Mhlawumbe, abaningi bajwayelene nenhlanzi engaphandle ebabazekile engaphandle i-flounder, okuthi, ngaphezu kokuvela kwayo, futhi idume ngokunambitheka kwayo okuhle kakhulu. Vele, kusukela ekubukekeni kwayo okuyisicaba, umuntu angaqagela ukuthi iphila ngqo ezansi, kepha bambalwa abantu abazi ngempilo yayo ekujuleni kwamanzi. Ake siveze izici zangaphandle zale nhlanzi eyingqayizivele, sichaze imikhuba nohlamvu lwayo, futhi sithole izindawo ezihlala njalo zokungahambi kahle.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Flounder
Umndeni we-flounder uyisigaba sezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe ze-flounder oda. Lezi zinhlanzi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-flounders angakwesokudla, ngoba amehlo abo ohlangothini lwesokunene sekhanda. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zibonakala ngokuhlelwa kwamehlo (okubuyiselwa emuva) kwesokudla. Amaphiko ezinhlangothini zombili zesisu esilinganayo ahlukene ngokuphelele futhi anesisisekelo esincanyana. Umndeni we-flounder unezinhlobo ezingama-60 zezinhlanzi, ezihlangene emkhakheni wama-23.
Ividiyo: I-Flounder
Ngaphandle kokuthi uhlobo ngalunye lunezici zalo ezihlukile, kusekhona izici ezijwayelekile ezivamile kuwo wonke ama-flounders, zinezi:
- umzimba osicaba kakhulu;
- amehlo asondele eduze anomumo ovezayo. Ukuhamba kwabo kungaba okuhlukahlukene futhi kuzimele ngokuphelele komunye nomunye;
- ikhanda elingajwayelekile le-asymmetrical;
- umugqa ohlangothini ophakathi kwamehlo;
- umlomo osontekile namazinyo abukhali kakhulu;
- amaphiko ahlanganisiwe anemisebe eminingi;
- uhlangothi oluyimpumputhe olukhanyayo, olumbozwe ngesikhumba esimahaba nesiminyene;
- i-peduncle emfushane ye-caudal.
Amaqanda ashubile awanawo iconsi elinamafutha, ngakho-ke ahamba ngokukhululeka kukholamu lamanzi (ukubhukuda), kwesinye isikhathi athuthuka engqimbeni ephezulu. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu kuphela ezivela kuwo wonke umndeni we-flounder ezizalela amaqanda ezansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Flatfish inethalente elikhethekile lokuzifihla, elibonakala ngokushintsha umbala wesikhumba ukufanisa indawo engezansi, kule ndaba ephathelene nokulingisa, bangakwazi ukuncintisana no-chameleon.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlanzi zabobulili obuhlukile zinokuhlukahluka okuningi phakathi kwazo. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane, banebanga elide phakathi kwamehlo, futhi imisebe yabo yokuqala yamaphiko okugcoba kanye ne-pectoral nayo yinde kunaleyo yabesifazane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-fish flounder
Sesivele sithole ukuthi abameleli bomndeni we-flounder bahlukaniswa ngumzimba oyisicaba, ongaba nesimo se-rhombus noma i-oval, konke lokhu kucindezelwa ngokweqile nokuthambeka kuhlotshaniswa nempilo engezansi. Kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa wonke ama-flounders abe yimifula, akhetha amanzi ahlanzekile, nolwandle, akhetha amanzi anosawoti.
I-flounder yomfula imelwe izinhlobo ezintathu:
- i-flounder emise okwenkanyezi ngamehlo angakwesokunxele. Umbala wale nhlanzi ungaba luhlaza okotshani noma ube nsundu, kube nemivimbo emnyama ebanzi emaphikweni. Uhlangothi lwe-ocular lubonakala ngokuba khona kwamacwecwe e-spiked stellate. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bomzimba wezinhlanzi bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha noma ngaphezulu, futhi ubukhulu abudluli amakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwamane;
- i-polar flounder, ebonakaliswa ukumelana namakhaza, umzimba ovundlile okweqanda nombala onsundu onemonochromatic, amaphiko anomthunzi wesitina obomvu;
- IBlack Sea kalkan, enezikhoxe zamehlo ohlangothini lwesobunxele lomzimba oyindilinga, embozwe iminyango eminingi enezilimo eziyizigaxa engxenyeni yeso lomzimba. Umbala uphethwe yithoni yomnqumo onsundu. Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi bukhulu kakhulu, budlula ubude bemitha elilodwa, kanti isisindo singafinyelela kuma-20 kg.
