Sterkh - uhlobo olungavamile kakhulu lwama-cranes, luyinyoni emhlophe ende futhi ezacile ehlala ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela enyakatho yeRussia, kuthi ebusika ishiye iChina noma i-India. Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, inani labantu lehle kakhulu, futhi manje amaSranes aseSiberia adinga usizo lomuntu ukuze aphile - izinhlelo zokongiwa nokuzalaniswa kwazo sezikhona eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sterkh
Izinyoni zazalwa ngama-archosaurs - kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-160 edlule. Zimbalwa izinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo ezisindile ukuze kutholakale ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwasekuqaleni, kepha izinyoni zokuqala zagcina izici ezibahlanganisa nezibankwa. Eminyakeni eyizigidi zeminyaka, ziye zavela futhi izinhlobo zazo zezinhlobo ziye zakhula.
Ezinyonini zanamuhla, ukuhleleka okufana ne-crane, okubandakanya iSiberia Crane, kungenye yezokuqala. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi bavele ngaphambi kwenhlekelele eyenzeka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-65 eyedlule futhi yabangela ukuqothulwa okukhulu, lapho izinhlobo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ama-dinosaurs, zanyamalala.
Ividiyo: Sterkh
Umndeni wama-cranes ofakwe ku-oda wakhiwa kamuva, e-Eocene, okungukuthi, futhi kudala kakhulu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka eMelika, futhi ukusuka lapho ama-cranes ahlala kwamanye amazwekazi. Kancane kancane, kanye nokwanda kobubanzi, kwavela izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha, kufaka phakathi iSiberia Cranes.
Incazelo yabo yesayensi yenziwe ngusosayensi waseJalimane uP. Pallas ngo-1773, bathola igama eliqondile elithi Grus leucogeranus futhi bafakwa ohlotsheni lwama-cranes. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa le ncazelo, amaCranes aseSiberia ayesakazeke kakhulu, cishe kulo lonke elasenyakatho neRussia, manje ububanzi bawo nabantu banciphile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Crane bird
Le yinyoni enkulu, inkulu kakhulu kune-crane empunga - ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.4 ukuphakama futhi inamaphiko angaphezu kwamamitha amabili ubude. Ubuningi bayo ngokuvamile bungu-6-10 kilograms. Umbala umhlophe, izeluleko zamaphiko zimnyama. Amajita angaba nsundu ngokubomvu, noma abe mhlophe, kodwa anama-blotches abomvu.
Ingxenye yobuso yekhanda ayinazimpaphe, imbozwe ngesikhumba esibomvu sombala ofanayo futhi imilenze ihlukaniswa ngobude bayo. Umlomo nawo ubomvu futhi mude kakhulu - mkhulu ukwedlula noma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo ze-crane, ukuphela kwawo kufingqiwe njengesaha. Izilwane ezisencane nazo zingahlukaniswa ngeqiniso lokuthi isikhumba emakhanda aso sikhanya, siphuzi noma siwolintshi ngombala.
I-cornea yamehlo kungenzeka iphuzi ngokukhanyayo noma inombala obomvu. Amachwane anamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Abesilisa nabesifazane abahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngaphandle kokuthi ezokuqala zikhudlwana ngandlela thize, nemilomo yazo mide.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Lapho umhlambi wama-cranes uya ebusika, bahlala njalo bakha onqenqemeni. Kunezinguqulo ezimbili zokuthi kungani zindiza njengonxantathu. Ngokusho kowokuqala, izinyoni zimane zindize zilandele umholi, futhi isibalo esinjalo sivele sodwa. Kepha akuchazi ukuthi kungani izinyoni ezinkulu ezindizeni kuphela ezakha lezi zibalo, kuyilapho ezincane zindiza ngendlela engafanele.
Ngakho-ke, inguqulo yesibili ikholisa ngokwengeziwe: ukuthi kulula ukuthi ama-cranes akwazi ukundiza ngale ndlela, ngoba awaphazanyiswa yimisinga yomoya eyenziwe ngamanye amalungu omhlambi. Ezinyonini ezincane, imisinga enjalo ayibonakali kangako, ngakho-ke ayidingi ukuhlangana emgqeni.
Ihlala kuphi iSiberia Crane?
