapayipi amanzi, osinki, izindawo zokugeza nezindlu zangasese lapho i-microclimate ilungele ukusinda khona.
Iningi lamaphela aseMelika abalekela ikhava ekukhanyeni okungazelelwe, kodwa-ke bazohlola izindawo namakamelo asevele enokukhanya. Babheke ngethoshi ezindaweni ezimnyama njengaphansi kwamakhabethe, amashalofu noma ama-pallets, noma ezindaweni ezinomswakama ezifana nezindlu zangasese, izindawo zokugeza noma izindlu ezingaphansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Iphela elikhulu laseMelika
Izinsikazi zamaphela zaseMelika zizalela amaqanda azo ebhokisini elinjengesikhwama esivikelwe. Cishe isonto ngemuva kokukhwelana, lowesifazane uba ne-cyst ovarian, futhi lapho kuphakama isikhathi sakhe sokuzala angakha ama-cysts amabili ngesonto. Abesifazane bakhiqiza, ngokwesilinganiso, ikreyiti elilodwa lamaqanda ngenyanga izinyanga eziyishumi, libekela amaqanda ayi-16 ikesi ngayinye. Iphela laseMelika linezigaba ezintathu zempilo: iqanda, inani eliguqukayo lama-larval instar, nomuntu omdala. Umjikelezo wempilo usuka eqandeni uye kumuntu omdala cishe izinsuku ezingama-600 ngokwesilinganiso, kanti impilo yabantu abadala ingaba ezinye izinsuku ezingama-400.
Insikazi ibeka isibungu eduze komthombo wokudla, kwesinye isikhathi isinamathisela ngaphezulu bese siyikhipha ngomlomo. Ibhokisi elibekiwe liqukethe amanzi anele ukukhulisa amaqanda ngaphandle kokuthola amanzi angeziwe ku-substrate. Umzimba weqanda uba nsundu ngesikhathi sokugcinwa bese uphenduka ube mnyama emva kosuku noma ezimbili. Icishe ibe ngu-8mm ubude no-5mm ukuphakama. Isigaba sesibungu siqala lapho iqanda lichanyuselwa futhi liphele ngokuvela komuntu omdala.
Izehlakalo zokudonswa kwephela laseMelika lisukela kwayisithupha kuya kwele-14. Iphela laseMelika limhlophe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuchamisela, bese liphenduka libe mpunga ngokunsundu. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zesibungu samaphela ziphenduka zibe mhlophe bese ziphenduka zibe nsundu ngokubomvu, kanti imiphetho engemuva yezingxenye ze-thoracic nezesisu zinombala omnyama. Ukukhula okugcwele kusuka eqandeni kuye kumuntu omdala cishe izinsuku ezingama-600. Izibungu, njengabantu abadala, zifuna ngentshiseko ukudla namanzi.
Iphela elidala laseMelika libomvu ngokubomvu ngombala ngomugqa onsundu noma ophuzi onqenqemeni lwe-pronotum. Abesilisa bade kunabesifazane ngoba amaphiko abo anweba u-4-8 mm ngaphesheya kwethiphu lesisu. Abesilisa nabesifazane bane-cerci encane, ecacisiwe echosheni lesisu sabo. Kumaphela abesilisa, i-cerci inezigaba ezisukela kwezingu-18 kuye kwezingu-19, kanti ezabesifazane zisuka ezingxenyeni eziyi-13 kuye kwezingu-14. Amaphela abesilisa baseMelika anezinhlayiya ezimbili phakathi kwe-cerci, kuyilapho abesifazane bengenawo.
Izitha zemvelo zamaphela aseMelika
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani iphela laseMelika
Kutholakale izitha eziningana zemvelo ze-hymenoptera zephela laseMelika. Lezi zinyovu ezibulala izinambuzane zibekela amaqanda azo emabhokisini amaqanda amaphela, zivimbela izibungu zamaphela aseMelika ukuthi zingaqhamuki. I-Aprostocetus hagenowii ingenye yeminyovu eyisinanakazana ehlasela iphela laseMelika. Indlela engcono yokulawula amaphela aseMelika ukuwavimba ekuhlaselweni yizifo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokuvimbela zingumugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela lapho ubhekene namaphela aseMelika.
Ukufakazela ukungena kodonga ezingeni eliphansi komhlaba, ukususa amaqabunga abolayo, nokukhawulela izindawo ezimanzi ngaphakathi naseduze kwesakhiwo nakho kungasiza ekwehliseni izindawo zokuheha la maphela. Ezinye izilawuli yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane engasetshenziswa ezindongeni ezingaphansi, imfucumfucu yezinkuni nakwezinye izindawo ezigcwele lezi ziguli. Ama-aerosols asalayo angasetshenziswa ngaphakathi nangaphakathi komjikelezo wesakhiwo esingcolisiwe. Kepha ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo akubalulekile ekulweni namaphela aseMelika.
Eqinisweni, zingasabalalisa amaphela, zenze ukulawula kube nzima futhi kudle isikhathi. Lapho ama-insecticide nama-aerosol kusetshenziselwa ukulawula inani lamaphela, angagcina futhi ebulala iminyovu eyizinambuzane. Izithiyelo ezixegisiwe, ezinobuthi, eziyimbudumbudu zisebenza ngokweqile ngokulwa nabantu abangamaphela eMelika.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Iphela laseMelika efulethini
Abantu bamaphela aseMelika babonakala bengelutho futhi akekho osabisayo, bayakwazi ukusinda ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, noma kubi kakhulu. Iphela laseMelika lalihamba ngemikhumbi yokhuni futhi lazungeza umhlaba. Wandulela umuntu ngezigidi zeminyaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amaphela aphakathi kwezinambuzane ezingazweli kakhulu emhlabeni. Babonisa amaqhinga okusinda ayingqayizivele, kufaka phakathi amandla okusinda isonto ngaphandle kwekhanda.
Iphela laseMelika lingenye yezinhlobo ezine zamaphela athathwa njengezilokazane ezivamile. Ezinye izinhlobo ezintathu iphela laseJalimane, elinemishwe ensundu nelasempumalanga. Yize kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3 500 zamaphela ezitholakala emhlabeni, zingama-55 kuphela e-United States.Bazama ukulwa nazo ngezindlela nangezindlela ezahlukene.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokulimala kwamaphela sisukela kumkhuba wabo wokondla nokukhosela ezindaweni ezinomswakama nezingahlanzekile njengamapayipi endle, ukulahlwa kukadoti, izindlu zangasese, amakhishi, neziqukathi zokudla nezindawo zokugcina. Ukungcola okuvela kule mithombo kusatshalaliswa amaphela ekudleni nasekunikezelweni, izitsha, izitsha nezindawo zokupheka. Bangcolisa ukudla okuningi kakhulu kunalokho abangakudla.
Iphela laseMelika kungaba yinkinga yezempilo yomphakathi ngenxa yokuhlangana kwabo nendle yabantu nezifo kanye nokukwazi kwabo ukusuka ezindle kuya emakhaya nasemabhizinisini. Amaphela nawo awathandeki ngobuhle ngoba angangcolisa izinto ngendle yawo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: unyaka we-02.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 28.09.2019 ngo-11: 37
