Umqali wokhuni oluhlaza okotshani ingomkhulu kunabo bonke abagawuli bezinkuni abathathu abazalela eGreat Britain, abanye ababili bangabagawuli bezinkuni abaseGreat and Lesser. Unomzimba omkhulu, umsila oqinile futhi omfushane. Kuluhlaza ngaphezulu ngesisu esiphaphathekile, i-croup ephuzi ngokugqamile, futhi kubomvu phezulu. Abagawuli bezinkuni abahlaza bahlukaniswa ngendiza ye-wavy nokuhleka okukhulu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Woodpecker Green
Abakhiqizi bezinkuni abaluhlaza bayingxenye yomndeni "we-woodpecker" - iPicidae, equkethe ama-woodpeckers, okukhona kuwo amathathu kuphela e-UK (izingodo ezinamachashaza amakhulu, izingodo ezinamachashazi amancane, ama-green wood).
Ividiyo: I-Woodpecker eluhlaza
Kanye nabagawuli bezinkuni abakhudlwana nabangabonakali, isihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza sakwazi ukuwela ibhuloho lomhlaba phakathi kweGreat Britain nezwekazi iYurophu ngemuva kwe-Ice Age yokugcina, ngaphambi kokuba amanzi avale unomphela enze i-English Channel. Izinhlobo eziyisithupha kweziyishumi zomqambi wezinkuni eYurophu zehlulekile ukudlula futhi azikaze zibonwe lapha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokusho kokuhumusha okuhlukahlukene, kusuka esiGrekini naseLatin, incazelo yegama elithi "okhuni oluhlaza" ilula kakhulu: i-pikos isho ukuthi "umuthi wokhuni" kanti i-viridis isho "okuluhlaza": ukuhumusha okuqondile okungathandeki, kepha noma kunjalo empeleni.
Inamachopho aluhlaza okotshani, uphansi ongaphuzi ophuzi, umqhele obomvu nomugqa wamadevu, abesilisa banesisu esibomvu, kanti abesifazane banakho konke okumnyama. Ubude besihlahla somuthi oluhlaza buphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-36 ngamaphiko angamasentimitha angama-45 kuye kwangama-51. Indiza ifana negagasi, nemivimbo yamaphiko engu-3-4, ilandelwa yi-glide emfushane lapho izimpiko ziphethwe ngumzimba.
Yinyoni enamahloni evame ukuheha ukunakwa ngemisindo yayo ephezulu. Umqophamithi wenza isidleke esihlahleni; Njengoba uqhwaku lubuthakathaka kancane, lusetshenziselwa kuphela ukukhipha izihlahla ezithambile. Isilwane sizalela amaqanda amane kuya kwayisithupha, achamisela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-19-20.
Ukubukeka nezici
Umqali wokhuni oluhlaza mkhulu kakhulu kunabazala bawo. Yisiqophamithi esikhulu kunazo zonke e-UK esinomsila ominyene futhi omfushane. Ngokuya ngombala, luhlaza okotshani ngokuyinhloko, okukhonjiswa egameni, futhi kunomqhele wesici esibomvu. Umsila, ngokungafani nabanye abagawuli bezinkuni, umfishane ngandlela thize futhi unomugqa omncane ophuzi omnyama onqenqemeni.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Abagawuli bezinkuni abesilisa nabesifazane abahlaza babukeka ngokufana, kepha abesilisa abadala sebebomvu ngokwengeziwe emgqeni wamadevu, kuyilapho owesifazane omdala engenawo.
Yonke iminyaka nobulili bunezimpaphe eziluhlaza okotshani ezinezigqoko eziphuzi namakepisi abomvu, kepha abagawuli bezinkuni abancane abancane banezimpaphe ezimpunga.
Ukubukeka kwesiqophamithi esiluhlaza okotshani:
- ikhanda: umqhele obomvu obomvu, onemibala emnyama ezungeze amehlo nezihlathi eziluhlaza okotshani.
- uqhwaku oluqinile, olude omnyama.
- umbala wezimpondo zale nyoni uhlukanisa ubulili, ngoba zibomvu emadodeni futhi zimnyama kwabesifazane;
- amaphiko: luhlaza;
- umzimba: ingxenye engenhla yomzimba inezimpaphe eziluhlaza, ingxenye engezansi impunga, kuthi iqhubu liphuzi.
