Ama-pelican (lat. Izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela ezaziwayo ezingaphansi kwe-oda le-Pelicaniformes, okuyizinhlobo ezimbili ezihlala ezweni lethu.
Incazelo yesiPelican
Abamele uhlobo lwe-Pelicans yizinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu ngokulandelana kwazo.... Kuze kube manje, lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimelwe:
- I-pelican yase-Australia (P. connsillatus);
- I-Curly Pelican (P. crisрus);
- I-American Brown Pelican (P.ossidentalis);
- I-American White Pelican (P. erythrоrhynchоs);
- I-pelican epinki (P. onocrotalus);
- I-pelican e-Pink-backed (Р.ufufesesns);
- I-pelican empunga (P. philipprensis);
- UPelecanus thagus.
Zonke izinhlobo zomndeni wasePelican nohlobo lwePelican oluhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele zihlukaniswa njengezinyoni ezifudukayo.
Ukubukeka
Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba wevuba elidala lingu-1.3-1.8 m, ngesisindo esingu-7-14 kg. Ukuvela noma ukubonakala kwalenyoni kuyisici sePelesnidae futhi imelwe ngumzimba ongaqinile kodwa omkhulu kakhulu, izimpiko ezinkulu, imilenze emifushane futhi eminyene enolwelwesi olubanzi phakathi kwezinzwani, nomsila omfishane oyindilinga. Intamo yenyoni yinde impela futhi yathuthuka kahle. Uqhwaku aludluli kumasentimitha angama-46-47 ubude, lunengwegwe eyinqayizivele esinqeni.
Ingxenye engaphansi kocwecwe lwenyamazane ihlukaniswa ubukhona besikhwama sesikhumba eseluleke kakhulu, esisetshenziswa yile nyoni ukubamba izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene. Izimpaphe zevuba zikhululekile, azilingani nomzimba. Le nyoni ivame "ukukhama" izimpaphe ezimanzi ngokushesha ngosizo lomlomo wayo. Umbala wabamele umndeni wasePelican nohlobo lwePelican uhlale ulula - umhlophe omsulwa, ngamathoni ampunga, imvamisa ngombala obomvana. Izimpaphe zokundiza zimnyama ngombala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isici sawo wonke ama-pelican yimininingwane ekhethekile yezwi lenyoni ngenkathi yokwakha isidleke - ukubhonga okukhulu kakhulu futhi okuncane, futhi sonke isikhathi, abamele lolu hlobo bathule.
Umlomo kanye nezingxenye ezingenalutho zekhanda zinombala ogqamile, ikakhulukazi obonakalayo ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana. Izimpaphe ezingemuva kwekhanda zivame ukwakha uhlobo lwesiqhumane. Abesifazane bancane ngosayizi futhi abanemibala egqamile kakhulu kunabesilisa. I-pelican encane ibonakala ngombala ongcolile onsundu noma ompunga ompunga.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Akunabukhosi obucacile obuqinile emihlambini yama-pelican. Kuyimpilo enkampanini enobungane futhi ebumbene evumela izinyoni zasemanzini ukuthi zinikeze ukuphepha okwanele.
Kunoma imuphi umhlambi kukhona ababukeli abaningi abaqaphile, abazisa wonke umhlambi ngengozi esondela ezinyonini, emva kwalokho inqubo yokusabisa ngokuthula isitha isetshenziswa. Kwesinye isikhathi phakathi kwama-pelican omhlambi ofanayo, kungaqubuka izingxabano ezincane, ezibangelwa ukukhishwa kokudla noma ukufunwa kwezinto zokwakha zokuhlela izidleke.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho endiza, ngenxa yomlomo omude futhi osindayo, izinyamazane zigcina izintamo zazo zisendaweni yohlamvu olungu-S, olubukeka lufana nezindwandwe nomhlonyane.
Ukulwa okungajwayelekile phakathi kwamanye amalungu ohlobo lwePelican kuyimpi yezimbangi ezisebenzisa imilomo emikhulu... Ukusuka, inyoni enkulu ngokwanele kufanele inikezwe ukusuka kahle. AmaPelican ayakwazi ukundiza emoyeni isikhathi eside, esebenzisa imisinga yomoya ngale njongo. Enkambisweni yezindiza ezihamba ibanga elide, kunzima kakhulu kumholi, obeka ijubane lokuhamba komhlambi wonke. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi izinyoni eziholayo zishintshana ngesikhathi sokundiza komhlambi ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile.
