I-eel kagesi - isidalwa esiyingozi futhi esiyimfihlakalo. Isici sayo esiyinhloko yikhono lokukhiqiza kabusha insimu kagesi, engayisebenzisi nje kuphela ukuzulazula, kepha futhi nokuzingela, nokuvikela ezitheni zangaphandle. Ifana ne-eel ejwayelekile kuphela ubukhona bomzimba ovulekile kanye ne-anal fin enamandla, ngosizo lwayo elawula ukunyakaza kwayo. Ngokwesigaba samazwe omhlaba, i-eel kagesi ingeye-oda ekhethekile yezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe - efana nehubo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Electric eel
Njengoba okhokho abakude bezinhlanzi zanamuhla babengenawo amathambo noma okunye ukwakheka okuqinile, iminonjana yobukhona babo yabhujiswa kalula yimvelo uqobo. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezinhlekelele zomhlaba, izinsalela zibolile, zacekelwa phansi futhi zaguguleka. Ngakho-ke, umlando wemvelaphi yanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlanzi kumane nje kuwumbono wososayensi osuselwa kokutholakale okungajwayelekile komhlaba kanye nomqondo ojwayelekile wemvelaphi yakho konke okuphilayo eMhlabeni.
Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous, iqembu lezidumbu lahlukaniswa nezinhlanzi zasendulo ezinjenge-herring, ezazikhetha amanzi amasha asezindaweni ezishisayo ukuze zihlale kahle. Ngemuva kwalokho basakazekela kuwo wonke amazwekazi baya olwandle. Kuze kube muva nje, ama-eel kagesi nawo abengawomndeni we-carp, kepha ngezigaba zesimanje babelwe ukuhleleka okukhethekile kwezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe, ososayensi abayiqambe ngokuthi "njenge-anthem".
Ividiyo: Electric Eel
Okuhlukile kwabameleli abafana nengoma ukuthi bakhiqiza amashaji kagesi wamandla nezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. U-Eel kagesi ukuphela kwakhe osebenzisa leli khono hhayi kuphela ukuthola indawo ye-electro, kepha futhi nokuhlasela nokuvikela. Njengezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu, inomzimba omude, omncane futhi uhamba emanzini ngosizo lwe-anal fin enkulu futhi ethuthuke kakhulu.
Ukuphefumula, i-eel kagesi idinga umoya osemkhathini, ngakho-ke ngezikhathi ezithile untanta phezulu ukuze uthathe omunye umoya. Kodwa angaba kalula ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhashana, uma umzimba wakhe unamanzi anele.
I-eel kagesi iyisilwane esidla ezinye, futhi endaweni yayo ejwayelekile iziphatha kabi, ihlasela imbangi enkulu. Kunamacala amaningi aziwayo omuntu oshaywe yinkokhelo kagesi ekhishwe yi-eel. Uma umuntu emncane, umthelela onjalo awubeki ingozi empilweni yomuntu, kepha ubangela ukulahleka kokwazi, ukuzwa okungathandeki nokubuhlungu. I-eel enkulu ekhiqiza amandla amanje aphezulu iyakwazi ukudala ukulimala okukhulu kumuntu, ngakho-ke, ukuhlangana naye kuyingozi enkulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zikagesi
Ukuvela kwe-eel kagesi kuvame ukuqhathaniswa nokwenyoka. Ukufana kulele esimweni somzimba esilinganisiwe nangendlela yokuhamba oku-wavy. Umzimba we-eel awunazo izikali ngokuphelele. Kubushelelezi ngokuphelele futhi kumbozwe amafinyila. Imvelo inikeze i-eel kagesi ukufihla okungokwemvelo ngesimo sombala onsundu ngokuluhlaza, okungabonakali nakancane emanzini anodaka ngemuva kwesizinda sodaka - endaweni eyintandokazi yalezi zinhlanzi.
