Indlulamithi - isilwane esiphakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Abaningi bababone kuphela ezithombeni futhi abakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi lesi silwane siphila kanjani esimangalisayo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukukhula hhayi kuphela okukuhlukanisa nezinye izilwane, kepha futhi nezinye izici eziningi.
Ikhanda lendlulamithi alifani nelomunye umuntu: izindlebe eziqondile, izimpumputhe, izimpondo ezimfushane, kwesinye isikhathi zibe zinhlanu, izinkophe ezimnyama ezizungeze amehlo amakhulu, futhi ulimi ngokuvamile lushaya ngobude balo, umbala nokuma kwalo. Akuwona wonke ama-zoo anezindlulamithi, futhi uma zikhona, khona-ke izindiza zawo ngokuvamile ziyehlela ekujuleni okuthile, noma zithathe izingqimba ezimbalwa ukuze ukwazi ukubona sonke isilwane.
Izindlulamithi zakhe ziyizilwane ezidla utshani kuphela ezinokuthula, kepha zizolile ngabantu. Kodwa abantu, ezikhathini zasendulo, babezingela izindlulamithi ngenkuthalo. Umuntu uthole okuningi okusetshenziselwa impilo yansuku zonke kusuka esikhumbeni sendlulamithi, imisipha yayo ngisho nasemsileni. Kodwa lokhu kwabulala inani elikhulu labantu, futhi manje kunengqondo ukuzingela izindlulamithi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Indlulamithi
Kunzima ukucabanga ngemvelaphi yezindlulamithi ezivela kunoma yisiphi isilwane, zicacile. Kepha ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi avele eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-20 edlule evela kubantu abangasetshenziswanga, okungenzeka ukuthi bavela kuzinyamazane. Izwe lakubo lalezi zilwane libhekwa njenge-Asia ne-Afrika. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngemuva kokuvela kwezindlulamithi e-Asia Ephakathi, basheshe basakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu bagcina sebese-Afrika. Manje sekunzima ukucabanga ngendlulamithi kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwaseSavana yase-Afrika.
Kodwa-ke, izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ezitholakele zezindlulamithi eziphilayo cishe zineminyaka eyi-1.5 million ubudala futhi zitholakale kwa-Israyeli nase-Afrika. Mhlawumbe lolu luhlobo nje olulodwa olusindile kuze kube manje. Izinhlobo eziningi zendlulamithi kukholakala ukuthi azisekho. Ososayensi bakha kabusha isithombe sangesikhathi esedlule, lapho, ngokombono wabo, kwakukhona izindlulamithi ezinde kakhulu nezinkulu kakhulu, futhi lokhu akuzange kubeke umkhawulo emndenini wezindlulamithi, kungukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi cishe zonke zaphela futhi kwasala uhlobo olulodwa kuphela.
Empeleni, indlulamithi, njengenhlobo ethile, ingeyezilwane ezincelisayo, i-artiodactyl oda, umndeni wendlulamithi. Ngemuva kokuthi izinhlobo zezindlulamithi zikhonjwe emuva ngekhulu le-18, isayensi yathuthuka kakhulu.
Lapho kutadishelwa izinto zofuzo zabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezihlukene, kwatholakala ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo oluphansi:
- INubian;
- ENtshonalanga Afrika;
- E-Afrika Ephakathi;
- Phindisela;
- Unandian;
- IsiMasai;
- I-Angola;
- Indlulamithi yaseTornikroyta;
- WaseNingizimu Afrika.
Zonke ziyehluka endaweni yazo nephethini encane. Ososayensi bathi ama-subspecies angazalelana - ngakho-ke, ukwahlukaniswa kweziqeshana akubalulekile kangako futhi kukhona ukwahlukanisa izindawo zokuhlala. Ochwepheshe babuye baphawule ukuthi izindlulamithi ezimbili ezinesikimu sombala ofanayo azikho nhlobo, futhi iphethini eligqokekayo lamabala, kunjengokungathi yiphasipoti yesilwane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlulamithi yezilwane
Indlulamithi iyisilwane eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ukuphakama kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha ayisikhombisa, abesilisa bade kancane kunabesifazane. Futhi futhi ngobukhulu bomhlaba, isisindo esikhulu sezindlulamithi sifinyelela kumathani amabili, ngaphezulu kwendlovu, imvubu nobhejane kuphela.
Indlulamithi idume ngentamo yayo ende efakwe ikhanda elincane ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusuka ngezansi, intamo ihlangana nomzimba wendiza ethambekile futhi iphele ngobude obude, obufinyelela kumitha elilodwa, umsila ngentambo. Imilenze yendlulamithi nayo yinde kakhulu futhi ithatha ingxenye yesithathu yokuphakama okuphelele. Zincane futhi zinomusa, njengezinyamazane, zinde kuphela.