Isithombe: iSiberia Crane, noma i-White Crane
Kuyinyoni efudukayo ehamba cishe amakhilomitha ayi-6,000 - 7,000 ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwesizini, ngakho-ke, izindawo zokwakha izidleke nobusika zabelwe. Isidleke seSiberia Cranes enyakatho yeRussia, kunabantu ababili abahlukene: entshonalanga (ob) nasempumalanga (Yakut).
Zakha ku:
- Isifunda sase-Arkhangelsk;
- Komi;
- enyakatho yeYakutia phakathi kwemifula iYana ne-Indigirka.
Ezingxenyeni ezintathu zokuqala zohlu lwabo, abantu basentshonalanga bahlala, eYakutia, esempumalanga. Ebusika, ama-cranes avela kubantu baseYakut andizela esiGodini soMfula iYangtze - lapho kufudumele khona kakhulu, kepha kugcwele, akukhululekile futhi kuvulekile, kuyilapho iSiberia Cranes zithanda ukuthula. Kusebusika lapho kufa ama-cranes amaningi asebekhulile.
Ama-Cranes aseSiberia avela kubantu bakwa-Ob anezindawo ezahlukahlukene zobusika: ezinye zindiza ziye enyakatho ye-Iran, oLwandle lweCaspian, ezinye ziye eNdiya - lapho zidalwe khona izimo ezikahle, ukuze zivikeleke ezweni lapho zifika khona njalo, indawo yokugcina iKeoladeo idaliwe.
Enyakatho bakhetha ukuhlala ethafeni elinomswakama elisentabeni nasengxenyeni esenyakatho yethaiga - osebeni lwamachibi, ehlane elingenamuntu. Impilo yabo yonke ixhumene kakhulu namanzi, ngisho nokwakheka kwemilenze noqhwaku lwabo kusikisela ukuthi lezi yizinyoni ezinamanzi amancane.
Bafika ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ngoMeyi - ngalesi sikhathi intwasahlobo yangempela isanda kuqala enyakatho. Ekwakhiweni kwezidleke, kukhethwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yilaids - izindawo zokugcwala ezigcwele amanzi eduze kwamachibi, lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ezincane kuphela - umbono wamamitha amaningi azungeze muhle kakhulu, obalulekile ekuphepheni kwesidleke.
Insimu yokwakhiwa kwezidleke zeSiberia Cranes unyaka nonyaka ikhethwa ngokufanayo, kepha isidleke esisha sakhiwa ngqo, futhi kungenzeka sibe sebangeni elifushane ukusuka kwangaphambilini. Ama-cranes akhiwa ngamaqabunga neziqu zotshani, ukucindezelwa kwenziwa ngaphezulu. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, isidleke sihlala sicwile emanzini.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona iSiberia Crane. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa yiSiberia Crane?
Isithombe: I-Siberia Crane eRussia
Ngenkathi behlala enyakatho, badla ukudla okuningi kwezilwane, kumenyu yabo:
- amagundane;
- inhlanzi;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- izinambuzane;
- izinyoni ezincane, amatshwele kanye namaqanda.
Yize onjiniyela bengahlotshaniswa nezidlakela ezinolaka, bangaba nolaka kakhulu futhi bathambekele ekuqothuleni izidleke zezinyoni ezincane - bayathanda ukudla amaqanda namachwane, futhi uma abazali babo bevikela izidleke, bangazibulala futhi bazidle nazo.
Bayakwazi ukukhipha izinhlanzi ngobuciko emanzini ngomlomo wabo - bayihlasela masinyane kangangokuba ayinasikhathi sokwenza lutho. AmaScranes aseSiberia nawo asongelwa ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini, ngokwesibonelo, amaxoxo nezinambuzane. Zizingela amagundane ahlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi, njengama-lemmings.
Yize ukudla kwezilwane kukuthanda kakhulu ehlobo, basadla kakhulu ukudla kwemifino, ngoba abaniki isikhathi esiningi ekuzingeleni. Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwabo utshani obukhula emanzini - utshani bekotini, i-sedge nokunye. Ama-cranes aseSiberia ngokuvamile adla kuphela ingxenye engaphansi kwamanzi yesiqu, kanye nezimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezithile. Babuye bathande ama-cranberries namanye amajikijolo.
