I-Tuna kubhekwa njengesibiliboco sangempela phakathi kwama-gourmets ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngisho neminyaka eyi-5000 eyedlule, abadobi baseJapan babamba le nhlanzi enamandla futhi enobungcweti, igama layo elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini sasendulo ngokuthi "jikijela noma phonsa." Manje i-tuna akuyona nje inhlanzi ethengiswayo, kodwa futhi iyindebe yabadobi abaningi abanolwazi, abayingozi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Tuna
I-Tuna iyinhlanzi yasendulo evela emndenini we-mackerel wohlobo lweThunnus, esaphila kuze kube yilolu suku cishe ingashintshiwe. I-Thunnus ifaka izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa; ngo-1999, i-tuna ejwayelekile nePacific yahlukaniswa nabo njengama-subspecies ahlukene.
Ividiyo: I-Tuna
Zonke i-tuna yizinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe, okuyisigaba esivame kakhulu olwandle lomhlaba. Bathole leli gama ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile samaphiko. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-ray fin zivele ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isikhathi eside, ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe eguqukayo. Ukutholwa okudala kakhulu kwezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe ye-fossil kufana nokuphela kwesikhathi se-Silurian - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-420. Izinsalela zalesi sidalwa esidlayo zitholakale eRussia, e-Estonia, eSweden.
Izinhlobo ze-tuna ezivela kuhlobo lweThunnus:
- i-longfin tuna;
- Wase-Australia;
- i-tuna enamehlo amakhulu;
- I-Atlantic;
- i-yellowfin nomsila omude.
Zonke zinesikhathi sokuphila esihlukile, ubukhulu obukhulu nesisindo somzimba, kanye nombala wezici zezinhlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-tuna ye-Bluefin iyakwazi ukugcina ukushisa komzimba wayo kuma-degree angama-27, ngisho nasekujuleni okungaphezu kwekhilomitha, lapho amanzi engakaze afudumele aze afike ngisho nakuma-degree amahlanu. Bandisa izinga lokushisa komzimba ngosizo lwesithasiselo sokushisa esisebenza esiphikisayo esiphakathi kwamathambo nezinye izicubu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Tuna
Zonke izinhlobo ze-tuna zinomzimba oyindilinga oyindilinga, obukhali ubheke ngasemsileni. Umphetho omkhulu we-dorsal concave futhi uvulekile, owesibili umise okwe-crescent, mncane. Ukusuka kuwo ubheke emsileni kusekhona amaphiko amancane afinyelela kwayi-9, futhi umsila unomumo wocezwana futhi nguyena owenza ukuthi kufinyeleleke ngesivinini esikhulu kukholamu lamanzi, kanti umzimba we-tuna uqobo uhlala ucishe unganyakazi lapho unyakaza. Lezi yizidalwa ezinamandla amakhulu, ezikwazi ukuhamba ngejubane lokushaya elingafika kuma-90 km ngehora.
Inhloko ye-tuna inkulu ngesimo sesigaxa, amehlo mancane, ngaphandle kohlobo olulodwa lwe-tuna - elinamehlo amakhulu. Umlomo wenhlanzi ubanzi, uhlale ujwayelekile; umhlathi unoluhlu olulodwa lwamazinyo amancane. Izikali ezingaphambili komzimba nasemaceleni zinkulu futhi ziyajiya kakhulu kunezinye izingxenye zomzimba, ngenxa yokuthi kwakheka uhlobo lwegobolondo lokuzivikela.
Umbala we-tuna uncike ezinhlotsheni zawo, kepha imvamisa zonke zinesisu esilula nomhlane omnyama onombala ompunga noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezinye izinhlobo zinemivimbo yesici ezinhlangothini, kungahle kube nemibala ehlukene noma ubude bamaphiko. Abanye abantu bayakwazi ukuthola isisindo esifinyelela kwengxenye yethani ngobude bomzimba obungamamitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-4,5 - lawa yimidondoshiya yangempela, abuye abizwe nangokuthi "amakhosi azo zonke izinhlanzi". Imvamisa, i-tuna eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ejwayelekile ingaziqhayisa ngobukhulu obunjalo. IMackerel tuna inesisindo esingejwayelekile esingeqile kwamakhilogremu amabili ngobude obufinyelela kwengxenye yemitha.