Njengabanye abagawuli bezinkuni, abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza basebenzisa izimpaphe zabo ezinzima zomsila njengesisekelo lapho bebambelela esihlahleni, futhi iminwe yabo ibekwe ngokukhethekile ukuze iminwe emibili ikhombe phambili neminye emibili emuva.
Uhlala phi umqali womuthi oluhlaza?
Yize zihlala zihlala phansi, abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza kancane kancane bakhulisa uhla lwabo eBrithani, futhi baqala ukukhuliswa eScotland ngo-1951. Kodwa-ke, abekho e-Ireland nase-Isle of Man; i-Isle of Wight ayizange ikhishwe ikoloni kuze kube ngu-1910, yize yayivame kakhulu eningizimu, iphakamisa ukungabaza ukuwela amanzi.
Bahlala endaweni epholile futhi babuye kancane ezindaweni ezipholile nezindawo zaseMedithera zasentshonalanga yePalaearctic olwandle nakwisimo sezulu sezwekazi. Kuvamile impela emahlathini avulekile, ezindaweni ezingamadamu, ezingadini, nasemasimini anothango nezihlahla ezinkulu ezisakazeke nxazonke.
Ngokungafani nabagawuli bezinkuni abaningi, idla kakhulu emhlabathini, kufaka phakathi utshani bengadi, lapho izintuthwane zibhoboza khona futhi zihambe ngendlela engajwayelekile, eshibilikayo. Isayizi enkulu kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi izimpaphe eziluhlaza, ezijwayelekile ezindaweni eziningi; futhi unake umqhele obomvu, amehlo aphaphathekile nobuso obumnyama (abesilisa banophawu lwamadevu obomvu). Zimbalwa izinyoni e-Iberia ezinobuso obumnyama. Isigaxa esiphuzi sibonakala ikakhulu endizeni enesigaxa esincane.
Ngakho-ke, eGreat Britain, abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bahlala unyaka wonke futhi bangabonakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zalo, ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo ezisenyakatho kakhulu eziNtabeni zaseScotland, eziqhingini nakuyo yonke iNyakatho ye-Ireland. Indawo ethandwa umuthi wokhuni oluhlaza ingamahlathi avulekile, izingadi noma amapaki amakhulu. Babheka inhlanganisela yezihlahla ezivuthiwe ezifanele zokwakha isidleke kanye nensimu evulekile. Umhlabathi ovulekile, ombozwe ngotshani obufushane nezimila, kungcono kakhulu ukuzondla.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza sihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa ngumqali wokhuni oluhlaza?
Uma unenhlanhla futhi abagawuli bokhuni abavakashela ingadi yakho, kungenzeka ukuthi ubabone otshanini bakho. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukudla kwensimbi yomuthi oluhlaza ikakhulukazi kunezintuthwane - abantu abadala, izibungu, namaqanda.
Ebusika, lapho izintuthwane ziba nzima ukuthola, zizodla okulandelayo:
- ezinye ezingenamgogodla;
- imbewu yophayini;
- izithelo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Njengoba isisulu esikhulu somqali wokhuni oluhlaza kuyizintuthwane, sichitha isikhathi esiningi sifuna inyamazane emhlabathini futhi siyabonakala ngesitayela sayo sobuntu.
Abagawuli bezinkuni abahlaza badla izintuthwane ngobugovu. Eqinisweni, bachitha isikhathi esiningi ngendlela engakholeki emhlabeni befuna ukudla abakuthandayo kangangoba uzokuthola emapaki nasotshani engadini - utshani obufushane bunikeza izindawo ezinhle zokuphakela abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza. Bathanda nokudla amacimbi namabhungane futhi banolimi olunamathelayo olude olwenziwe ngokukhethekile ukukhipha izimbungulu emifantwini nasemifantwini yezihlahla ezindala ezibolayo.
Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi isiqophamithi esiluhlaza sithanda ukudla izintuthwane, singadla namanye amabhungane angenamgogodla atholakala kakhulu endaweni yawo noma engadini, kanye nembewu kaphayini nezinye izithelo. Lezi ezinye izinhlobo zokudla kuzoba ukubuyela emuva ngezikhathi lapho izintuthwane kunzima kakhulu ukuzithola.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Woodpecker Green
Abagawuli bezinkuni abahlaza bahlala ezihlahleni, njengezinyoni eziningi. Bamba izimbobo ezihlahleni zezihlahla ezitholakala emahlathini abanzi. Imilomo yawo ibuthakathaka kunaleyo yabanye abagawuli bezinkuni, njengesiqophamithi esinamabala amakhulu, ngakho-ke zikhetha iziqu zemithi ezithambile lapho zakha izidleke futhi akuvamile ukuba kube isigubhu sokuxhumana. Abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bayathanda nokuzimba izidleke zabo, inqubo ethatha amasonto amabili kuya kwamane.
Abakhiqizi bezinkuni abaluhlaza banomsindo omkhulu futhi banokuhleka okubonakalayo okwaziwa nge- "yuffle", okuvame ukuba ukuphela kwendlela yokwazi ukuthi ngabe isihlahla somuthi oluhlaza siseduze yini, ngoba bathanda ukuba yizinyoni eziqaphile. Lona ngomsindo ohluke kakhulu owenziwa ngabagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza, kodwa futhi ungezwa nengoma yabo, okuwuchungechunge lwemisindo ye-‘klu ’esheshisa kancane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Inyoni yemvula elinye igama lomqali wokhuni oluhlaza, njengoba izinyoni kukholakala ukuthi zicula kakhulu ngokulindela imvula.
Kwabagawuli abathathu baseGreat Britain, isihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza sichitha isikhathi esincane kakhulu ezihlahleni, futhi sivame ukubonwa sondla phansi. Lapha mhlawumbe uzobamba izintuthwane, ukudla akuthandayo. Idla bobabili abadala namaqanda abo, ibabambe ngolimi lwayo olude nolunamathelayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Bird Green Woodpecker
Yize abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bengakwazi ukukhwelana kanye impilo yabo yonke, abahlali nabantu ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi sonyaka behlala bodwa. Izingxenye ezimbili zombhangqwana zingasondelana phakathi nobusika, kepha ngeke ziphinde zixhumane kuze kube ngoMashi. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa izingcingo ezinkulu nesikhathi sokuqomisana.
Abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bakhetha ukwakha izidleke emigodini yezihlahla ezindala ezinamakhaza (i-oki, i-beech kanye ne-willow), eseduze nezindawo zokudla ezikuthokozelayo okufana nezintuthwane nezibungu. Abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza imvamisa benza isando futhi bakhiphe izibilini ezizungeze isiqu esibolayo esingu-60mm x 75mm, ingaphakathi lalo limbiwe lajula ngo-400mm. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umsebenzi onzima wokumba wenziwa kuphela yindoda isikhathi eside sezinsuku eziyi-15-30. Le ndlela ekhandlayo ngokuvamile iwufanele umzamo, njengoba umgodi owenziwe ngezandla zikacishi oluhlaza okotshani ungahlala iminyaka eyi-10.
Le nyoni ayithandi kakhulu ukuhlala futhi ihlala yodwa, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, owesilisa ujaha insikazi azungeze isiqu somuthi. Ukuthatha indawo yokuzivikela, owesilisa unikina ikhanda lakhe ngapha nangapha, eqondisa isiqubu futhi esakaza amaphiko akhe nomsila. Ngokungafani nabanye abagawuli bezinkuni abaningi, ingqongqoza kuphela entwasahlobo.
Ngokombono wokuzalela, abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza baqala ukuzala ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli futhi bakhiqize isilinganiso semivimbo emi-2 isizini ngayinye. Ngayinye yalezi zigaxa ikhiqiza amaqanda ayi-4 kuya kwayi-9, kanti isikhathi sokufukamela, esihlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-19, bese siqedwa ngokuphapha cishe izinsuku ezingama-25. Abagawuli bezinkuni abahlaza banohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwamaqanda amahlanu kuya kwayisikhombisa futhi ngokuvamile bawabeka ngoMeyi. Imvamisa zakha izihlahla eziphilayo futhi zivame ukusebenzisa umuthi ofanayo minyaka yonke, uma kungenjalo umgodi ofanayo.
Lapho ibaleka, umzali ngamunye uvame ukuthatha uhhafu wamathole - icala elijwayelekile ezinyonini - futhi awakhombise ukuthi kufanele ondle kuphi. Kungalesi sikhathi sonyaka lapho bengalethwa otshanini engadini ukuze badliwe, okuyithuba elihle lokuxubha amakhono akho okukhomba.
