Unogwaja omhlophe noma umvundla omhlophe uyisilwane esincelisayo esasakazeke ngobukhulu obukhulu kusuka kuhlobo lwehares nokuhleleka kwamaLagomorphs. Unogwaja omhlophe uyisilwane esivamile engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia, kepha uhlobo olungashintshiwe ngokuphelele lokuhlala e-Antarctica nase-Australia.
Incazelo kanogwaja omhlophe
Unogwaja omhlophe ukhulu ngosayizi. Ubude bomzimba besilwane esidala buhluka phakathi kwama-44-65 cm, kepha abanye abantu abavuthiwe kwezocansi bafinyelela ku-73-74 cm ngosayizi onesisindo esingu-1.6-5.5 kg. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-hares amhlophe ahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yebanga mancane ngokuqhathaniswa nezilwane zezindawo ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Amabhere amhlophe amakhulu ngosayizi (kufika ku-5.4-5.5 kg) angabahlali besigodi saseWestern Siberia, kanti abamele izinhlobo ezincane (kufika ku-2.8-3.0 kg) bahlala eYakutia nasendaweni yaseMpumalanga Ekude. Izindlebe zikanogwaja zinde ngokwedlulele (7.5-10.0 cm), kodwa zimfushane ngokuphawulekayo kunalezo zikanogwaja. Umsila kanogwaja omhlophe, njengomthetho, umhlophe ngokuphelele, ufushane ngokufushane futhi uyindilinga ngokuma, nobude obusukela ku-5.0-10.8 cm.
Isilwane esincelisayo sinezidladla ezibanzi uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi ibhulashi eliwugqinsi loboya bezinwele limboza izinyawo ngamaphakethe ezinzwane. Umthwalo osentimitha ngayinye yesikwele wedwa wonogwaja omhlophe ungama-gramu ayi-8.5-12.0 kuphela, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane sasendle esinjalo sikwazi ukuhamba kalula futhi kunalokho sisheshe simboze ikhava leqhwa elixegayo. Inhloko kanogwaja omhlophe ivame ukuba nombala omnyama kancane kunangemuva, futhi izinhlangothi zikhanya ngokukhanyayo. Isisu simhlophe. Kuphela ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona ikhephu elizinzile lapho izimbila ezimhlophe zingabi mhlophe ebusika.
UHare ukhipha izikhathi ezimbalwa ngonyaka: entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Inqubo ye-molting ihlobene kakhulu nezici zangaphandle, futhi ukuqala kwayo kubangelwa ushintsho esikhathini sokukhanya kosuku. Isimo sokushisa somoya sinquma isilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-molt. I-Spring molt ivame ukuqala ngoFebhuwari-Mashi futhi ihlala izinsuku ezingama-75-80. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, eMpumalanga Ekude naseSiberia, i-molt iqala ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi, iqhubeke kuze kube ukuqala kukaDisemba.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi inqubo yokuncibilika kwekwindla ezimvini ezimhlophe iqhubekela kolunye uhlangothi, ngakho-ke uboya buyashintsha ukusuka ngemuva komzimba buye endaweni yekhanda.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Izimbila ezimhlophe ikakhulukazi indawo futhi zodwa, zinikeza ukukhetha iziza ngazinye ezisukela kusayizi wamahektha ama-3 kuye kwangama-30. Ngaphezulu kwendawo enkulu yobubanzi bayo, umvundla omhlophe uyisilwane esihlala phansi, futhi ukunyakaza kwayo kunganqunyelwa ukuguquka kwesizini kwamazwe amakhulu okudla. Ekwindla nasebusika, ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile kuya emahlathini nakho kujwayelekile. Ngentwasahlobo, isilwane esinjalo sikhetha izindawo ezivuleke kakhulu lapho kuvela khona uhlaza lokuqala lwe-herbaceous.
Imvula nayo ingezizathu zokuhamba, ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yemvula, izigqoko ezimhlophe zizama ukushiya izindawo eziphansi, zithuthela emagqumeni. Ezindaweni zezintaba, ukunyakaza kwesizini kohlobo oluqondile mpo kwenzeka. Ehlobo, engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, ama-hares azisindisa kusuka emideni ngokufudukela ezigodini zezikhukhula zemifula noma ezindaweni ezivulekile. Ngokuqala kobusika, abamhlophe bangazulazula ezindaweni ezinesembozo seqhwa esingaphakeme kakhulu. Konke ukufuduka ngobuningi kwamabhere amhlophe kuyabonakala kutundra, okuvame ukubonwa kakhulu lapho inani labantu liphezulu kakhulu.
Abamhlophe ngokuyinhloko izilwane ezi-crepuscular and nocturnal, ezisebenza kakhulu ngezikhathi zasekuseni noma kusihlwa. Ukondla noma ukukhuluphalisa kuqala kuphela ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, kepha ngezinsuku zasehlobo, ama-hares nawo adla ekuseni. Futhi, ukukhuluphala kwasemini kuyabonakala kuma-hares amhlophe ngesikhathi se-rutting esebenzayo. Emini, unogwaja uhamba ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha amabili, kodwa kwezinye izindawo, ukuzulazula nsuku zonke ezindaweni zokudla kungafinyelela kumakhilomitha ayishumi. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, ukuwa kweqhwa, nesimo sezulu esinemvula, izimbila ezimhlophe zivame ukugcwalisa amandla nge-coprophagia (ukudla indle).
