IBeluga Iyinhlanzi ehlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Uyilungu lomndeni wama-sturgeon futhi uhlonishwa kakhulu embonini yokulima izinhlanzi. I-caviar yalolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi yiyona ebiza kakhulu kunazo zonke emakethe yomhlaba. Muva nje, inani labantu be-beluga belincipha ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ososayensi balwela ukufunda ukufuya izinhlanzi ezimweni zokufakelwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama lezinhlanzi elihunyushwe lisuselwa kwelesiLatini lisho ukuthi "ingulube". Leli gama lihambisana ngokuphelele nenhlanzi, libonisa indlela yalo yokuphila, ukubukeka, indlela yokuziphatha kanye nokudla.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Beluga
I-Beluga ingeyezilwane ezi-chordate, ezinikezwe isigaba senhlanzi e-ray-finned, i-oda lama-sturgeons. Inhlanzi ingeyomndeni wama-sturgeon, uhlobo nezinhlobo ze-beluga. Yi-beluga okuyizinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezikhona emhlabeni. Umlando uchaza amacala lapho abantu babamba abantu abakhulu kakhulu. Kweminye imithombo, kunemininingwane yokuthi abantu ngabanye abanesisindo esifinyelela kumathani amabili babanjwa.
Ividiyo: Beluga
Noma kunjalo, lolu lwazi alusekelwa noma yimaphi amaqiniso. Enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokwehla kwenani labantu, inhlanzi yehle kakhulu ngosayizi. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke balolu hlobo babanjwa ngo-1700 nango-1989. Isisindo somzimba wabo sasilandelana ngama-800 no-970 kilograms.
Ngaphezu kwe-beluga, umndeni we-sturgeon uhlanganisa izinhlanzi ezilandelayo: i-stellate sturgeon, i-sturgeon, i-sterlet. Abamele lo mndeni bavele ngokusobala ngesikhathi se-Eocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-85-70 edlule. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwemivubukulo okutholakele. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi abamele basendulo kakhulu balo mndeni babehlala kuleplanethi yethu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200 edlule, lapho ama-dinosaurs ehamba emhlabeni.
Ngokumangazayo, izinhlanzi zasinda ezikhathini zethu, cishe ngaphandle koshintsho lwangaphandle. Imizimba yabo, njengakuqala, imbozwe amapuleti amathambo, abedingeka ukuze baphile ezimeni zangaleso sikhathi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-beluga
Izinhlanzi zingezimpilo zasolwandle ezinkulu kakhulu. I-dimorphism yezocansi cishe ayibonwa ku-beluga, futhi abesilisa nabesifazane abanakho umehluko obonakalayo obonakalayo phakathi kwabo. Isisindo somzimba wayo singafinyelela ithani, kanti ubude baso bungamamitha amane. Kunofakazi abathi babengofakazi bokuzibonela beqiniso lokuthi izinhlanzi zabanjwa ngisho amamitha ayisithupha kuya kwayisikhombisa ubude. UBeluga ungumnikazi womzimba omkhulu, omkhulu, oqinile.
Ingxenye eyinhloko yomzimba ngaphandle ifana nokufana nengulube. Ingxenye yamakhala icacile, isikhumbuza isichibi sengulube. Umlomo omile okhele isikela ubanzi kakhulu, uzimele ngezindebe ezinkulu. I-beluga ayinazinyo, ngaphandle kokuthosa. Njengoba zikhula futhi zivuthwa, ziyanyamalala. Endaweni yodebe olungaphezulu, kunezimpondo ezilengayo, ezifinyelela kudebe olungezansi. Amehlo e-beluga mancane. Umbono awuthuthukisiwe kahle, ngakho-ke umuzwa obukhali kakhulu wephunga usebenza njengephuzu eliyinhloko lokukhomba. Umzimba wezinhlanzi umbozwe izikali eziminyene, ezinzima ze-rhomboid ezingadluli. Umzimba upendwe ngemibala emibili: ngemuva kunempunga ngombala onsundu, indawo yesisu ilula, icishe ibe mhlophe noma ibe nobisi. Indawo engemuva imbozwe imiqolo emincane. Izazi zezilwane zithi lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi luyisibindi eside. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, ikakhulukazi abantu abakhulu baphila cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.