Izitha zemvelo zabagawuli bezinkuni eziluhlaza
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza
Izitha zemvelo zabagawuli bezinkuni eziluhlaza zidla izidleke njengezinyoka, ama-grackle noma ezinye izinyoni, zidla amaqanda kanye nezinsimbi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani. Lapho sebekhulile, abagawuli bezinkuni bayizisulu zamakati asendle, izinkomishi zobisi lwesafron, izimpungushe, oklebe futhi, yebo, ama-coyotes. Uma abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bengenazo izilwane ezidla ezinye, besingakhungathekiswa amanani abo. Basengozini kusukela ekuqaleni kobukhona babo.
Umqali wokhuni oluhlaza uvamile kubantu bakhona. Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi kanye nezinguquko endaweni ezihlala kuyo kusongela ukuba khona kwayo, kepha, lolu hlobo alusongelwanga emhlabeni wonke okwamanje. Abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bakhuphuke ngokushesha okukhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala ezilinywayo, kodwa futhi bayanda ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasezindaweni ezixubekile zezolimo. Ezindaweni abahlala kuzo abazithandayo, emahlathini ahlabayo, amazinga okukhula anciphile, amanani afinyelele endaweni yokugcwala, okuholele ekuchichimeni kwabo kube yizindawo ezingathandwa kakhulu.
Inani labantu besihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza e-UK likhule ngokuqinile kusukela ngawo-1960, lapho benweba ububanzi babo enkabeni nasempumalanga yeScotland. Muva nje futhi basandisile inani labo labantu baya eNgilandi, kepha hhayi iWales. Isizathu salokhu kwanda ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njengoba laba bagawuli bezinkuni besengozini yokubanda. Ngakho-ke, izinsongo ezinkulu kubagawuli bezinkuni eziluhlaza ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala yehlathi kanye nezinguquko kwezolimo: amadlelo alinywa minyaka yonke, futhi amakoloni ezintuthwane ayabhujiswa noma angadalwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Woodpecker enomhlane oluhlaza
Inani lamanje labagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza e-UK, ngokusho kwe-RSPB, limi ndawonye ngama-52,000 ngazimbili ezizalanayo, yize manje sekukhona umkhondo owaziwayo wokwehla kwabantu, ngenxa yokulahleka kwehlathi nezindawo ezihlabayo. Isimo Sezinhlobo - Inyoni ejwayelekile yokuzalanisa eLeicestershire naseRutland. Isihlahla somuthi oluhlaza sitholakala ezindaweni eziningi zaseBrithani, ngaphandle kwasenyakatho ekude. Futhi akekho eNyakatho Ireland.
Lolu hlobo lunebanga elikhulu ngokusatshalaliswa komhlaba okulinganiselwa ku-1,000,000 - 10,000,000 km². Inani labantu baseMhlabeni cishe ngabantu abayi-920,000 - 2,900,000. Izimo zabantu emhlabeni jikelele azikabalwa, kepha inani labantu libukeka lizinzile, ngakho-ke izinhlobo zezilwane azithathwa njengezisondela emikhawulweni yemibandela yokwehla kwabantu kuLuhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN (okungukuthi, ukwehla okungaphezu kwama-30% eminyakeni eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu). Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, lolu hlobo lukalwa njengezilwane ezisengozini encane kakhulu.
Ukwakha izindawo ezinotshani obufushane nobude kunikela ngendawo yokuhlala exubile yazo zonke izinhlobo zezidalwa. Kungaba wusizo nomqali womuthi oluhlaza, ondla umhlaba, awunike indawo yokucasha nokuzingela inyamazane yawo. Noma uhlala edolobheni noma ezweni, ungasiza ukunakekela abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza nezinye izinyoni zasengadini ngokunikeza ukudla namanzi.
Umqali wokhuni oluhlaza okotshani ifaka inhlanganisela emangalisayo yezimpaphe eziluhlaza nokuphuzi, umqhele obomvu, amadevu amnyama nokuphaphatheka, ukubuka. Uma ungasibuka kahle lesi sidalwa esinamahloni, nakanjani uzomangala. Futhi lapho ekubona futhi endiza, lalela lokhu kuhleka okunanela kude.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/01/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 07/05/2020 ngo-11: 15