Isiphetho esinamandla esisemuva komzimba sibhekene nokunyakaza kwe-eel kagesi. Amaphiko amabili amancane we-pectoral asebenza njengama-motion stabilizers. Inhlanzi ayinayo amaphiko we-ventral, dorsal, noma caudal. I-eel kagesi iyinhlanzi enkulu. Umzimba wayo cishe uyimitha nengxenye ubude, kanti umuntu ojwayelekile unesisindo esingaba ngama-20 kg. Kepha kukhona nabantu abangamamitha amathathu abanesisindo esifinyelela kuma-40 kg.
Ngokungafani nozakwabo abangaphansi kwamanzi, i-eel iphefumula hhayi kuphela i-oxygen encibilikiswa emanzini, kepha futhi nomoya wasemkhathini. Ngale njongo, uphoqeleka ukuthi abonakale njalo ngemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu (noma kaningi) ukuze athathe omunye umoya. Njengoba umgodi womlomo ubangela iningi lokutholwa komoya-mpilo (cishe u-80%), ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, kwakhiwa ulwelwesi lwamafinyela olwenziwe ngomfutho owandayo emlonyeni ongenalutho wamazinyo. Okusele okungama-20% kokutholwa komoya-mpilo kuhlinzekwa yizigilamzimba. Uma i-eel ivinjelwe ukungena emoyeni wasemkhathini, iyancipha.
Kepha isici esiyinhloko salezi zinhlanzi ukukhiqizwa kokukhishwa kwamandla kagesi ngamazinga ahlukahlukene wamandla. Emzimbeni we-eel kagesi, kunezitho ezikhethekile ezibhekele ukukhiqizwa kukagesi. Ukuze kucace, ungacabanga i-eel ngesimo "sebhethri" kagesi, isigxobo esihle esisendaweni yekhanda, isigxobo esibi endaweni yomsila.
Amandla, imvamisa kanye nokuphakama kwamapulse akhiqizwayo kuyahluka ngokuya ngenhloso yawo:
- ukuzulazula;
- ukuxhumana;
- i-echolocation;
- Sesha;
- ukuhlasela;
- ukudoba;
- ukuvikelwa.
Amandla amancane wamanje - angaphansi kuka-50 V - akhiqizwa kabusha ukusesha nokuthola isisulu, esiphezulu - cishe ngo-300-650 V - ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa.
Lapho kuhlala khona i-eel kagesi
Isithombe: I-Electric eel emanzini
Ama-eels kagesi asakazeke engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, e-Amazon. Bahlala e-Amazon uqobo, uMfula i-Orinoco, kanye nemifudlana yabo neminsalo. Inhlanzi ikakhulu ihlala emanzini anodaka futhi anodaka anezimila ezicebile. Ngaphezu kwemifula nemifudlana, bahlala nasemachibini anamanzi. Zonke izindawo zazo zokuhlala zinezinga eliphansi le-oxygen. Ngakho-ke, induna itholwe njengesipho esivela emvelweni amandla aguquguqukayo okufaka umoya-mpilo ngomlomo ebusweni bamanzi.
Ngenqubo yokuzivumelanisa nendawo enodaka nenodaka, i-eel kagesi ithuthukise amanye amakhono ayingqayizivele. Ukubonakala okunomkhawulo omkhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kwehlulwa yikhono lokuxhumana okusebenzayo okusebenzisa ugesi ophansi. Ekwehlukanisweni kwendawo nokusesha abalingani, kanye nokuma, izilwane zisebenzisa izitho zazo zikagesi.
I-eel kagesi ihlala kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile, njengoba kwenza iningi lezisulu zayo ezingaba yisisulu. Le "couch potato" kuyaqabukela iguqule indawo yakhe yokuhlala uma kunokudla okwanele endaweni ekhethiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukubonwa kokuziphatha kwe-eel kagesi ngenkathi yokukhwelana kukhombisa ukuthi abantu bangashiya izindawo zabo ezijwayelekile, bathuthele ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, babuyele emuva sebenenzalo eseyikhulile.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-eel kagesi ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani i-eel kagesi?
Isithombe: I-Electric eel
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-eel kagesi kwenziwa ngokuphila kwasolwandle okulingene.:
- inhlanzi;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izimbaza.