Ngokumangazayo, ngaphandle kobude obukhulu bentamo, obulinganiselwa kwimitha elilodwa nohhafu, izindlulamithi, njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, zinemithambo yomlomo wesibeletho engu-7 kuphela. Ukuze basebenze ubude obunjalo, bahlukaniswe esilwaneni, ngaphezu kwalokho, i-vertebra yokuqala ye-thoracic nayo yandiswa. Inhloko yesilwane ivulekile, incanyana futhi ihlanzekile. Amehlo makhulu futhi amnyama, azungezwe yi-cilia emnyama emnyama. Amakhala avelele kakhulu futhi makhulu. Ulimi lwezindlulamithi lude kakhulu, onsomi omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi lunsundu, lufana nentambo eyindilinga, eguquguqukayo. Izindlebe zimile, zincane, zincane.
Ividiyo: Indlulamithi
Phakathi kwezindlebe kunezimpondo ezincane ezinjengezinsika ezimbili, zimbozwe ngesikhumba noboya. Phakathi kwalezi zimpondo ezimbili, kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala uphondo oluncane oluphakathi, futhi luthuthukiswa kakhulu kwabesilisa. Kwesinye isikhathi engxenyeni ye-occipital kunezinye izimpondo ezimbili, zibizwa ngokuthi i-posterior noma i-occipital. Lezi zindlulamithi zibizwa ngokuthi zinezimpondo ezinhlanu, futhi, njengomthetho, zonke zingamadoda.
Lapho indlulamithi iningi, inezimpondo eziningi. Ngokukhula, amanye amabhande aphuma kugebhezi angakha, futhi unganquma nobudala obulinganiselwe bomuntu kubo. Uhlelo lwezinhliziyo zezindlulamithi luyathakazelisa. Kukhethekile ngoba inhliziyo kufanele ibhekane nokumpompa igazi liye phezulu kakhulu. Futhi lapho wehlisa ikhanda ukuze ingcindezi ingeqi okwejwayelekile, izindlulamithi zinamahlule emithambo engxenyeni ye-occipital, ethatha konke ukushaya futhi ibhebhethekise amathonsi egazi.
Inhliziyo yendlulamithi inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-10 kg. Inhliziyo enkulu kunazo zonke ezincelisayo. Ububanzi bayo cishe bunguhhafu wemitha, futhi izindonga zemisipha zingamasentimitha ayisithupha ngogqinsi. Izinwele zendlulamithi zifushane futhi ziminyene. Ngasemuva kokukhanya okuncane noma okuncane, izindawo ezinsundu ngokubomvu ezinhlobonhlobo ze-asymmetric ezingajwayelekile, kepha ubujamo be-isometric buqinile. Izindlulamithi ezisanda kuzalwa zilula kunabantu abadala; zimnyama ngokuguga. Abantu abadala abanemibala ekhanyayo abavamile kakhulu.
Uhlala kuphi indlulamithi?
Isithombe: Izindlulamithi zase-Afrika
Ezikhathini zasendulo, izindlulamithi zazihlala kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika, okungukuthi indawo yalo eyisicaba. Manje izindlulamithi zihlala ezingxenyeni ezithile zezwekazi lase-Afrika. Zitholakala emazweni asempumalanga naseningizimu yezwekazi, isibonelo, eTanzania, Kenya, Botswana, Ethiopia, Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia. Zimbalwa kakhulu izindlulamithi ezitholakala maphakathi ne-Afrika, okungukuthi ezifundazweni zaseNiger naseChad.
Indawo yezindlulamithi zingamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo anezihlahla ezikhula kancane. Imithombo yamanzi yezindlulamithi ayibalulekile kangako, ngakho-ke ingahlala kude nemifula, amachibi neminye imizimba yamanzi. Ukwenziwa kwendawo yokuhlala kwezindlulamithi e-Afrika kuhlotshaniswa nokuthanda kwabo ukudla. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinombolo zabo zinqoba ezindaweni ezinezihlahlana abazithandayo.
Izindlulamithi zingabelana ngendawo nabanye abangasetshenziswanga ngoba abahlanganyeli nokudla nabo. Izindlulamithi zinesithakazelo kulokho okukhula kuphakeme. Ngakho-ke, ungabona imihlambi emikhulu yezilwane ezingavamile njengezinkonkoni, amadube nezindlulamithi. Bangaba sendaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside, ngamunye edla ukudla kwakhe. Kepha ngokuzayo basaphambuka.
Udla ini indlulamithi?
