Isopod - umndeni omkhulu kusuka ku-crayfish ephakeme. Lezi zidalwa zihlala cishe kuyo yonke iplanethi, kufaka phakathi lezo ezitholakala ezindaweni zabantu. Bangabamele abadala kakhulu bezilwane ezingakashintshi ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka, basinda ngempumelelo ezimeni ezahlukahlukene.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Izopod
Ama-Isopods (ravnon ogie) angawohlelo lwe-crayfish ephakeme. Sekukonke, zifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nohhafu ze-crustacean ezivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi amanzi anosawoti nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Phakathi kwazo kunamaqembu ama-crustaceans angama-parasites.
Leli yi-oda elidala kunawo wonke - izinsalela zokuqala zibuyele emuva enkathini yeTriassic yenkathi yeMesozoic. Izinsalela ze-isopods zatholwa okokuqala ngo-1970 - kwakungumuntu oguqulwe impilo emanzini. Kakade eMesozoic, ama-isopods amanzi ahlanzekile ahlala kakhulu futhi ayeyizilwane zawo ezimbi.
Ividiyo: Izopod
Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-isopods ayengenabo ababencintisana nabo kakhulu ochungechungeni lokudla; bona ngokwabo babengavamisile ukuhlaselwa ezinye izidumbu. Zikhombisa nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okuphezulu ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, ezavumela lezi zidalwa ukuthi ziphile izigidi zeminyaka ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokwasemzimbeni nhlobo.
Isikhathi sokuqala seCretaceous sifaka phakathi ama-woodlice isopods, atholakala ku-amber. Babambe iqhaza elibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla lwalesi sikhathi. Namuhla, ama-isopods anama-subspecies amaningi, amaningi awo anesimo sokuphikisana.
Ama-Isopods ahluke kakhulu kunabameleli abajwayelekile be-oda le-crayfish ephakeme, efaka futhi:
- izinkalankala;
- imifula yomfula;
- imfanzi;
- amphipisi.
Bahlukaniswa ngekhono lokuhamba phansi emanzini, ikhanda elinezimpondo ezinkulu ezizwelayo, emuva nasesifubeni. Cishe bonke abameleli bohlu lwama-crayfish aphezulu banenani elingaphansi kohlaka lokudoba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Giant Isopod
Ama-Isopods angumndeni omkhulu wezinhlanzi ezinkulu, abameleli bazo abahlukile komunye nomunye ngokubukeka. Osayizi bazo bangehluka kusuka ku-0.6 mm. Kuya kuma-46 cm (ama-isopods amakhulu ajulile olwandle). Umzimba we-isopods uhlukaniswe ngokucacile waba yizingxenye, phakathi kwazo kukhona imigqa yeselula.
Ama-Isopods anezitho zomzimba eziyi-14, nazo ezihlukaniswe zaba izingxenye ezishintshashintshayo ze-chitinous. Imilenze yayo ihlukaniswa ngobuningi bayo, obudalwa ngosizo lwezicubu zamathambo aminyene, evumela ukuthi ama-isopods ahambe kahle futhi ngokushesha ezindaweni ezahlukene - zasemhlabeni noma ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngenxa yegobolondo eliqinile le-chitinous, ama-isopods awakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha akhasa ezansi kuphela. Izitho ezimbili ezisemlonyeni zisebenza ukubamba noma ukubamba izinto.
Ekhanda lama-isopods kunezimpondo ezimbili ezizwelayo nezithasiselo zomlomo. Ama-Isopod awabonwa kahle, amanye anciphise umbono, yize inani lama-appendages wamehlo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene angafinyelela enkulungwaneni.
Umbala we-isopods uhlukile:
- okumhlophe, okuphaphathekile;
- ukhilimu;
- ikhanda elibomvu;
- nsundu;
- ansundu futhi icishe ibe mnyama.
Umbala uncike endaweni okuhlala kuyo i-isopod nakuma-subspecies ayo; ikakhulukazi inomsebenzi wokufihla. Kwesinye isikhathi emapuletini e-chitinous umuntu angabona izindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezinokuhleleka kokulingana.