Imvamisa izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ngisho nezinyoni ziza kuye zizodla isidlo sasemini. Izilwane ezisencane azizideleli izinambuzane, futhi abantu abadala bakhetha isidlo esihlaba umxhwele.
Ilambile, i-eel iqala ukubhukuda, ikhiphe imizwa ebuthakathaka kagesi enamandla angadluli ku-50 V, izama ukuthola ukuguquguquka okuncane kwamaza okungabonisa ubukhona besidalwa esiphilayo. Ukuthola isisulu esingahle sibe khona, ikhuphula ngamandla i-voltage iye ku-300-600 V, ngokuya ngosayizi wesisulu bese iyayihlasela ngokukhipha ugesi okufishane okuningana. Ngenxa yalokho, isisulu sikhubazekile, futhi ubumnyama bungabhekana nakho ngomoya ophansi. Ugwinya inyamazane ephelele, ngemuva kwalokho uchitha isikhathi esithile enganyakazi, egaya ukudla.
Amandla wokushaqeka kukagesi akhiqizwa i-eel alungiswa ngendlela yokuthi aphoqe isisulu ngokoqobo ukuthi sishiye indawo yokuhlala. Icebo ukuthi amandla kagesi enza kusebenze ama-motor neurons wesisulu ngakho-ke akhiqiza ukunyakaza okungazibandakanyi. I-eel kagesi ine-arsenal ephelele yokushaqeka okuhlukahlukene kagesi, ngakho-ke ibhekana ngempumelelo nalo msebenzi.
Ukuze kufundwe izici zokuziphatha kwe-eel kagesi, ososayensi bahlinza inhlanzi efile nabaqhubi bakagesi ukuyenza, njengenyama yangempela, iphazanyiswe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, idale ukunyakaza emanzini. Ekuvivinyweni okuhlukahlukene ngamamodeli anjalo ezinyamazane, bathole ukuthi ukuphazima kunquma ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwesisulu esingakwazi ukusebenza kunenjongo. U-Eels uhlasele inhlanzi kuphela lapho isabela ekushayweni ugesi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinto ezibukwayo, zamakhemikhali, noma zezinzwa, njengokuhamba kwamanzi kwenhlanzi ejiyayo, ayizange iyifeze inhloso yabo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Eel kagesi ngokwemvelo
Ugesi kagesi uyisidalwa esinolaka kakhulu. Ngomqondo omncane nje wengozi, uhlasela kuqala, noma kungekho songo langempela empilweni yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokukhishwa kukagesi okukhishwa yiwo awudluleli nje kokuqondiwe okuthile, kepha nakubo bonke abantu abaphilayo abazithola sebangeni lomfutho kagesi.
Uhlobo nemikhuba ye-eel kagesi nayo inqunywa yindawo yayo yokuhlala. Amanzi anodaka emifula namachibi amphoqa ukuba abe namaqhinga futhi asebenzise yonke inqolobane yakhe yokuzingela ukuzitholela ukudla. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokuba nesistimu ye-electrolocation ethuthuke kahle, i-eel isesimweni esizuzisa kakhulu kunezinye izakhamizi ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Amehlo e-eel kagesi abuthakathaka kangangoba ayisebenzisi, ikhetha ukuzulazula esikhaleni isebenzisa izinzwa zikagesi ezisemzimbeni wonke.
Ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokutadisha inqubo yokwenza amandla ngalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo. Amandla we-watts angamakhulu amaningana adalwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-electrocyte, amaseli emisipha agcina amandla ekudleni.
Kepha isilwane singakhipha nemisinga kagesi ebuthakathaka, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ukhetha umlingani. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi ngabe i-eel isebenzisa ugesi okhonjiwe lapho ixhumana nomlingani wayo, njengoba yenzela ukuzingela izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla emanzini. Kodwa-ke, kuyaziwa ukuthi lesi silwane sisebenzisa amandla aso kagesi hhayi kuphela ukukhubazeka okungazelelwe nokubulala izisulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Esikhundleni salokho, uzisebenzisa ngamabomu futhi uzilinganisela ngokufanele ukulawula umgomo wakhe ukude.