Isithombe: Indlulamithi enkulu
Izindlulamithi yizilwane ezinde kakhulu, imvelo uqobo izitshele ukuthi zidle amaqabunga aphezulu ezihlahleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lwakhe luye lwavumelana nalokhu: ubude balo bungu-50 cm, buncane, bungena kalula ngameva abukhali futhi lubambe imifino enamanzi. Ngolimi lwakhe, angaphotha azungeze igatsha lesihlahla, alidonsele kuye futhi akhiphe amahlamvu ngezindebe zakhe.
Amafolishi ezitshalo akhethwa kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Acacia;
- IMimosa;
- Amabhilikosi asendle.
Izindlulamithi zichitha cishe wonke amahora emini ekudleni. Badinga ukudla ukudla okungafika ku-30 kg ngosuku. Kanye namahlamvu, inani elidingekayo lomswakama lingena futhi izindlulamithi zingahamba amasonto ngaphandle kwamanzi. Akuvamile, noma kunjalo, baya ezindaweni zokuchelela emifuleni. Kufanele bavule imilenze yabo banzi, behlise amakhanda futhi bahlale kule ndawo isikhathi eside, bacime ukoma kwabo amasonto azayo. Bangaphuza kuze kufike kumalitha angama-40 amanzi ngesikhathi.
Izindlulamithi azinaki idlelo. Bangazehlisa kuye ngokungabikho okuphelele kokudla kwabo okujwayelekile. Kunzima kubo ukuthi badle utshani begebise amakhanda, bese beguqa ngamadolo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izindlulamithi e-Afrika
Izindlulamithi ziyizilwane ezishona isikhathi. Umsebenzi wabo omkhulu uvunyelwe ekuseni kakhulu nakusihlwa. Kushisa kakhulu emini, bese izindlulamithi zikhetha ukuphumula noma ukuhlala phakathi kwamagatsha ezihlahla, zibeke amakhanda kuzo. Yonke impilo ichithwa ekudleni okungaphuthumi kokudla nokuphumula okufishane. Izindlulamithi zilala ebusuku, futhi ziyalingana futhi ziqala imizuzu eminingana. Ochwepheshe bathi ukulala okude kakhulu nokujule kakhulu ezilwaneni kuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu engama-20.
Izindlulamithi zihamba ngokuthakazelisa kakhulu: bahlela kabusha imilenze yangaphambili nangemuva ngababili, njengokungathi bayashwiba. Ngasikhathi sinye, izintamo zabo zintengantenga kakhulu. Idizayini ibukeka ididekile futhi ingenangqondo.
Izindlulamithi zingakwazi ukuxhumana zodwa kaningi ngama-20 Hz. Abantu abakuzwa lokhu, kepha ochwepheshe bafunde ukwakheka komphimbo wesilwane futhi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ekuphefumuleni bakhipha imisindo ehehayo ezwakala kubo kuphela. Isikhathi sokuphila sabantu abasendle siyiminyaka engama-25. Kodwa-ke, ekuthunjweni, kwabhalwa iminyaka emikhulu kakhulu yezilwane, okuyiminyaka engama-39.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Indlulamithi yengane
Izindlulamithi ziyizilwane ezihlanganyela, kodwa kuyaqabukela zihlala zodwa isikhathi esithile. Iqembu elilodwa imvamisa liqukethe abantu abangaphansi kwe-10 - 15. Emhlambini owodwa womhlambi, kukhona abesilisa abaqavile abagcina behlonipheke kakhulu kunabanye, bonke abanye banikeze indlela yabo. Ukuze isihloko main, kukhona ukulwa amakhanda nezintamo, isiphukuphuku uhlala emhlambini njengoba indima encane, akakaze axoshwe.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwezindlulamithi senzeka ngesikhathi semvula, okungu-Mashi. Uma isikhathi sonyaka singaziwa kakhulu, izindlulamithi zingakhwelana nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukulwa phakathi kwabesilisa akwenzeki ngalesi sikhathi, kunokuthula okukhulu. Abesifazane bakhwelana noma ngabe owesilisa ovelele, noma owokuqala ofikayo.
Owesilisa usondela kowesifazane ngemuva amhlikihle ikhanda kuye, abeke intamo yakhe emhlane. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, owesifazane angavumela ukulala naye, noma enqabe owesilisa. Ukulungela kowesifazane kungabonakala ngephunga lomchamo wakhe.
Isikhathi sokumitha sithatha unyaka nezinyanga ezintathu, emva kwalokho kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, owesifazane ugoba amadolo akhe ukuze ingane ingawi kusuka ekuphakameni. Ukuphakama kwengane esanda kuzalwa cishe kungamamitha amabili, kanti isisindo sifinyelela kuma-50 kg. Ngokushesha ukulungele ukuthatha indawo emile futhi azi umhlambi. Indlulamithi ngayinye eqenjini iyasondela iyayidonsa, iyazi.