Ama-sea flounders ahluke kakhulu ngosayizi, umbala, ukuma nendawo yamehlo.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- i-sea flounder, ebonakala ngobubanzi bombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamabala ansundu noma abomvu. Ubude obukhulu bezinhlanzi bungafinyelela kumitha, kanti isisindo singama-6 - 7 kilogram. Ukulingisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo kuthuthukiswe kakhulu;
- i-yellow-finned flounder, ethanda isimo sezulu esibandayo, enomzimba oyindilinga, onqunyelwe amaphiko aphuzi aphuzi. Ubude bomzimba wenhlanzi abudluli uhhafu wemitha, kanti isisindo saso sicishe sibe ikhilogremu. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwezikali ezinezinhlaka ezincane;
- i-flelter enamabhande amhlophe asenyakatho naseningizimu yezinhlobonhlobo ezingezansi futhi efinyelela uhhafu wemitha ngosayizi. Kusuka eceleni kwamehlo, inhlanzi ipendwe ngombala obisi, futhi endaweni yamehlo kuvela ibala elinsundu noma elinsundu. Le flounder ihlukaniswa ngomugqa we-arcuate lateral lateral;
- ama-halibuts, anezinhlobo ezinhlanu. Amakhulu afinyelela kumamitha ayi-4.5 ubude futhi anesisindo esingaba ngama-350 kg. I-halibut enamazinyo amahle ithathwa njengencane kunazo zonke, isisindo sayo asidluli ku-8 kg, futhi ubude bayo buhluka kusuka ku-70 kuye ku-80 cm.
Abaningi bezwile nge-Far Eastern flounder, kepha akuyona inhlobo, kepha igama elihlangene elihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba yishumi ezihlukene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-halibuts abhekwa njengezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-flounder. Lezi zidlakela zihlala olwandle iAtlantic nasePacific futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, zikwazi ukuphila isigamu seminyaka ekujuleni kwamanzi.
Ihlala kuphi i-flounder?
Isithombe: I-Flounder eRussia
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-flounder zihlala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zamanzi, ake sizame ukuthola kahle ukuthi lolu hlobo noma lolu hlobo luhlala kuphi. I-flounder emise okwezinkanyezi yahlala emanzini asenyakatho oLwandlekazi iPacific, yazinza olwandle iBering, Okhotsk, Chukchi naseJapan. Izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo, zikhetha amanzi ahlanzekile, zihlala emfuleni ongaphansi, emachibini nasemabhishi. IBlack Sea Kalkan ikhethe iNorth Atlantic Ocean kanye namanzi oLwandle oluMnyama, iMedithera kanye neBaltic. Ngaphezu kwezindawo zasolwandle, i-kalkan ingatholakala eDnieper, eDniester, ezindaweni eziphansi zeSouthern Bug, emlonyeni weDon.
I-polar flounder, ethanda isimo sezulu esibandayo, ibhaliswe ku-Kara, Bering, Okhotsk, Barents, White sea. Kuhlala izinhlanzi ezithanda amakhaza u-Ob, Karu, Yenisei. UTuguru, lapho akhetha ukuhlala khona enhlabathini ethambile. I-sea flounder ejwayelekile ingahlala emanzini anosawoti amaningi nosawoti omncane ekujuleni kusuka kumamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-200. Lezi zinhlobo zibhekwa njengezohwebo futhi zihlala engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Atlantic, eBarents, eBaltic, eMedithera, olwandle olumhlophe. Umhlali ojwayelekile wezifunda ezisogwini lwasePrimorye angabizwa nge-flounder yaseningizimu enamhlophe emhlophe, ekhethe nolwandle lwaseJapan, iKamchatka, i-Okhotsk neBering.