Isebenzisa isu elimbili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, yakha amandla kagesi athambile okuhlola isisulu sayo, ikuthole futhi ifunde iphrofayili kagesi yalapho ihlose khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushaqeka kwamandla amakhulu kuyisikhali esiphelele kuye.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zikagesi
Ama-eel kagesi afuna umlingani wabo wokukhwelana ngamasango kagesi. Kepha akhiqiza ukukhishwa okubuthakathaka kuphela okungabanjwa ngumlingani ongabakhona emanzini anezinkinga. Isikhathi sokumatanisa sivamise ukuba phakathi kukaSepthemba noDisemba. Abesilisa bese bakha izidleke ngezitshalo zasemanzini bese kuthi abesifazane babeke amaqanda abo. Ngokuvamile kunamaqanda ayi-1700 ku-clutch.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ukukhishwa okunamandla okwenziwe yi-eel akulimazi umlingani. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi banamandla okuvula nokucisha uhlelo lokuvikela ekushayweni ugesi.
Bobabili abantu baqapha isidleke sabo namaqanda, futhi kamuva - izibungu, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela kumasentimitha ayishumi ngesikhathi sokuchanyuselwa. Isikhumba sika-Fry siluhlaza ngokukhanyayo ngombala, sihlukile, sinemigqa yemabula. Labo gazinga abanenhlanhla yokuchamisela kuqala badla wonke amaqanda asele. Ngakho-ke, akukho ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yefry esinda ku-clutch yamaqanda ayi-1,700, amanye amaqanda aba ukudla kokuqala kozakwabo.
Izilwane ezisencane zidla kakhulu ama-invertebrate, atholakala ezansi. Ama-eel amadala avamise ukudoba izinhlanzi, azibone ngemisipha kagesi ebuthakathaka futhi akhubaze isisulu ngamandla kagesi ngaphambi kokugwinya. Esikhathini esithile ngemuva kokuzalwa, izibungu ze-eel sezivele zikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi aphansi kagesi. Futhi intsha iqala ukuhola indlela yokuphila ezimele futhi yenze imizamo yayo yokuqala yokuzingela ineminyaka engamasonto ambalwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Uma uthatha ifry, enezinsuku ezimbalwa nje kuphela ubudala, ungazizwa uthwebula imisipha lapho uphuma kugesi.
Izitha zemvelo ze-eel kagesi
Isithombe: I-Electric eel
I-eel kagesi inokuzivikela okuhle ekuhlaselweni kangangokuba ayinazo izitha zemvelo endaweni yazo ejwayelekile. Kunamacala ambalwa aziwayo wokulwa kwe-eel kagesi nezingwenya nama-caimans. Lezi zidlakela azinankinga ngokudla i-eel, kepha kufanele zibheke ngamandla ayo ahlukile okukhiqiza amandla kagesi anamandla. Naphezu kwesikhumba sengwenya esimahhadlahhadla nesiminyene, zingalimaza ngisho nesirhubuluzi esikhulu.
Ngakho-ke, izilwane eziningi ezingaphansi kwamanzi nezasemhlabeni zikhetha ukuhlala kude ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona ama-eel kagesi futhi zigweme nokuhlangana nazo ngengozi. Imiphumela yokwethuka kukagesi ekhishwa i-eel ayisijabulisi neze - kusuka ekukhubazekeni kwesikhashana nasezinhlungwini ezibuhlungu kuze kube sekufeni. Amandla omonakalo ngqo ancike emandleni okukhipha ugesi.
Ngokunikwa la maqiniso, kungabhekwa ukuthi isitha esiyinhloko semvelo se-eel kagesi sasikhona futhi sisengumuntu. Yize inyama yommeleli wezilwane zasolwandle ingenakubizwa ngokuthi ubumnandi, isilinganiso sokubamba kwayo sikhulu impela.