Umsila we-isopod uyipuleti enwebekile evundlile, evame ukuba namazinyo phakathi. Kwesinye isikhathi lamapuleti angagqagqana akhe isakhiwo esiqinile. Ama-Isopods adinga umsila wokubhukuda okungavamile - nansi indlela owenza ngayo umsebenzi wokulinganisa. I-isopod ayinazo izitho zangaphakathi eziningi - lezi yizinto zokuphefumula, inhliziyo namathumbu. Inhliziyo, njengaleyo yamanye amalungu e-oda, ibuyiselwe emuva.
Ihlala kuphi i-isopods?
Isithombe: I-Marine isopod
Ama-Isopods asezazi zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala. Iningi lezinhlobo, kubandakanya nezinambuzane, zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Ama-Isopod nawo ahlala olwandle olunosawoti, umhlaba, izingwadule, izindawo ezishisayo, nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamasimu namahlathi.
Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-isopod zingatholakala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- I-Atlantic Ocean;
- I-Pacific Ocean;
- Indian Ocean.
Ihlala kuphela phansi olwandle emakhoneni ayo amnyama kakhulu. I-isopod enkulu ingabanjwa ngezindlela ezimbili kuphela: ngokubamba izidumbu eseziqhamukile futhi esezivele zidliwe ngabaqaphi; noma ubeke isicupho solwandle olujulile ngesithiyo azowela kuso.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-isopods amakhulu, abanjwe ogwini lwaseJapan, avame ukutholakala ezindaweni zasemanzini njengezilwane ezihlobisa.
I-Woodlice ingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-isopods.
Zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, kepha zithanda izindawo ezinomswakama, njenge:
- isihlabathi esisogwini lwamanzi ahlanzekile;
- amahlathi emvula;
- izindlu zangasese;
- ngaphansi kwamatshe emhlabathini omanzi;
- ngaphansi kokubola kwezihlahla eziwile, ngeziqu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaMokrits angatholakala ngisho nasezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zaseRussia ezindlini nasezinsizeni lapho kukhona umswakama omncane.
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-isopod azikacwaningwa, izindawo zazo zokuhlala kunzima ukufika kuzo noma azikanqunywa ngokunembile. Izinhlobo ezifundwayo zingatholwa ngabantu, ngoba zihlala ebunzimeni bezilwandle nezilwandle, zivame ukuphonswa ngaphandle ogwini, noma emahlathini nasemasimini, kwesinye isikhathi khona kanye ezindlini.
Manje uyazi lapho i-isopod ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani isopod?
Isithombe: Izopod
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinhlobo zezilwane, ama-isopods angaba omnivorous, herbivorous, noma carnivorous. Ama-isopods amakhulu ayingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yolwandle, ikakhulukazi iphansi lolwandle. Bangabahlaseli futhi ngokwabo basebenza njengokudla kwezilwane ezinkulu.
Ukudla kwama-isopods amakhulu kufaka phakathi:
- ukhukhamba wasolwandle;
- izipanji;
- ama-nematode;
- ama-radiolarians;
- izinto eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabathini.
Isici esibalulekile sokudla kwama-isopods amakhulu yimikhomo efile nama-squid amakhulu, imizimba yawo ewela phansi - ama-isopods nabanye abahlaseli basolwandle abajulile badla ngokuphelele imikhomo nezinye izidalwa ezinkulu.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Kumagazini kaShark Week ka-2015, i-isopod enkulu yaboniswa ihlasela ushaka obanjwe ogibeni olwandle olujulile. Kwakuyi-katran, edlula i-isopod ngosayizi, kepha isidalwa salibamba ikhanda laso sakudla siphila.
Izinhlobo ezincane zama-isopod abanjwe ngamanetha amakhulu okubamba izinhlanzi ngokuvamile ahlasela izinhlanzi khona kanye emanetheni futhi azidle ngokushesha. Azivamile ukuhlasela izinhlanzi eziphilayo, azilandeli inyamazane, kepha zisebenzisa lelo thuba kuphela uma inhlanzi encane iseduze.