Uhlala kuphi uBeluga?
Isithombe: Beluga eRussia
Izinhlanzi zaseBeluga zihlala kuphela emizimbeni yamanzi amasha.
Izifunda zendawo ye-beluga ezimweni zemvelo:
- ULwandle Olumnyama;
- Ulwandle iCaspian;
- Ulwandle i-Azov;
- Ulwandle i-Adriatic.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi zihlangana emilonyeni yemifula. Abantu abaningi kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi bahlangana eVolga, eDanube, eDon, eDnieper, eDniester, e-Ural, eKura naseTerek. Iningi lalaba bameleli bezitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane zihlala oLwandle iCaspian. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlanzi lihlangana eMfuleni iVolga. Izinhlanzi zingatholakala kunoma yimuphi umfula oseduze neCaspian. Phambilini, bekuvamile ukuthi izinhlanzi zikhuphuke imifula emikhulu izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Namuhla, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane ezinqunyelwe ikhawulelwe ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezindawo eziningi zokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi.
Phambilini, abantu be-beluga babesabalele ogwini lwase-Azerbaijan, Iran, Serbia, Romania nakwamanye amazwe. I-elevator yezinhlanzi yaze yakhelwa yona endaweni yesakhiwo se-Volgograd hydroelectric. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi osezingeni eliphansi, bayeka ukuwusebenzisa, futhi izinhlanzi zayeka ukutholakala eMfuleni iVolga ngobuningi obukhulu njengakuqala. Umzingeli onosayizi omkhulu kangako angazinikeza ukudla olwandle olukhulu. Izifunda ahlala kuzo zibhekwa njengezinobungani bemvelo, ngoba i-beluga itholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezinjalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma ngasizathu simbe indawo yezinhlanzi ingcolisiwe, insikazi iyenqaba ukuzala, bese amaqanda akhiwa emzimbeni wayo avele ancibilike.
AmaBelugas awavami ukuhola impilo yokuhlala phansi, engenzi lutho. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obumangazayo, ihlala ishintsha indawo yayo yokuhlala, ithande ukucwila ekujuleni okumangazayo ezindaweni ezinomsinga oqinile. Kukuzindawo ezinjalo lapho ethola khona inani elanele lokudla. Ekuphumuleni, ukhetha ikhefu ezansi. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, lapho izingqimba zamanzi aphezulu sezifudumele ngokwanele, i-beluga ingabonakala emanzini anjalo, noma ekujuleni okungajulile.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-beluga. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani?
Yini edliwa yi-beluga?
Isithombe: Beluga olwandle
IBeluga ingeyokuphila kwasolwandle okudlayo. Uqala ukuzingela nokuzimela ngokuzimela ukudla kwakhe. Umthombo wokudla oyinhloko izinhlanzi ezinhlobonhlobo. Njengoba ama-belugas edla inyama enkulu, ukudla kwawo kuhluke kakhulu.
Ukudla kweBeluga:
- i-herring;
- ukhaphethi;
- ama-gobies;
- ukwephula umthetho;
- vobla;
- i-sturgeon;
- i-sterlet;
- zander.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi zezinhlobo ezahlukene, bangadla ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs, izihlobo zabo, ezingakafiki osayizi abakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, zingadla izingane zezimpawu, izinyoni zasemanzini. I-beluga Fry esanda kuzalwa kuphela edla ama-plankton asolwandle, i-caviar yezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene, nezibungu. Ukudla kwe-beluga kuyashintsha njengoba ikhula. Ngemuva kokuthuthela olwandle oluvulekile, okokuqala ngqa abantu abasha badla ama-crustaceans nama-molluscs. I-cannibalism ivame kakhulu ezilwaneni ezincane.
Njengoba bekhula, kancane kancane bashintshela ekudleni kwezinhlanzi. Kubantu abadala, izinhlanzi zenza cishe ama-95-97% wokudla okuphelele. Ekufuneni ukudla, kwesinye isikhathi bangathutha emabangeni amade kakhulu. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, isimo sezulu, nesikhathi sokuzala, isilinganiso sokudla sabadliwayo sishintshwa kancane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeBeluga
Ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu, izinhlanzi zihamba, zithambekele ekufudukeleni amabanga amade. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu ulwandle, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzala, i-beluga iya emlonyeni wemifula emikhulu.