Ngokuphikisana nabazala babo abaningi basehlathini, wonke ama-tundra hares amhlophe awashiyi imingxunya yawo uma kunengozi, kepha ancamela ukucasha ngaphakathi kuze kube umzuzu lapho usongo lokuphila ludlula.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani unogwaja omhlophe
Isikhathi sokuphila kukanogwaja sincike ngqo ezintweni eziningi zangaphandle. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla okubukhali kunani eliphelele lamaprotheni hares ukuqubuka okukhulu kwezifo - i-epizootic. Ngokwesilinganiso, abamhlophe baphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5-8, kepha ama-livers amade ayaziwa futhi phakathi kwalezi zilwane, njengoba sekuphele iminyaka engaba yishumi. Abesilisa, njengomthetho, baphila ngaphansi kakhulu kunabesifazane.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Embala woboya bukanogwaja omhlophe, ubukhona be-dimorphism yesikhathi esivezwe ngokusobala kuyabonakala, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sasebusika isilwane esincelisayo esinoboya obumhlophe obumsulwa, ngaphandle kwamathiphu ezindlebe ezimnyama. Umbala woboya basehlobo ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zebanga ungahluka kusuka kokumpunga ngokubomvu kuye kwelesi-mpunga ngombala onsundu. I-dimorphism yezocansi embala wezinwele zikanogwaja omhlophe ayikho ngokuphelele, futhi umehluko omkhulu uboniswa kuphela ngosayizi wesilwane. Izindwangu ezimhlophe zabesifazane ngokwesilinganiso zikhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Abamhlophe basatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ebangeni labo elikhulu, kepha badonsela ezindaweni ezinganikeza ukudla okwanele kanye nokuvikelwa okuthembekile. Ukuhlala okulinganayo kakhulu kuyabonakala ehlobo, lapho ukutholakala kokudla kucebile, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho akukho iqhwa, okwenza kube nzima ukuhamba. Eminyakeni enesibalo esiphezulu, izindawo zikanogwaja omhlophe ziyehluka kakhulu. Okuheha kakhulu amahare yizindawo zamahlathi ezincishiswe yizimfunda, ukugecwa kwezigodi nemifula.
Amahares amhlophe yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zetundra, kanye nehlathi kanye nengxenye yamahlathi asemahlathini aseNyakatho Yurophu, kufaka phakathi iScandinavia, inyakatho yePoland, i-Ireland, iScotland neWales. Isilwane esincelisayo sivame ukutholakala eRussia, Kazakhstan, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMongolia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina naseJapan, kanti futhi saziwa eNingizimu Melika, kubandakanya iChile ne-Argentina. Futhi, ama-hares amhlophe okwamanje ahlala eziqhingini eziningana zase-Arctic.
Ensimini yaseRussia, ama-hares amhlophe asakazekile engxenyeni ebalulekile yezindawo (enyakatho kuya endaweni ene-tundra ebandakanya). Umngcele oseningizimu webanga likanogwaja umelwe emaphethelweni ezindawo ezingamahlathi. Ezinsalela eziningi zezinsalela, isilwane esincelisayo esinjalo saziwa kakhulu futhi sifundwa ngenxa yediphozi ephezulu ye-Upper Pleistocene ye-Don engenhla, kanye nezindawo eziphakathi nendawo ze-Urals kanye nendawo yasentshonalanga yeTransbaikalia, kufaka phakathi nezindawo zezintaba zaseTologoi.
Indawo yokuhlala kanogwaja, ngokwesimo sezulu nesimo sezinja, izifunda ezimaphakathi zaseRussia ziyathandeka, lapho amahlathi amakhulu kakhulu asondelene nezindawo ezinamakhaza kanye nomhlaba wezolimo.
Ukudla okumhlophe konogwaja
Ama-hawk amhlophe yizilwane ezidla imifino ezinesikhathi esichazwe ngokusobala ekudleni kwazo. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nasehlobo, ama-hares adla izingxenye eziluhlaza zohlaza, kufaka phakathi i-clover, i-dandelion, i-peas yegundane, i-yarrow ne-goldenrod, i-bedstraw, i-sedge, notshani. Isilwane futhi sidla kalula ama-oats asensimini, izithelo namahlumela ama-blueberries, ama-horsetails nezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe.
Ngokuqala kwekwindla, njengoba utshani bumile, izingulube zishintshela ekudleni amahlumela amancane ezihlahlana. Ebusika, ama-hares amhlophe adla amahlumela amancane kanye namagxolo ezihlahla ezahlukahlukene nezihlahla. Cishe yonke indawo, ukudla okubandakanya i-willow ne-aspen, i-oki ne-maple, i-hazel. Kwezinye izindawo, ukudla kunezelwa yi-mountain ash, i-bird cherry, i-alder, i-junipers ne-rose hips. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba zeMpumalanga Ekude, izingulube zimba izigaxa zikaphayini ngaphansi koqweqwe lweqhwa.