Ama-isopods amakhulu akhuthazelela indlala kalula, awasinda esimweni esinganyakazi. Abazi ukuthi bangawulawula kanjani umuzwa wokusutha, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi bayazinakekela kuze kufike ezingeni lokungakwazi ngokuphelele ukunyakaza. Ama-isopods asemhlabeni njengezintwala zezinkuni iningi lawo liyisidlakudla. Ziphila ngokudla umquba kanye nezitshalo ezintsha, yize ezinye izinhlobo zingakwenqabi izidumbu nezitho zomzimba ezifile.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: IWoodlice ingaba yizinambuzane zombili, ukudla izitshalo ezibalulekile, nezidalwa ezinenzuzo eziqeda ukhula.
Kukhona nezinhlobo zezinambuzane zama-isopods. Babambelela kwamanye ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi, ezilimaza izinto eziningi zokudoba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Giant Isopod
Ama-isopods wamanzi kanye ne-woodlice akuyona indalo ngokwemvelo. Ama-isopods asemanzini, kwesinye isikhathi ayizidlakela ezikhuthele, ayakwazi ukuhlasela isisulu esiphakathi nendawo, kepha wona awasoze abonisa ulaka olungadingekile. Zikhetha ukucasha enhlabathini, phakathi kwamatshe, amadwala kanye nezinto ezicwile.
Ama-isopods asemanzini ahlala wodwa, yize engeyona indawo. Bangashayisana bodwa, futhi uma umuntu oyedwa engowenye i-subspecies futhi emncane, khona-ke ama-isopods angakhombisa ukudla kwabantu futhi ahlasele omele uhlobo lohlobo lwabo. Zizingela ubusuku nemini, zikhombisa ubuncane bomsebenzi ukuze zingabanjwa yizilwane ezinkulu ezizingela ezinye.
IWoodlice ihlala ngamaqembu amakhulu. Lezi zidalwa azinakho ukufiphala kocansi. Emini bacasha ngaphansi kwamatshe, phakathi kwezihlahla ezibolayo, ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba nakwezinye izindawo ezimanzi ezifihlekile, kuthi ebusuku baphume bayokondla. Lokhu kuziphatha kungenxa yokungavikeleki okuphelele kwe-woodlice ezilwaneni ezinambuzane.
Ama-isopods amakhulu nawo azingela njalo. Ngokungafani namanye ama-subspecies, lezi zidalwa zinolaka futhi zihlasela yonke into eseduze kwazo. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela izidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu kunabo, futhi lokhu kungenxa yesifiso sabo esingalawuleki. Ama-isopods amakhulu akwazi ukuzingela ngenkuthalo, ahamba phansi olwandle, okubenza babe sengozini yezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isopods
Iningi lama-isopod subspecies abobulili obuhlukile futhi bazala ngokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa. Kepha phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-hermaphrodites akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo bobabili ubulili.
Ama-isopods ahlukahlukene anama-nuances awo okuzala:
- Izintwala zezinkuni zesifazane zine-spermatozoa. NgoMeyi noma ngo-Ephreli, zikhwelana nabesilisa, bazigcwalise ngesidoda, kuthi lapho zigcwala ngokweqile, ziqhume bese isidoda singena emaqanda. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-molts wesifazane, ukwakheka kwakhe kuyashintsha: kwakhiwa igumbi lezingane phakathi kwemilenze emihlanu neyesithupha. Yilapho ethwala khona amaqanda avundisiwe, akhula ngezinsuku ezimbalwa. Uphatha nezintwala zokhuni ezisanda kuzalwa. Kwesinye isikhathi ingxenye yembewu ihlala ingasetshenziswanga bese ivundisa iqanda elilandelayo lamaqanda, ngemuva kwalokho intwala yezinkuni iphinde iphinde iphinde ivele ngaphambili;
- ama-isopods amakhulu nezinhlobo eziningi zasemanzini zizala phakathi nezinyanga zasentwasahlobo nasebusika. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesifazane bakha igumbi lezingane, lapho kufakwa khona amaqanda akhulelisiwe ngemuva kokukhwelana. Uziphatha nazo, futhi ubuye abheke ama-isopods asanda kuchanyuselwa, nawo ahlala kuleli gumbi isikhashana. Amantshontsho ama-isopods amakhulu abukeka ngokufana ncamashi nalawo amadala, kepha awanawo umlenze wokubamba ngaphambili;
- ezinye izinhlobo zama-isopods anezinambuzane ngama-hermaphrodites, futhi angazala kokubili ngokuya ocansini nangokuzivundisa. Amaqanda abhukuda mahhala, kanti ama-isopods achanyuselwe abambelela kuma-shrimp noma izinhlanzi ezincane, akhula kuwo.