Ebusika, eningizimu, yize kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezilwane ezincane, ziguqula cishe kuphela ukutshala ukudla: ikakhulukazi izilimo eziyizigaxa nezimpande zotshani ezikhula emanzini. Azishiyi amadamu, uma amanye ama-cranes kwesinye isikhathi elimaza izitshalo namasimu emasimini aseduze, ama-crane awazibheki nokuzibuka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umhlambi wama-cranes amhlophe
Impilo yonke ye-Siberia Crane idlula emanzini noma eduze kwayo: le nyoni ayikwazi ukusuka kuyo ngaphandle kwalapho ifudukela eningizimu, ngisho nalapho isikhashana. Bavuke cishe ubusuku nemini - badinga amahora amabili kuphela ukulala. Sonke lesi sikhathi zime ngonyawo olulodwa, zifihle amakhanda ngaphansi kwephiko. Usuku lonke lweSiberia Cranes luyasebenza: ukufuna ukudla, ukunakekela amaphuphu, ukuphumula nje emanzini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banolaka ezilwaneni ezincane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezihlobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banamahloni futhi banakekele kakhulu, bazama ngamabomu ukukhetha izindawo ezinokuthula, ezingahlali muntu.
Abantu bayagwenywa, futhi noma bebabona kude, futhi abakhombisi ubudlova obusobala futhi abasondeli nhlobo, behlala ebangeni elingamamitha angamakhulu amaningana, amaSiberia Cranes angasishiya isidleke futhi angaphinde abuyele kuso. Lokhu kwenzeka noma ngabe kukhona amaqanda noma amaphuphu kuyo. Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kwenzeke, akuvunyelwe ukuzingela noma yiziphi izilwane, kanye nezinhlanzi, eduze kwamachibi lapho izidleke zaseSiberia zakha khona. Kepha noma indiza enophephela emhlane indiza phezu kwesidleke, izinyoni ziyasishiya okwesikhashana, okudala ingozi yokonakaliswa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi ukumane nje ukupholisa akusizi kumaqanda.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-Cranes aseSiberia athanda ukuba nezindawo futhi avikele impahla yabo kwezinye izidumbu - ukuze ahlaselwe, adinga nje ukuba sezweni elihlala iSiberia Crane, futhi uma isilwane esithile sisondela esidlekeni, uyathukuthela. Izwi lamaScranes aseSiberia lihlukile kumazwi amanye ama-cranes: yinde futhi imnandi ngokwengeziwe. Bahlala emvelweni kuze kube yiminyaka engama-70, kunjalo, uma bekwazile ukusinda isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu - iminyaka embalwa yokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Siberian Crane chick
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala entwasahlobo, ngemuva nje kokundiza. AmaCranes aseSiberia ahlukaniswe ngamabili akhiwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa - ahlala azinzile isikhathi eside, kaningi kuze kube sekufeni komunye wama-cranes. Lapho behlangana futhi, bayacula futhi bahlele "imidanso" ehlangene - bayagxuma, bagobe ngezindlela ezihlukile, bashaye amaphiko abo njalonjalo. Ama-Cranes aseSiberia asemancane afuna umlingani okokuqala, futhi kulokhu futhi asebenzisa ukucula nokudansa - abesilisa basebenza njengohlangothi olusebenzayo, bahamba bezungeza abesifazane ababakhethile njengabalingani babo, bekhononda kakhulu futhi becula, bagxume badanse. Insikazi iyavumelana nalokhu kuqomisana noma iyakwala, bese kuthi owesilisa ayozama inhlanhla nenye.
Uma umbhangqwana wakhekile, khona-ke owesilisa nowesifazane ndawonye bakha isidleke: sikhulu impela, ngakho-ke kuso udinga ukuqeqesha nokunyathela utshani obuningi. Insikazi yenza i-clutch ekuqaleni kwehlobo - leli yodwa noma kaningi amaqanda amabili. Uma zimbili zazo, zibekiwe futhi zichanyuselwe ngesikhawu sezinsuku ezimbalwa. Owesifazane ubandakanyeka ekufukameleni, kepha owesilisa angamfaka esikhundleni sakhe isikhashana. Umsebenzi wawo omkhulu uhlukile - uvikela isidleke kulabo abafuna ukuzitika ngamaqanda, ebahlasela endleleni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-Cranes aseSiberia anolaka ikakhulukazi, ngakho-ke izilwane ezincane zizama ukuhlala kude nezidleke zazo.