I-yellowfin flounder itholakala emanzini oLwandle lwaseJapan, iBering kanye ne-Okhotsk, lapho isabalale kakhulu khona. Iningi lale nhlanzi lihlala eduze kwaseSakhalin nasogwini olusentshonalanga yeKamchatka, lapho ifulethi linamathela ekujuleni okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-80 futhi lithanda phansi limbozwe isihlabathi. AmaHalibuts akhethe i-Atlantic, atholakala ekujuleni okwedlulele kweNyakatho yeLwandle, ahlala olwandle iPacific, kufaka phakathi nezindawo zaseJapan, Okhotsk, Barents kanye neBering Seas.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezi-flounder kuzivumele ukuthi zihlale ngokuphepha kulo lonke ugu lwase-Eurasia futhi zigcwalise izilwandle eziphakathi nezwe.
Manje uyazi lapho i-flounder ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwayo?
Isithombe: I-Black Sea flounder
Imenyu ye-flounder ihluke kakhulu; le nhlanzi ingabizwa ngokuthi umhlaseli. Lezi zinhlanzi ezicathulisiwe zingabonisa umsebenzi wokudla ebusuku, kusihlwa, naphakathi nosuku, kuya ngokuthi ungowenhlobo ethile. Ukudla kwezinhlanzi kumele ukudla kwezilwane.
I-flounder encane idla:
- ama-benthos;
- amphipods;
- izibungu
- izibungu;
- i-caviar;
- ama-crustaceans;
- plankton.
Izinhlanzi ezivuthiwe zidla:
- i-ophiur;
- zonke izinhlobo zama-echinoderms;
- izibungu;
- ezingenamgogodla;
- inhlanzi encane;
- ama-crustaceans.
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ama-flounders amane athande i-capelin encane nezimfanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi inhloko yezinhlanzi inendawo eseceleni, ama-flounders ajwayele ukuhlaba ngobuciko izinambuzane ezincane ezisuka emhlabathini ezihlala emfuleni noma olwandle. Amagobolondo amakhulu enkalankala namagobolondo aqinile we-flounder akusona isithiyo, ngoba inemihlathi enamandla futhi eqinile. I-flounder iyanqikaza ukushiya isiphephelo sayo esiphephile, ngakho-ke imvamisa kuba nezinhlanzi ezincane ezanele zokubhukuda eduzane nayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Anglers aqaphele ukuthi i-flounder ayivamisile ukushiya indawo yayo yokucasha, ngakho-ke, ukuze iwele phezu kwehhuku bese ibhekisa iso kuso, kuyadingeka ukuyizungezisa ngqo emakhaleni enhlanzi, ngakho-ke akulula kangako ukuyibamba.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inyama ethambile ibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi, ngenxa yokuthi umsoco wezinhlanzi ulinganisiwe futhi uqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Flounder olwandle
Ngokuyinhloko, wonke ama-flounders ahola impilo engezansi eyimfihlo. Mayelana nokufihla, bangabachwepheshe abaphelele. Ukuzivumelanisa ngokugcwele nendawo ezungezile (ikhono lokulingisa). Bachitha ingxenye yengonyama yesikhathi sabo senhlanzi endaweni ephakeme kakhulu phansi noma ekujuleni kwenhlabathi, bezingcwaba ngamehlo uqobo. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlala unganakwa yizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye futhi ngekhono ubambe inyamazane lapho uqamekele izinhlanzi.
Uma uthi nhlá, i-flounder ingabonakala ifiphele futhi ihamba kancane, ihamba kancane kancane ebusweni bomhlaba ngokunyakaza okungavuleki. Ngakho-ke i-flat iziphatha uma ingezwa lutho olusongelayo, kepha uma kunezizathu zalokhu, izinhlanzi ziguquka masinyane zibe yisiqubu esisheshayo, esiqala salo nje njengombani ngokushesha, futhi ijubane likhula lihlonipheke kakhulu esikhathini esifushane.