Ngokwendlela nohlobo lokufuduka, ama-belugas ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:
- intwasahlobo. Ukufudukela kwezinhlanzi emifuleni kwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yentwasahlobo.
- ebusika. Ukutheleka kwezinhlanzi eVolga kubonakala ekwindla.
Izinhlanzi zasebusika zinqwabelene ngobuningi, empeleni ezifihla ukucwila ezansi, futhi lapho kuqala intwasahlobo ziqala ukuzala ngokushesha. Ngemuva kokuphela kokuzala, umhlaseli ubuyela endaweni yakhe yemvelo - olwandle. Uyaziqondisa esikhaleni, ethembele kumuzwa ocijile kakhulu wephunga. Lapho ihlala olwandle, i-beluga ihamba impilo eyodwa, eyedwa. Ngesikhathi sokufudukela emifuleni, ihlangana ngamaqembu amaningi.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, i-beluga icwila ekujuleni futhi ilele emigodini enamanzi ajulile ezansi. Eziphonsa ebusika, ulinda amakhaza. Ngokuqala kwemfudumalo nentwasahlobo, izinhlanzi ziyavuka bese kuzala kuqala. Ngalesi sikhathi, abanye abantu bathambekele ekushintsheni indlela yabo yokuziphatha ejwayelekile, indlela abaphila ngayo nokudla kwabo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuphela kwesikhathi sokuzala, babuyela endleleni yabo yokuphila ejwayelekile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezinkulu ze-beluga
Ezinhlanzi, ukuthomba kuqala sekwedlule isikhathi. Abesifazane bakulungele ukuzalela eminyakeni yobudala eyi-15-17, nabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-12-14. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane abakhiqizi abantwana baze bathole isisindo somzimba abasifunayo. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi kungakabi yiminyaka engama-25 ubudala. Izikhathi eziphakathi kokuzala ziyiminyaka emibili kuya kwemine.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, owesifazane ngamunye ubeka amaqanda cishe izikhathi eziyi-8-9. Ubeka amaqanda kaningi phansi esihlabathini, noma itshe. Lapho amaqanda evundiswa, ayaqina, ngaleyo ndlela agxile olwandle. Ukuze kuzalwe kahle, kufanele kubekwe amaqanda lapho kunokugeleza okusheshayo futhi kutholakala ukutholakala kwe-oxygen njalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesinye isikhathi, owesifazane ovuthiwe ngokobulili uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaba yisigidi, futhi isisindo esiphelele samaqanda asezelwe cishe siyingxenye yesine yesisindo somzimba wakhe.
Isikhathi sokuzala senzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ama-belugas evuka ngemuva kokulala ubusika. Umanyolo ungaphandle. Izinga lokusinda liphansi, njengoba amaqanda amaningi eba ukudla kwezinye izimpilo zasolwandle, futhi gazinga elisanda kuzalwa livame ukudliwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ifry eyakhiwe ngamaqanda ingamasentimitha ama-5-7 ngosayizi. Ekuqaleni, bahlala emanzini angajulile, noma emanzini angaphezulu afudunyezwe yimisebe yelanga, bese bebhukuda befuna ulwandle. Amafry akhula futhi akhule ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi ngonyaka afinyelela cishe kumitha ubude.
Izitha zemvelo ze-beluga
Isithombe: Beluga
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nokuphila kwayo okuyizilwane ezidliwayo, i-beluga cishe ayinazitha endaweni yayo yemvelo. Asikho isilwane esizingela olwandle esake sayizingela. Okuhlukile kufry ne-caviar, okuba ngumthombo wokudla wezinto eziningi zasolwandle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-beluga ingenye yezitha zayo eziyinhloko. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukudla kwabantu kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezidlayo. Badla izihlobo namaqanda abo, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, badla amanani amaningi kakhulu.