Ngentwasahlobo, ama-hares amhlophe anqwabelana emhlambini otshanini obufudunyezwa yilanga ngotshani obuncane. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, izilwane kwesinye isikhathi zikuthanda kakhulu ukondla kangangokuba zingalahlekelwa yisixwayiso semvelo, zibe yizisulu ezilula zezilwane ezizizingelayo. Kanye nezinye izilwane ezidla utshani, ama-hares amhlophe awanamaminerali, ngakho-ke adla inhlabathi ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kwesinye isikhathi agwinye amatshe amancane.
Izinhlobo ezimhlophe zivakashela ngokuzithandela izikhotha zikasawoti, futhi futhi ukugcwalisa izakhiwo zamaminerali ziyakwazi ukuququda amathambo ezilwane ezifile nezimpondo eziphonswe yizinduku.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Abamhlophe yizilwane ezincelisayo kakhulu, kepha e-Arctic, engxenyeni esenyakatho yeYakutia neChukotka, abesifazane bakhiqiza unyaka owodwa kuphela ngonyaka ehlobo. Ezifundeni ezinezimo zezulu ezikahle, ama-hares akwazi ukuzala kabili noma kathathu ngonyaka. Ukulwa kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kwamadoda amadala ngenkathi yesizini.
Isikhathi sokubeletha kwabesifazane sithatha izinsuku ezingama-47-55, kanti onogwaja bazalwa kusukela phakathi kuka-Ephreli kuya maphakathi noMeyi. Ezingxenyeni zehlathi ngalesi sikhathi, kusekhona iqhwa elincane kwezinye izindawo, ngakho-ke amawundlu kadoti wokuqala avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-nestlings. Cishe ngemuva nje kokubeletha, onogwaja baphinde bahlangane, bese udoti wesibili uzalwa ngasekupheleni kukaJuni noma ngoJulayi. Abekho abesifazane abangaphezu kwama-40% besifazane abavuthiwe abahlanganyela ocansini lwesithathu, kepha ama-belated broods avame ukufa.
Inani eliphelele lamawundlu kudoti lincike ngqo kuzici zendawo yokuhlala, kanye nesimo somzimba nobudala besifazane. Inani elikhulu lonogwaja lihlala lizalwa kudoti wesibili wasehlobo. Iwundlu livame ukwenzeka endaweni eyimfihlo, kepha ebusweni benhlabathi. ENyakatho Ekude, ama-hares akwazi ukumba imingxuma engajulile, futhi ama-hares azalwa ebonwa futhi embozwe ngoboya obukhulu obukhulu.
Kakade osukwini lokuqala lokuphila kwabo, onogwaja sebekwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela kahle impela. Ubisi lukanogwaja lunomsoco futhi lunamafutha amaningi (amaprotheni ayi-12% namafutha acishe abe yi-15%), ngakho-ke amawundlu angabondla kanye kuphela ngosuku. Amacala aziwa kakhulu lapho izimbadada zesifazane zondla izimbadada zabanye abantu. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha bese ziqala ukondla utshani obusha ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili. Onogwaja bazimele impela besenamasonto amabili ubudala, kepha bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ezinyangeni eziyishumi.
Izitha zemvelo
Eminyakeni ebonakala ngenani eliphakeme lezimbongolo ezimhlophe, inani lezilwane ezidlayo lenyuka ngokuphawulekayo, kufaka phakathi ama-lynx, izimpisi nezimpungushe, ama-coyotes, izinkozi zegolide, izikhova nezikhova zezinkozi. Futhi, izinja ezilahlekile namakati endle zibeka engcupheni izimbila, kepha abantu bayisitha esikhulu sezimbila.
Inani lokuhweba
Unogwaja omhlophe ngokufanelekile ungowesigaba sezilwane ezidumile zokuzingela nezilwane, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ezithile, ukuzingelwa kwezemidlalo okusebenzayo kwesilwane esinjalo kwenziwa cishe kulo lonke uhla. Inani elikhulu lamahares amhlophe lizingelwa inyama nezikhumba ezibalulekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngokuvamile, unogwaja omhlophe uhlobo oluvamile, oluzivumelanisa kalula nokuba khona kwabantu, kodwa inani eliphelele lalesi silwane lishintsha ngokuphawulekayo yonke indawo minyaka yonke. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokudangala ngezinombolo simelelwa ngama-epizootic, tularemia kanye ne-pseudotuberculosis. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izibungu ezinesidlakudla, kufaka phakathi ama-cestode kanye nama-nematode, ahlala emaphashini, afaka isandla ekufeni kwabantu abaningi. Ngasikhathi sinye, njengamanje akukho songo sokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwenani labamvundla abamhlophe.