Lapho isimo siyidinga, i-flounder, njengenhlamvu, yenza umdlandla onamandla womzimba wayo osicaba, ohambisa izinhlanzi khona manjalo ibanga lamamitha amaningi ohlangothini olufunayo, ngenkathi isebenzisa ikhava ye-gill, i-flounder ikhipha umfudlana wamanzi oya ezansi, ngaleyo ndlela uphakamise ukungazethembi kuwo ... Ngenkathi isakazeka, i-flounder enobuqili ingakwazi ukubamba inyamazane eyithandayo noma icashe emehlweni asendle, yize sekunzima kakhulu ukubona izinhlanzi, ngoba ihlangana nezwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ososayensi babemboza phansi kwe-aquarium, lapho i-flounder yayihlala khona, nge-substrate ekhethekile ependwe ngekheji elimnyama nelimhlophe. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, amabala abonakala ngokusobala womabili amnyama futhi akhanyayo imibala emzimbeni wenhlanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-sea flounder
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-flounders akhetha ukuhlala wedwa phansi. Isikhathi sokuzala sohlobo ngalunye luhlukile, kuya ngezinga lokufudumala kwekholamu lamanzi nokuqala kwentwasahlobo. Isikhathi esivamile sokuzalanisa okungajwayelekile siqala ngoFebhuwari kuya kuMeyi. Kukhona okuhlukile kulesi sikhathi. Isibonelo, inhlobo efana ne-turbot ingena enkathini yokukhwelana kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Agasti emanzini aseNyakatho naseBaltic Seas. I-Arctic flounder izalela olwandle olubandayo lweKara neBarents kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-flounder zivuthwa ngokocansi esikhathini esisukela eminyakeni emithathu kuye kweyisikhombisa ubudala. Abesifazane besibalo esikhulu sezinhlobo bavundile kakhulu, ngakho-ke iklatshi elilodwa lingaqukatha amaqanda ayizigidi ezi-0,5 kuya kwezi-2. Ngokuyinhloko, isikhathi sokufukamela asidluli emasontweni amabili. Ukuze uthole izinhlanzi ezizalayo khetha izindawo ezisogwini lolwandle olujulile ezinaphansi kwesihlabathi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Flounder Fry inokubukeka okujwayelekile kwezinhlanzi, azizalwa ngokushesha ziyisicaba futhi zinokulinganisa phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili.
Njengoba zikhula, izinhlanzi ziyaguquka kancane kancane, zifane nabazali bazo. Iso labo, elisesandleni sobunxele noma kwesokudla, liya ohlangothini lweso lesibili, le ngxenye yenhlanzi iba ngaphezulu, kanti uhlangothi olungenaso iso lisho isisu, isikhumba saso esiba lukhuni, ngoba isetshenziselwa ukushibilika ngezansi. Ekuqaleni, ekudleni kwezilwane ezisencane kubangelwa ama-benthos ne-zooplankton.
Kumele kungezwe ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zenza amaqanda ngokujula okungamamitha angamashumi amahlanu, ngoba amaqanda anamandla okubhukuda andile, futhi awadingi ukunamathela kunoma iyiphi indawo eqinile. Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sempilo yama-flounders side impela, cishe sineminyaka engama-30 ubudala, kepha izinhlanzi eziphila kule ngqophamlando zibhekwa njengezingajwayelekile, ngoba kunezitha eziningi nezinto ezimbi ezisendleleni yazo.
Izitha zemvelo ze-flounder
Isithombe: I-White flounder
Yize ama-flounders anethalente elihle kakhulu lokuzifihla eliwasiza ukuthi angaqashelwa, izinhlanzi zisenezitha. Enye yezifiso ezimbi ngama-eel, angaphikisani nokudla izinhlanzi eziyisicaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-halibuts amakhulu ngaphandle kukanembeza ahlasela izihlobo zawo ezingekho emthethweni. Vele, abasengozini kakhulu yizilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi, ezingaba yisidlwana sanoma iziphi izidalwa zasemanzini.
Ngokudabukisayo, kepha isitha se-flounder futhi singumuntu oqothula le nhlanzi ngenxa yenyama emnandi, emnandi, emhlophe, ewusizo kakhulu. Cishe yonke indawo, i-flounder ibanjwa njalo, bobabili ngabadobi abayizimfundamakhwela futhi ngezinga elikhulu yimikhumbi yokudoba. Akumangalisi ukuthi izinhlanzi azivamile ukuphatha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, ngoba inani elikhulu lazo liyafa, liwela kumanetha okudoba.