Esinye sezitha ezinkulu futhi okuwukuphela kwezitha zezilwane zasolwandle ngumuntu. Ngasekuqaleni kwezifunda eziningi, ikakhulukazi eVolga, ngesikhathi sokuzala, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5-2 ale nhlanzi ebalulekile abanjwa. Ezifundeni eziningi namuhla kufuyelwa ukuthengiswa kwezimboni, ngoba i-caviar ithathwa njengesibiliboco esibiza kakhulu futhi esiphakeme. Unokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu.
Okuqukethwe kwayo kwekhalori kuphakeme kunokuqukethwe kwekhalori kwenyama yenhlanzi uqobo. I-Beluga caviar icebile kakhulu kumaphrotheni wemvelo, anikela ekugcineni kwesikhumba sentsha. Kodwa-ke, ukuzalanisa akuphumeleli njalo futhi ngobuningi. Mayelana nalokhu, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kusakazeke kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala, lapho izinhlanzi ziqoqwa ngobuningi emilonyeni yemifula.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-beluga
Namuhla inani lezinhlanzi lincipha njalo. Ukwehla okusheshayo kwamanani kwenzeke ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21. I-Belugas yanikezwa isikhundla sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ezazibhalwe ngazo eRed Book of the Russian Federation naku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba. Isazi sezilwane siphawula ukuthi ngenxa yezibalo ezihla njalo ezimweni zemvelo, izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukuzalana nabamele ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphila olwandle.
Ngo-1952, ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa, ososayensi bakwazile ukuzala i-hybrid, eyatholakala ngenxa yokuwela i-hybrid ne-sterlet kwathiwa nguBester. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lwazalelwa kuphela ukugcina izinhlanzi emadamini okufakelwa. Kodwa-ke, ikhwalithi ye-bester caviar iphansi kakhulu kunekhwalithi yezilwane ezizingela ezinye.
IBelugas isengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngenxa yokuthomba sekwedlule isikhathi. Ezifundeni eziningi lapho izinhlanzi sezijwayele ukuzalanisa amakhulu eminyaka, kufakwe izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, amanzi angcoliswe yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemfucumfucu yezimboni, ngenxa yalokho ukuzala kuyekile. Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezidlayo zinesici sokuthi emva kokuphela kokuzala, inani elikhulu labesifazane liyafa. Kubuye kuthinte kabi ubukhulu besibalo sabantu.
Unogada weBeluga
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeBeluga
Ukuvinjelwa komzingeli ezindaweni ezihlala kuyo kungavunyelwe nakancane. Ngenxa yokwephula lo mthetho, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni babhekene nesigwebo sangempela ejele. Lo mthetho usebenza endaweni yazo zonke izifunda lapho kuhlala khona i-beluga. Isijeziso emazweni ahlukene sehlukile: kusuka ekuhlawulisweni ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu nokuthathwa kwempahla kuya ekugqunywe ejele iminyaka emihlanu.
Ukuze kulondolozwe lesi silwane esidabukisayo futhi kwandise inani laso, izindawo zokukhulisa izingane ziyahlelwa ezifundeni eziningi lapho zizama ukugcina nokuzala i-beluga. Kodwa-ke, imicimbi enjalo ayiniki njalo imiphumela oyifunayo.
Futhi, ezindaweni zokuhlala zemvelo ze-beluga, akuvunyelwe ukungcolisa amanzi ngemfucuza yasendlini neyezimboni, ngoba ukungcoliswa kwendawo yezilwane ezihlasela izilwane kuholela ekuqedweni kokuzala, ukuvinjelwa kwendawo nokuncipha kwabantu. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izindawo zokuqongelelwa kwe-beluga zivikelwe ukugadwa kwezinhlanzi. Inhlanzi ibhalwe kuRed Book. Namuhla, ukudoba nganoma yisiphi isikali akunakwenzeka, ngakho-ke kuhlala kuyiphupho labadobi abaningi be-amateur abangalahli ithemba lokukubamba ngengozi.
IBeluga iyinhlanzi emangalisayo, okuyinto engavamile kakhulu esikhathini sethu. Ine-caviar enkulu yombala ompunga okhanyayo, ongafani nanoma iyiphi enye i-caviar ngokunambitha.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/27/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 30.09.2019 ngo-20: 51