Isikhathi sokuncelisa sithatha unyaka, kepha, indlulamithi encane iqala ukunambitha amaqabunga ezihlahleni kusukela ngesonto lesibili lokuphila. Ngemuva kokuthi umama aqede ukondla ingane ngobisi, angahlala naye izinyanga ezimbalwa. Bese, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iba nokuzimela. Abesifazane bangazala kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, kepha imvamisa kuncane kakhulu. Lapho ineminyaka engu-3,5 ubudala, amawundlu ezinsikazi ayavuthwa ngokocansi futhi angakwazi ukuhlangana nabesilisa futhi azale amawundlu. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi ngemuva kwesikhashana. Izindlulamithi zifinyelela ekukhuleni kwazo okuphezulu ziseneminyaka emihlanu ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo zendlulamithi
Isithombe: Indlulamithi yezilwane
Izindlulamithi azinazo izitha eziningi kakhulu, phela ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezingehlula zonke izilwane ezidliwayo. Lapha, amabhubesi, ngokwesibonelo, akwazi ukubhekana nendlulamithi, isilwane sawo siyesaba. Ngokwengxenye, izindlulamithi zihamba zibambe amakhanda phezulu futhi zibheka kude ukuze zibone umhlaseli ngesikhathi futhi zixwayise umhlambi ngakho. Amabhubesikazi aya ngokunyenya endlulamithi ngemuva bese eqa entanyeni, uma ukwazi ukuluma kahle ngezitho, isilwane sife ngokushesha.
Ukuhlasela indlulamithi ngaphambili kungaba yingozi: bayazivikela ngezinselo zabo zangaphambili futhi bangaphula ugebhezi lwesilwane esinenkani ngesishayo esisodwa.
Izingane zezindlulamithi zihlala zisengozini enkulu. Azikwazi ukuzivikela futhi zibuthakathaka, kanye nezincane. Lokhu kubenza babe sengozini yezilwane ezizingelayo kakhulu kunabantu abadala. Amawundlu azingelwa izingwe, izingulule, izimpisi. Ngemuva kokuhlehla emhlambini, izinyane lizoba yisisulu samaphesenti ayikhulu komunye wabo.
Umzingeli oyingozi kakhulu wendlulamithi yindoda. Kungani abantu bengazibulali nje lezi zilwane! Lokhu ukukhishwa kwenyama, izikhumba, imisipha, imisila enezinhlamvu, izimpondo. Konke lokhu kwakusetshenziswa okuhlukile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, lapho kubulawa indlulamithi, umuntu wasebenzisa zonke izinto zalo. Izigubhu zazimbozwa ngesikhumba, imisipha yayisetshenziselwa izintambo zomculo nezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo, inyama yayidliwa, intshanda yemisila yayihamba yindiza ama-swatters, nemisila uqobo lwayo iya kumasongo. Kodwa-ke kwakukhona abantu ababulala izindlulamithi ngenxa nje yenjabulo - lokhu kusinciphise kakhulu isibalo sabantu kuze kube manje.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Indlulamithi
Kunezizathu ezimbili zokwehla kwezindlulamithi:
- Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho
- Umthelela we-Anthropogenic.
Uma izinsizakalo zokuvikela imvelo zilwa neyokuqala, khona-ke ngeke ubaleke kwesesibili. Izindawo zemvelo zendlulamithi zihlala zingcoliswa futhi zilulazwa. Ngaphandle kokuthi izindlulamithi zihlala kahle nabantu, azikwazi ukwamukela indawo engcolisiwe. Isikhathi sokuphila sezindlulamithi siyancipha, futhi izindawo lapho izindlulamithi zingaba khona ngokuphepha ziyancipha.
Kodwa-ke, azikho ohlwini lwencwadi ebomvu futhi zinesimo - okudala ukukhathazeka okuncane. Yize, ochwepheshe bathi eminyakeni eyinkulungwane nengxenye edlule, izindlulamithi zahlala kulo lonke izwekazi, hhayi nje ezinye izingxenye zalo. Ama-subspecies akhonjwe ososayensi asuselwa eqinisweni lokuthi izindawo ezwekazini lapho kuhlala izindlulamithi zicacisiwe ngokusobala. Kwakulula ukuwahlukanisa ngokuya ngezindawo zokuhlala.
Endle, kunzima kakhulu ukuthi intsha iphile. Kufika ezinganeni ezingama-60% ezifa zisencane. Lokhu ukulahleka okukhulu kakhulu komhlambi, ngoba njalo kuzalwa ngakunye. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwamanani kunokungabaza okukhulu. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezilwane njengamanje lihlala eziqiwini nasemapaki kazwelonke. Kunezimo ezinhle nemvelo yazo. Ezinqolobaneni indlulamithi anganda kalula, lapha ngeke acindezelwe yimpilo esebenzayo yomuntu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.02.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/16/2019 ngo-0: 02