Izazi eziningi ze-ichthyologists zavuma ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi cishe ziphelele kunazo zonke izakhamuzi zasolwandle:
- banomphetho womsila onamandla ngendlela eyisimanga;
- ngenxa yamagill abanzi, i-tuna ikwazi ukuthola amaphesenti angama-50 oksijini osemanzini, okungokwesithathu ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlanzi;
- uhlelo olukhethekile lokulawulwa kokushisa, lapho ukushisa kudluliselwa ngokuyinhloko ebuchosheni, emisipheni nasendaweni yesisu;
- izinga eliphezulu le-hemoglobin kanye nesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwegesi esheshayo;
- uhlelo oluphelele lwe-vascular nenhliziyo, i-physiology.
Ihlala kuphi i-tuna?
Isithombe: I-Tuna emanzini
I-tuna isizinzile cishe kulo lonke uLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, okuwukuphela kokungafani namanzi asendaweni emhlophe. IBluefin tuna noma i-tuna phambilini yayitholakala e-Atlantic Ocean isuka eCanary Islands iya eNorth Sea, kwesinye isikhathi ibibhukuda iye eNorway, oLwandle Olumnyama, emanzini ase-Australia, e-Afrika, izizwe njengenkosi oLwandle iMedithera. Namuhla indawo yayo yokuhlala inciphe kakhulu. Ama-congener ayo akhetha amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele oLwandle i-Atlantic, Pacific kanye nase-Indian. I-tuna iyakwazi ukuhlala emanzini abandayo, kepha ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela ingena lapho, ikhetha afudumele.
Zonke izinhlobo ze-tuna, ngaphandle kwe-tuna yase-Australia, kuyaqabukela zisondele ogwini futhi kuphela ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwesizini; imvamisa bahlala ogwini kude kakhulu. I-Australia, kunalokho, ihlala iseduze nomhlaba, ayingeni emanzini avulekile.
Izinhlanzi ze-tuna zihlala zifuduka ngemuva kwezikole zezinhlanzi abazondlayo. Entwasahlobo, bafika ogwini lweCaucasus, eCrimea, bangene oLwandle lwaseJapan, lapho bahlala khona kuze kube ngu-Okthoba, bese bebuyela eMedithera noma eMarmara. Ebusika, i-tuna ihlala ikakhulu ekujuleni iphinde ivuke futhi lapho kufika intwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kokudla, ingasondela eduze kakhulu nogu ngokulandela izikole zezinhlanzi ezakha ukudla kwazo.
Idlani ituna?
Isithombe: I-tuna olwandle
Onke ama-tuna yizilwane ezidla ezinye, adla cishe konke okutholayo emanzini olwandle noma ezansi kwawo, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu. I-Tuna ihlala izingela eqenjini, iyakwazi ukulandela isikole sezinhlanzi isikhathi eside, ihlanganisa amabanga amade, kwesinye isikhathi ize ingene emanzini abandayo. I-tuna ye-Bluefin incamela ukuphakela ekudleni okuphakathi nendawo ukuthola inyamazane enkulu, kufaka phakathi ngisho oshaka abancane, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezincane zihlala ziseduze nobuso, ziqukethe konke okuzayo.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalesi sidlo:
- izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezifundayo, kufaka phakathi i-herring, i-hake, i-pollock;
- ingwane;
- octopus;
- i-flounder;
- izimbaza;
- izipanji ezahlukahlukene nama-crustaceans.
I-Tuna ngokuqine kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abahlali basolwandle iqoqa i-mercury enyameni yayo, kepha isizathu esiyinhloko salesi simo akusikho ukudla kwayo, kodwa imisebenzi yabantu, ngenxa yalokhu into eyingozi engena emanzini. Amanye ama-mercury agcina olwandle ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, lapho kusetshenzwa ngamatshe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Omunye wabahambi basolwandle uthathe umzuzu lapho umuntu othile omkhulu kakhulu we-tuna ebamba inhlanzi yolwandle ebusweni bamanzi wayigwinya, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana yakhafula, yabona iphutha layo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Tuna
I-tuna iyinhlanzi efunda isikole edinga ukunyakaza njalo, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuhamba lapho ithola khona ukugeleza okunamandla komoya-mpilo ngemiphunga yayo. Bangababhukudi abanobungcweti futhi abasheshayo, bayakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi, behamba, behamba amabanga amade. Naphezu kokufuduka okungapheli, i-tuna ihlala ibuyela emanzini afanayo kaninginingi.