Iqiniso elithandekayoUkuzingela i-eel kagesi kuyibhizinisi elinzima kakhulu futhi eliyingozi kakhulu, kepha abadobi nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni bathole indlela yokuqala yokudoba ngobuningi. Endaweni yokuqoqwa okukhulu kwama-eels kagesi emanzini angajulile, baqhuba umhlambi omncane wemfuyo enkulu - izinkomo noma amahhashi. Lezi zilwane zibekezelela ukushaqeka kukagesi kwe-eel kunalokho ngokuthula. Lapho izinkomo ziyeka ukugijima emanzini bese zehlisa umoya, kusho ukuthi ama-eel aqedile ukuhlasela kwawo. Azikwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ngokungapheli, imizwa inciphe kancane kancane, ekugcineni, ime ngokuphelele. Ngalesi sikhathi bayabanjwa, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthola umonakalo omkhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zikagesi
Njengoba kunendawo enkulu kangako, kunzima ukwahlulela usayizi wangempela wesilinganiso se-eel kagesi. Njengamanje, ngokusho kwe-IUCN World Conservation Union, lolu hlobo alufakiwe endaweni engcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-eel kagesi cishe ayinazo izitha zemvelo futhi ayikabi sengcupheni yokuqothulwa, izinto ezahlukahlukene zokuphazanyiswa kwabantu ohlelweni lwemvelo lwendawo yazo kuveza ubukhona balezi zinhlobo ezinsongweni ezinkulu. Ukudoba ngokweqile kwenza amasheya ezinhlanzi abe sengozini. Ikakhulukazi uma ucabanga ukuthi imvelo yamanzi ashisayo aseNingizimu Melika izwela kakhulu ekuphazanyisweni okuncane futhi ingonakaliswa ngisho nokuphazamiseka okuncane.
Imizimba yamanzi kanye nezakhamizi zayo zichayeke kubuthi be-mercury, obusetshenziswa ngokungalawuleki ngabavukuzi begolide ukuhlukanisa igolide nezidumbu zemifula. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-eel kagesi, njengomuntu odla inyama phezulu kochungechunge lokudla, usengozini enkulu yokuthola ubuthi. Futhi, amaphrojekthi wamadamu athinta indawo yokuhlala ye-eel kagesi ngokushintsha kakhulu ukutholakala kwamanzi.
Imiklamo ye-WWF neTRAFFIC yokuvikela izitshalo nezilwane zase-Amazon Ukuvikelwa kwendawo yokuhlala yazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini kanye nezitshalo zase-Amazon kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-WWF izibekele umgomo kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokunhlobonhlobo kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emgodini waseBrazil i-Amazon ngenethiwekhi ebanzi yezindawo ezivikelwe.
Ukufeza lokhu, iWWF isebenza emazingeni amaningi ehlukene ukonga ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon. Njengengxenye yohlelo lweWWF, uhulumeni waseBrazil wathembisa ngo-1998 ukuthi uzovikela amaphesenti ayishumi ehlathi lemvula laseBrazil e-Amazon futhi wenza olunye lwezinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo emhlabeni, i-Amazon Region Protected Areas Programme (ARPA). Ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo kubaluleke kakhulu kwiWWF. Sekukonke, lolu hlelo kufanele luqinisekise ukuvikeleka unomphela futhi okuphelele kwamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-50 (indawo eseduze yeSpain) yamahlathi emvula nemizimba yamanzi.
I-eel kagesi - indalo eyingqayizivele. Kuyinto ebulalayo hhayi kuphela kubamele umhlaba wezilwane, kodwa nakubantu. Ku-akhawunti yakhe kukhona abantu abaningi abalimala kakhulu ngenxa ye-piranhas edume kabi. Inesistimu yokuzivikela esabekayo kangangokuba nokuyicwaninga ngezinjongo zesayensi kunzima kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokubuka impilo yalezi zinhlanzi ezimangalisayo. Ngenxa yolwazi olunqwabelene, abantu bafunde ukugcina lesi silwane esesabekayo ekuthunjweni. Futhi lapho kunezimo zokuphila ezintofontofo kanye nenani elanele lokudla, i-eel kagesi ikulungele kakhulu ukuzwana nomuntu, uma yena, engakhombisi ubudlova noma ukungahloniphi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-18: 26