Ama-isopods asemhlabeni ahlala ngokwesilinganiso sezinyanga eziyi-9 kuye kwezingu-12, kanti ubude bempilo yama-isopods asemanzini abaziwa. Ama-isopods amakhulu ahlala emanzini angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-60.
Izitha zemvelo zama-isopods
Isithombe: I-Marine isopod
Ama-Isopods asebenza njengokudla kwezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye kanye nama-omnivores. Ama-isopods asemanzini adliwa yizinhlanzi nama-crustaceans, kanti kwesinye isikhathi octopus bayahlasela.
Ama-isopods amakhulu ahlaselwa yi:
- oshaka abakhulu;
- ingwane;
- amanye ama-isopods;
- izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle olujulile.
Ukuzingela i-isopod enkulu kuyingozi, njengoba lesi sidalwa sikwazi ukukhipha ngokweqile. Ama-isopods amakhulu alwa kuze kube sekupheleni futhi awalokothi ahlehle - uma ephumelela, adla umhlaseli. Ama-Isopods akuzona izidalwa ezinomsoco kakhulu, yize izinhlobo eziningi (kufaka phakathi i-woodlice) zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla.
I-isopods yasemhlabeni ingadliwa yi:
- izinyoni;
- ezinye izinambuzane;
- amagundane amancane;
- ama-crustaceans.
IWoodlice ayinazo izindlela zokuzivikela ngaphandle kokugoba ibhola, kepha lokhu kuyaqabukela kuyisiza ekulweni nabahlaseli. Ngaphandle kokuthi izintwala zezinkuni zidliwa yizilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, zigcina inani labantu likhulu, ngoba livundile.
Uma kunengozi, ama-isopods asonga abe yibhola, eveza igobolondo eliqinile le-chitinous ngaphandle. Lokhu akuvimbi izintuthwane ezithanda ukuzitika ngezintwala zokhuni: zimane zigingqe izintwala zezinkuni ziye entuthwaneni, lapho iqembu lezintuthwane likwazi ukuyiphatha ngokuphepha. Ezinye izinhlanzi zikwazi ukugwinya ngokuphelele i-isopod uma zingakwazi ukuluma ngayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isopod ngokwemvelo
Izinhlobo ezaziwayo zama-isopods azisongelwa ngokuqothulwa, azikho kwiRed Book futhi azibhalisiwe njengeziseduze nosongo lokuqothulwa. I-Isopods iyisibiliboco emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukudoba kwabo kunzima ngezizathu eziningana:
- Izinhlobo ezitholakalayo zama-isopods zincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke cishe azinalo inani lokudla okunempilo: iningi lesisindo salo liyigobolondo le-chitinous;
- ama-isopods amakhulu kunzima kakhulu ukuwabamba ngezinga lokuhweba, ngoba ahlala kuphela ekujuleni;
- Inyama ye-Isopod inokunambitheka okuthile, yize abaningi beyiqhathanisa nezimfanzi ezinzima.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngo-2014, e-Japanese Aquarium, esinye seziqhwaga ezinkulu sanqaba ukudla futhi sahlala phansi. Kwaphela iminyaka emihlanu, ososayensi bekholelwa ukuthi i-isopod ibidla ngasese, kepha ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kukhombisile ukuthi empeleni akukho kudla kuso, yize bezingekho izimpawu zokukhathala emzimbeni.
Ama-isopods asemhlabeni, akwazi ukudla izinkuni, akwazi ukukhiqiza into kuma-polymers asebenza njengophethiloli. Ososayensi bacwaninga lesi sici, ngakho-ke esikhathini esizayo kungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe i-biofuel kusetshenziswa ama-isopods.
Isopod - isidalwa sasendulo esimangalisayo. Baphila iminyaka eyizigidi, abakaze benze ushintsho futhi baseyizinto ezibalulekile zezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene. Ama-Isopods ahlala ngokoqobo kuyo yonke iplanethi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ikakhulukazi, ahlala izidalwa ezinokuthula ezingasongo kubantu nakwezinye izinhlobo zebhayoloji.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 05