I-tuna ayivamile ukuthatha ukudla kusuka phansi noma ngaphezulu kwamanzi, ikhetha ukufuna inyamazane ngobukhulu bayo. Emini, zizingela ezinzulwini, kuthi lapho kuqala ubusuku zivuke. Lezi zinhlanzi azikwazi ukuhamba ngokuvundlile kuphela, kodwa futhi nangokuqondile. Ukushisa kwamanzi kunquma uhlobo lokuhamba. I-Tuna ihlala ilwela izendlalelo zamanzi ezifudunyezwa ngama-degree angama-20-25 - le yinkomba ekhululeke kakhulu kuyo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingelwa kwesikole, i-tuna idlula isikole senhlanzi esiyingini bese ihlasela ngokushesha. Esikhathini esifushane, umhlambi omkhulu wezinhlanzi uyabhujiswa futhi kungalesi sizathu ukuthi kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule abadobi babheka i-tuna njengomncintiswano wabo futhi bayibhubhisa ngenhloso ukuze bangashiywa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokubanjwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inyama yayijwayele ukusetshenziselwa okokukhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Tuna ngaphansi kwamanzi
I-tuna ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi kuphela lapho ineminyaka emithathu, kepha ayiqali ukuzala ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-10-12 ubudala, emanzini afudumele ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila esimaphakathi yiminyaka engama-35, futhi singafinyelela uhhafu wekhulu leminyaka. Ngokuzala, izinhlanzi zifudukela emanzini afudumele eGulf of Mexico naseLwandle iMedithera, kanti indawo ngayinye inesikhathi sayo sokuzala, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lifinyelela kuma-23-27 degrees.
Zonke i-tuna zivundile - ngasikhathi sinye owesifazane akhiqiza amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini eziyi-10 cishe ubukhulu bemilimitha, futhi wonke avundiswa owesilisa ngasikhathi sinye. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, kuvela amafry kubo, aqoqa ngobuningi eduze kwamanzi. Ezinye zazo zizodliwa yizinhlanzi ezincane, kanti ezinye zizokhula ngokushesha ngosayizi, zidle ama-plankton nama-crustaceans amancane. Intsha ishintshela ekudleni okujwayelekile njengoba ikhula, ijoyina kancane kancane abantu abadala ngesikhathi izingela isikole.
I-tuna ihlale isemhlambini wezizukulwane zayo, abantu abangashadile abavamile, uma nje kuyiscout yokufuna inyamazane efanelekile. Onke amalungu epakethe ayalingana, abukho ubukhosi, kepha kuhlala kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo, izenzo zabo ngesikhathi sokuzingela ngokuhlanganyela zicacile futhi ziyafana.
Izitha zemvelo zetuna
Isithombe: Tuna
I-Tuna inezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo ngenxa yedokodo layo elimangalisayo nokukwazi ukusheshisa ngokushesha kube ngejubane elikhulu. Kwakunezimo zokuhlaselwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zoshaka abakhulu, inhlanzi enenkemba, ngenxa yalokho i-tuna eyafa, kepha lokhu kwenzeka kaningi ngama-subspecies amancane amancane.
Ukulimala okukhulu kwabantu kubangelwa abantu, ngoba i-tuna iyinhlanzi ethengiswayo, inyama ebomvu egqamile eyaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni nensimbi, ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, nokungabi sengozini yokutheleleka ngamagciwane. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-80s yekhulu lama-20, ukwenziwa kabusha okuphelele kwemikhumbi yokudoba kwenzeka, futhi ukubanjwa kwalezi zinhlanzi kufinyelele ezingeni elimangalisayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inyama ye-tuna yaziswa kakhulu ngamaJapane; amarekhodi entengo abekwa njalo ezindalini zokudla eJapan - izindleko zekhilogremu elilodwa le-tuna entsha zingafinyelela ku- $ 1000.