Mangaki ama-pelican ahlala
Ekuthunjweni, ama-pelican angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ngenxa yezimo ezinhle zokuboshwa nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezitha zemvelo. Endle, ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwabameleli bohlobo lwamaPelicans kuncane kakhulu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-pelican ase-Australia atholakala cishe kulo lonke elase-Australia naseNew Guinea, kanye nasentshonalanga ye-Indonesia. Ukufika okukodwa kufaka phakathi amacala wokuvela kwe-pelican yase-Australia, ebhaliswe eNew Zealand, eziqhingini ezisentshonalanga ye-Pacific Ocean.
Kuyathakazelisa! E-Australia, izikhukhukazi ezinjena zivame ukutholakala emanzini ahlanzekile noma ngasogwini lolwandle, kanye nasezindaweni ezinkulu ezinamaxhaphozi nezizalo zemifula, emizimbeni yamanzi yesikhashana emaphakathi nezwe naseziqhingini ezisogwini.
Ama-pelican aseDalmatia (Pelesanus crispus) ahlala ezindaweni ezikude zamachibi, izindawo eziphansi kanye nemifula yolwandle, ebonakala ngohlaza oluningi lwasemanzini. Ngezinye izikhathi izinyoni ezinjalo zihlala emadanyini anamanzi anosawoti nasezindaweni eziyiziqhingi ezincane ezikhule kancane. Esinye sezibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke se-pelican white-billed noma i-American white pelican (i-Relesnus erythrоrhynchоs) iye yabonwa e-Apothecary Lake esifundazweni saseMelika iMontana eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule. Ama-pelican ase-American brown (i-Relesnus ossidalentalis) ahlala eziqhingini ezomile nezilahlekile ogwini lwaseChile, okufaka isandla ekuqongeleleni ungqimba lwamamitha amaningi kulezi zones.
Indawo yokwabiwa kwe-Pink Pelican (Pelesanus onocrotalus) imelwe yingxenye eseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu ne-Afrika, kanye ne-Anterior, Central kanye neNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia. I-pelican empunga (Pelesanus philipprensis) ihlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga naseningizimu ye-Asia, futhi zinezidleke ezisuka e-Indonesia ziye eNdiya, zikhetha amachibi angajulile.
Izidleke ze-pelicans (i-Relesnus rufessens) ezihlala ephinkini emachibini nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi kulo lonke elase-sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar naseNingizimu Arabia. Amakoloni okwakha izidleke abamele abaningi be-pelican esekwe pink abathanda ukufakwa ezihlahleni, kufaka phakathi ama-baobabs.
Ukudla kwePelican
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-pelican kuvezwa izinhlanzi, lezo zinyoni ezizibamba ngokwehlisa amakhanda ngaphansi kwamanzi.... Kusemanzini lapho abamele uhlobo lwe-Pelicans babamba inyamazane ngoqhwaku lwabo olusondela eduze komhlaba. Uqhwaku lwenyamazane luhlukaniswa nje nokuzwela okuhle kakhulu, okuvumela le nyoni ukuthi izitholele kalula ukudla ohlwini lwamanzi. Emlonyeni wama-pelicans kukhona ingwegwe ekhethekile, egobile phansi, ngenxa yokuthi inyamazane ebushelelezi igcinwa kahle kakhulu.
Isisulu esisetshenzisiwe sigwinywa ngokudikiza okubukhali kwekhanda. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhwama somphimbo weqhubu asikaze sisetshenziswe yinyoni ukugcina ukudla. Le ngxenye yomlomo isebenza kuphela ngenhloso yokubamba inhlanzi okwesikhashana. AmaPelican, angabahlali bezindikimba zamanzi anosawoti, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa uqhwaku lwabo ukuqoqa amanzi emvula okuphuza.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokushesha lapho ivuba libamba inhlanzi ngomlomo walo, liyalivala bese liyicindezela engxenyeni yesifuba, lapho isisulu siphenduka sibhekise phansi sibheke emphinjeni.