Ngemuva kwenyanga kufukanyelwa, amaphuphu ayaqandusela. Uma kukhona ababili babo, khona-ke baqala ukulwa - amaphuphu asanda kuzalwa anolaka kakhulu, futhi kaningi umzabalazo onjalo uphela ngokufa komunye wabo. Amathuba wokuwina makhulu kakhulu kulowo owazalwa kuqala. Ngemuva kwenyanga, ubudlova bamaCranes amancane aseSiberia buyancipha, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi abazali babo bahlukaniswa okokuqala ngqa - iphuphu elilodwa likhuliswa ngumama, elinye ngubaba. Futhi lapho sebekhule kancane, abazali bayabahlanganisa futhi - kodwa maye, akuyona yonke imibhangqwana eyaziyo ukwenza lokhu.
Isonto lokuqala amaphuphu adinga ukondliwa, lapho-ke asevele ekwazi ukuzifunela ukudla - yize ekuncenga amanye amasonto ambalwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abazali basabondla. Bafunda ukundiza ngokushesha okukhulu, bagcwalise ngokuphelele izinsuku ezingama-70-80 ngemuva kokuzalwa, kuthi ekwindla bandizele eningizimu nabazali babo. Umndeni uyalondolozwa ngesikhathi sasebusika, iCrane yaseSiberia encane igcina ishiye amaphuphu ayo entwasahlobo elandelayo, ngemuva kokubuyela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke - futhi nalapho abazali kufanele bayixoshe.
Izitha zemvelo zamaSiberia Cranes
Isithombe: I-Siberia Crane evela eRed Book
Izilwane ezidla ezinye, lapho iSiberia Crane ingenye yezinhloso ezibekiwe kuqala, azikho emvelweni. Noma kunjalo, izinsongo ezithile kubo zisekhona ngisho nasenyakatho: okokuqala, lezi zinyamazane zasendle. Uma ukufuduka kwazo kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye njengokufukamela kwamaqanda yiSiberia Crane, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kaningi, umhlambi wezinyamazane ungaphazamisa umndeni we-crane.
Kwesinye isikhathi inyamazane inyathela isidleke esishiywe yizinyoni ngenxa yokwethuka, ingakuboni nje lokho. Kepha kulapha lapho izinsongo ezisenyakatho zicishe zaqedwa khona: ezindaweni zokuhlala amaSiberia Cranes, izidumbu ezinkulu ezinjengamabhere noma izimpisi azivamile kakhulu.
Ngezinga elincane, kepha okufanayo kuyasebenza ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla ezinye ezingasongela amatshwele namaqanda. Kwenzeka ukuthi izidleke zisacekelwa phansi, ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinyoni noma ama-wolverine, kepha lokhu kwenzeka ngokungavamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukufa ngenxa yezinye izilwane enyakatho akuseyona imbangela enkulu ezinkingeni zabantu baseSiberia Crane.
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, kungahle kube nezinkinga eziningi, zombili ezihlotshaniswa nezilwane ezibahlaselayo - ezinjena zitholakala eChina naseNdiya, nangomncintiswano wokudla ovela kwamanye ama-cranes - ngokwesibonelo, i-Indian crane. Kukhulu futhi, uma unyaka womile, ukuncintisana okunjalo kungabhubhisa iSiberia Crane.
Muva nje, ukuncintisana kuye kwaqina ezindaweni zokuzalela - yakhiwa i-crane yaseCanada, i-tundra swan nezinye izinyoni. Kepha kaningi amaSranese aseSiberia ayafa ngenxa yabantu: yize kunenqatshelwe, badutshulwa ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, kaningi - ngesikhathi sezindiza, babhubhisa indawo yemvelo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-crane chick emhlophe
Kubantu basempumalanga, kunabantu abangaba ngu-2 000. Inani labantu basentshonalanga liphansi kakhulu futhi linamanani ambalwa kuphela. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-Cranes aseSiberia afakwa kuhlu kokubili kwi-International kanye naseRussian Red Book, emazweni lapho lezi zinyoni zihlala ebusika, nazo ziyathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa.
Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, isibalo seSiberia Cranes sehle kakhulu, ngakho-ke manje basengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Inkinga ukuthi ngabantu abangama-40% kuphela ababamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, uma inani labantu basempumalanga lisengagcinwa, khona-ke uma kwenzeka entshonalanga, ngokusobala, kuzosiza ukuphinda ungeniswe kuphela.
Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani iSiberia Cranes isengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Uma izinsongo zingavamile ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokundiza bavame ukuzingelwa, ikakhulukazi e-Afghanistan nasePakistan - ama-Cranes eSiberia athathwa njengendebe ebalulekile. Ezindaweni zobusika zezinyoni, ukudla kuyancipha, amadamu ayoma futhi ahlaselwa ubuthi bamakhemikhali.
Ama-cranes aseSiberia, noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, azala kancane kakhulu, ngoba imvamisa ichwane elilodwa liyachanyuselwa, futhi nalokho akuhlali njalo ngonyaka wokuqala. Futhi uma izimo zishintsha ziba zimbi kakhulu, inani labantu liwa ngokushesha okukhulu - yilokho kanye okwenzekile.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Imidanso ye-Crane ayibonwa hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lwabo, ama-cranes aseSiberia aqeda ukungezwani nobudlova.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-Cranes aseSiberia
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Crane evela eBhuku eliBomvu
Njengoba uhlobo lunesimo esengozini yokushabalala, lezo zindawo ezihlala endaweni yazo kumele zinikeze ukuvikelwa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene: eNdiya nase China, izinhlelo zokulondoloza inani labantu ziyasetshenziswa, eRussia, ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinyoni zikhuliswa ezimweni zokuzenzela, ziqeqeshwe futhi zafakwa emvelweni. Lezi zinhlelo zenziwa ngaphansi kohlaka lwememorandamu, olubeka izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuvikela i-Siberia Crane, esayinwe ngonyaka we-1994 ngamazwe ayi-11. Kuhlala kubanjwa imikhandlu yabaqaphi bezinyoni abavela kulawa mazwe, lapho bexoxa khona ngokuthi yiziphi ezinye izinyathelo ezingathathwa nokuthi zingagcinwa kanjani lezi zinhlobo emvelweni.
Iningi lobusika baseSiberia Cranes eChina, futhi inkinga ukuthi isigodi soMfula iYangtze, lapho befika khona, sigcwele abantu, umhlaba usetshenziselwa ezolimo, futhi kwakhiwe nezikhungo eziningana zokuphehla ugesi. Konke lokhu kuvimbela ama-cranes ukuthi angabusika ubusika ngokuthula. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza iziphathimandla ze-PRC zisungule indawo yokulondoloza imvelo eduze neLake Poyang, indawo yayo evikelwe. Lesi silinganiso sisiza ekulondolozeni inani lama-cranes - eminyakeni yamuva nje kuphawuliwe ukuthi ngesikhathi sasebusika eChina, bathola ukulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu, futhi kwaba nokwenzeka ukubuyisa inani labantu. Izinyathelo ezifanayo zathathwa eNdiya - iKeoladeo Nature Reserve yakhiwa.
Izinqolobane eziningana zenziwe futhi eRussia, futhi, kusukela ngo-1979, inkulisa ibilokhu izalisela ukuzalaniswa nokwenziwa kabusha kabusha kweSiberia Cranes. Inani elikhulu lezinyoni lakhululwa kulo, futhi abantu basentshonalanga basinda kuphela ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe. Kukhona inkulisa efanayo e-USA; amaphuphu avela eRussia adluliselwe kuyo. Kunomkhuba wokususa iqanda lesibili ku-clutch of Siberian Cranes bese ulifaka ku-incubator. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iphuphu lesibili imvamisa aliphili ezimweni zemvelo, kepha enkulisa likhuliswa ngempumelelo futhi likhishelwe endle.
Phambilini, izinga lokufa kwamaSiberia Cranes akhishiwe laliphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokungabi namandla komzimba - kuze kufike ku-70%.Ukunciphisa lokhu, uhlelo lokuqeqesha amaSiberia Cranes amancane lwathuthukiswa, futhi emzileni wokufuduka kwesikhathi esizayo baqondiswa kusengaphambili ngosizo lwama-hang-glider wezimoto njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-Flight of Hope.Sterkh - ingxenye ebalulekile yezilwane zasendle zeplanethi yethu, abamele abahle kakhulu bama-cranes, okumele agcinwe. Singathemba nje ukuthi imizamo yokuzalanisa nokubabuyisela kabusha eRussia, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe izoba nomthelela futhi ivumele umphakathi ukuthi ululame - ngaphandle kwalokho bangavele bafe nje.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/24/2019 ngo-10: 16