Isimo maqondana ne-tuna njengenhlanzi yokuhweba sashintsha kakhulu. Uma iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa le nhlanzi enamandla ibibhekwa njengabadobi, isithombe sayo saze sabhalwa nangezinhlamvu zemali zamaGrikhi nezamaCeltic, ngekhulu lama-20 inyama ye-tuna yeka ukwaziswa - baqala ukuyibamba ngenhloso yezemidlalo ukuthola indebe ephumelelayo, esetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza ekukhiqizeni izinhlanganisela zokuphakelayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Big Tuna
Ngaphandle kokungabikho okuphelele kwezitha zemvelo, ukuzala okuphezulu, inani le-tuna liya ngokuya lincipha ngenxa yezinga elikhulu lokudoba. I-tuna ejwayelekile noma i-bluefin sekuvele kumenyezelwe ukuthi isengozini. Izinhlobo zase-Australia zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Kuphela ama-subspecies aphakathi nendawo awabangeli ukwesaba phakathi kososayensi futhi isimo sabo sizinzile.
Njengoba i-tuna ithatha isikhathi eside ukufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi, kunqatshelwe ukubamba izingane. Uma kwenzeka ukushaywa ngengozi esikebheni sokudoba, abavunyelwe ngaphansi kommese, kodwa bayadedelwa noma bathuthelwe emapulazini akhethekile ukuze bakhule. Kusukela eminyakeni yama-80s yekhulu elidlule, i-tuna ibilinywa ngenhloso ezimweni zokufakelwa kusetshenziswa amapeni akhethekile. IJapan iphumelele kakhulu kulokhu. Inani elikhulu lamapulazi ezinhlanzi atholakala eGrisi, eCroatia, eCyprus, e-Italy.
E-Turkey, kusukela maphakathi no-May kuya kuJuni, imikhumbi ekhethekile ilandelela imihlambi ye-tuna futhi, ibazungeze ngamanetha, iyiyisa epulazini lezinhlanzi eKaraburun Bay. Yonke imisebenzi yokubamba, yokukhulisa nokucubungula le nhlanzi ingaphansi kolawulo oluqinile lombuso. Isimo se-tuna sibhekwa ngabatshuzi, inhlanzi ikhuluphele iminyaka engu-1-2 bese ifakwa ubuthi ukuze icutshungulwe noma iqandiswe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-tuna
Isithombe: I-Tuna Encwadini Ebomvu
I-tuna ejwayelekile, ehlukaniswa nosayizi wayo omangalisayo, isengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele futhi ifakwe kwiRed Book esigabeni sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthandwa okuphezulu kwenyama yale nhlanzi ku-gastronomy nokubamba okungalawulwa amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ngokwezibalo, eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, inani labantu bezinhlobo ezithile ze-tuna lehle ngamaphesenti angama-40-60, futhi inani labantu be-tuna ejwayelekile ezimweni zemvelo alanele ukondla abantu.
Kusukela ngo-2015, isivumelwano besisebenza emazweni angama-26 sokunciphisa ukubanjwa kwe-tuna yasePacific ngesigamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokukhulisa okwenziwe ngabantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izifundazwe eziningi ezingafakwanga ohlwini lwamazwe asekele isivumelwano sokunciphisa izinhlanzi zandisa kakhulu umthamo wokudoba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inyama ye-tuna ibingahlonishwa ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba isenjalo manje; kwesinye isikhathi ibingathathwa njengenhlanzi, futhi abathengi bathuswa umbala obomvu ogqamile wenyama, owawuthola ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-myoglobin. Le nto ikhiqizwa emisipheni ye-tuna ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ephezulu. Njengoba le nhlanzi ihamba kakhulu, i-myoglobin ikhiqizwa ngobuningi obukhulu.
I-Tuna - umhlali ophelele wezilwandle nezilwandle, cishe engenazo izitha zemvelo, evikelwe yimvelo uqobo ekuqothulweni ngokuzala okukhulu nangesikhathi sokuphila, usazithola esengozini yokuqothulwa ngenxa yesifiso somuntu sokungalinganiseli. Ngabe kungenzeka yini ukuvikela izinhlobo ezingavamile ze-tuna ekuqothulweni okuphelele - kuzosho isikhathi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 20.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/26/2019 ngo-9: 13