AmaPelican ayazingela wodwa, kodwa futhi angahlangana ngemihlambi, kwesinye isikhathi emikhulu kakhulu. Isikole sezinhlanzi esitholakele sizungezwe iqembu lezinyoni elinjalo, ngemuva kwalokho inyamazane iqhutshelwa ogwini lwesihlabathi. AmaPelican ngesikhathi esinjengalesi ashaya kakhulu amanzi ngamaphiko awo, ngemuva kwalokho izinhlanzi esezifinyeleleka kakhulu ziyabanjwa ngomlomo wazo. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-gull, ama-cormorants kanye nama-tern angajoyina ukuzingela ndawonye. Emini, ivuba lidla kancane nje kunekhilogremu lenhlanzi esanda kubanjwa.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, ukudla kwabamele umndeni wasePelican kanye nohlobo lwePelican ngezikhathi ezithile kunezelwa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zama-crustaceans, ama-amphibians abantu abadala kanye nonozinti, kanye nezinwele zezimfudu ezincane.
Bazimisele impela ukwamukela izinyoni ezinjalo futhi badle kubantu. Ezimweni zokushoda okubonakalayo kokudla okujwayelekile, abantu abadala kanye nezinyamazane ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukubamba amadada noma izingungulu, futhi zishaye kalula inyamazane evela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zamanzi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngenhloso yokuzala ama-pelican, amakoloni amakhulu adalwa, inani lawo kwesinye isikhathi elifinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane. Ukwakha izidleke kwenziwa yizinyoni ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka futhi kuya ngesimo sezulu endaweni. Ngababili bezinyoni benzelwe isizini eyodwa. Ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana, umbala wesikhwama somphimbo nocwebe kuyashintsha futhi kuthola umbala obomvana obukhanyayo ngezindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nombala ophuzi we-chrome.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-African marabou
- Kitoglav noma iRoyal Heron
Umugqa omnyama ohlangene uvela ezansi komlomo. Ngaphambi kwenqubo yokukhwelana, izinyoni zinesikhathi sokuqola isikhathi eside, ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa nowesilisa baya kwakha isidleke.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zabamele umndeni wasePelican nohlobo lwePelican zakha izidleke zazo emhlabathini kuphela, zisebenzisa le njongo izimbobo ezimbiwe ngabesifazane, ezihlanganiswe ngamahlumela nezimpaphe ezindala. Izinhlobo ezincane zama-pelican zingahlala ngqo ezihlahleni ezikhula eduze kwemizimba yamanzi. Izidleke zakhiwa ngabesifazane kuphela, kepha abesilisa baletha izinto zalokhu. Izimbhangqwana eziningana zezinyoni zivame ukwakha isidleke esisodwa.
I-clutch yowesifazane iqanda iqanda elilodwa noma amathathu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ophuzi... Owesilisa nowesilisa bahlanganyela ekufukameleni inzalo izinsuku ezingama-35. Bobabili abazali bondla amaphuphu asafufusa. Amachwane asanda kuzalwa anonwabu olukhulu namehlo aqhakazile, futhi ukubhoboka kwawo kokuqala kuvela kuphela ngosuku lweshumi ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimpawu ze-dimorphism yezocansi kuma-pelicans zibuthakathaka kakhulu, kepha abesifazane, njengomthetho, bancane ngosayizi futhi banemibala engakhanyi kangako uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa.
Amachwane ashiya isidleke kaningi eneminyaka engamasonto amabili noma amathathu, ngenxa yalokho akhiwa amaqembu afanayo "ezinkulisa" ezifanayo. AmaPelican azimela kuphela anezinyanga ezimbili.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ama-pelican akanazitha eziningi kakhulu, okuchazwa ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu walezi zinyoni. Inyoni endala ivame ukuhlaselwa izingwenya kuphela, kanti amachwane angaba yizisulu zezimpungushe, izimpisi nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwenani labantu base-pelican zithathwa njengokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-DDT emashumini eminyaka adlule, kanye neminye imithi yokubulala izinambuzane enamandla. Ukutholakala kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokudla kube nomthelela ongemuhle empilweni yezinyoni futhi bekungezinye zezimbangela zokwehla okuphawulekayo kokuzala kwazo.
Abantu be-pelican yase-Australia (Pelecanus conspicillatus), i-American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) kanye ne-American brown pelican (Pelecanus ossidentalis), i-pink pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalis) kanye ne-Rosovian pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalis) no-Rosovs Izinhlobo ezisengozini zifaka iCurly Pelican (Relesnus crispus). I-Grey Pelican kuphela (i-Pelecanus philippensis) ne-Pelecanus thagus abasondelene kakhulu nezinhlobo ezisengozini namuhla.