Ngaphezu kwethonya eliqondile, abantu futhi banenye engaqondile, ethinta kabi imvelo ngemisebenzi yabo yezomnotho, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwesimo semvelo jikelele. Imithombo eminingi yamanzi (imifula nezilwandle) ingcola kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinhlanzi ezincane, ezisebenza njengesisekelo sokudla kwama-flounders, ziyanyamalala kuyo. Abantu bangabizwa njengezitha ezibaluleke kakhulu nezimbi kunazo zonke ze-flounder, tk. amathani ale nhlanzi abanjwa nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke izimo ezingezinhle ezingenhla zezinhlanzi, umuntu angasho futhi iqiniso lokuthi izinga lokusinda kwamaqanda alo alilikhulu kangako, ngakho-ke, yingxenye yazo kuphela eqhubeka nokuba khona.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Flounder flounder
Isimo ngobukhulu besibalo sabantu abahamba kancane siyindida. Okuningi kuncike ohlotsheni oluthile lwezinhlanzi. Ososayensi bakuqaphele ukuthi inani labantu abaxegayo lingaphansi kokujikeleza, lapho kubonakala ukukhula kwesibindi, kancane kancane kuphenduka ukwehla kwesibalo sezinhlanzi.
Vele, inani lama-flounders lincipha kancane kancane, kwezinye izinhlobo le nqubo yehliswa, kwezinye iqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke iyakhathaza izinhlangano zemvelo. Iningi labantu abahlasele bahlala bengaphansi kwethonya lemithelela emibi ye-anthropogenic, okuqala, okubandakanya umthwalo omkhulu wokudoba.
Inani elikhulu lama-flounders liyabanjwa nsuku zonke, okwehlisa inani labantu ngokwemvelo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa, ngoba zimbalwa kakhulu ezisele, ngakho-ke zidinga izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi isimo semvelo esiwohlokayo kanye nezinga lokusinda kwamaqanda ngamaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu nakho kuthinta kabi inani labantu bezinhlanzi eziyizicaba. Umuntu kufanele acabange ngezenzo zakhe zobudlova, alinganise izifiso zakhe, ngaphandle kwalokho abanye abameleli balo mndeni ophansi bayonyamalala ngokuphelele ekujuleni kwamanzi, lapho-ke isimo singalungiseka.
Unogada we-Flounder
Isithombe: I-Flounder evela eBhuku eliBomvu
Njengoba sekushiwo, isimo senani labantu abathile be-flounder sibi kakhulu, sibhekene nosongo lokubhujiswa okuphelele, okungakhathazeki kakhulu.Isibonelo, uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezifana ne-Mediterranean arnoglos (i-Kessler's flounder) isongelwa ngokuqothulwa, ngoba sekuyivelakancane kakhulu. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zifakwe ohlwini lwe-Red Book yase-Ukraine kusukela ngo-1994. Isici esikhulu esikhawulela ukungcoliswa kwendawo yamanzi oLwandle Olumnyama, engavumeli amaqanda ukuba akhule ngokugcwele. Futhi, ukubamba ngosizo lwezintambo kuholela kulokhu kubulawa ekufeni kanye nokunye ukubamba.
IBlack Sea flounder (kalkan) iyinhlanzi yezentengiselwano ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ebiza kakhulu. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha edlule, eduze nezindawo zaseCrimea, ukubanjwa kwale nhlanzi kwakwenziwa (kuze kufike kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ngonyaka), okwaholela ekwehliseni okukhulu kwabantu, kwathi ngo-1986 iziphathimandla zamemezela ukuvinjelwa kokubanjwa kwe-kalkan, ngoba icishe yanyamalala ngokuphelele kulo lonke elaliyiSoviet Union. Lokhu kunqatshelwa okwamanje akuhlonishwa, yize inani lama-kalkan lisabangela ukukhathazeka.
Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokongiwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yezinhlanzi ezi-flounder yilezi:
- ukuvinjelwa ngokuqinile kokudoba;
- ukwanda kwenhlawulo ngokwephula lo mthetho owenqabelayo;
- ukukhonjwa kwezindawo zokuthunyelwa kwezinhlanzi unomphela kanye nokufakwa kwazo ohlwini lwezindawo ezivikelwe;
- umsebenzi ochazayo phakathi kwabantu bendawo.
Sengiphetha, kusala ukungezwa, yize inhlanzi esabalalisiwe njenge i-flounder, iyinambitheka kakhulu futhi inempilo, kufanele ukuyiphatha ngokucophelela, ukunciphisa ukubamba okungalawulwa futhi okukhulu ukuze ugweme imiphumela emibi emibi engenzeka ngenxa yesifiso somuntu eseqile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/24/2019 ngo-18: 08
