Ukuqothula izakhamuzi eziqhakazile zezindawo ezivulekile. Iyabonakala ngokusobala ngohlobo lwayo olude lwentsiba, ukukhanya okumnyama okunsomi nezwi. Lesi yisinhlobo esivame kakhulu kuhlobo lwamaphenathi - uVanellus vanellus, owaziwa futhi ezweni lakithi ngaphansi kwegama lesibili le-pygaly.
Abantu baseYurophu emazweni ahlukene bakubiza ngendlela ehlukile: AbaseBelarusian - kigalka, baseUkraine - kiba, amaJalimane - kiebitz, English - peewit. Ngokukhala okungaxakile kwalezi zinyoni, amaSlav ezwa ukukhala okungaduduzeki komama nabafelokazi abasosizini, ngakho-ke ukulengelwa kwezihlangu kwagadwa kwahlonishwa emazweni abo. Kwakuthathwa njengecala ukubulala izinyoni ezindala nokucekela phansi izidleke zazo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Chibis
Uhlobo lukaVanellus lwasungulwa ngusosayensi wezilwane waseFrance uJacques Brisson ngo-1760. UVanellus uyiLatin yangenkathi ephakathi ethi "fan wing". Ukuqoqwa kwentela yohlobo lwempilo kusengumbango. Akukho ukubuyekeza okukhulu okungavunyelwana ngakho phakathi kwabafundi. Kufike ezinhlotsheni ezingama-24 zokuxegiselwa kwemali.
Ividiyo: Chibis
Izici zeMorphological ziyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yezici ze-apomorphic ne-plesiomorphic kuhlobo ngalunye, enobudlelwano obusobala obuthile. Idatha yamangqamuzana ayinikezeli ukuqonda okwanele, yize kulokhu kunqatshelwa ukungakacwaningwa kahle.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngekhulu le-18, amaqanda apholayo ayeyisibiliboco esibizayo ematafuleni amahle ezikhulu eVictorian Europe. UFrederick August II waseSaxony wafuna ngoMashi 1736 ukuthi kunikezwe amaqanda amasha. Ngisho noShansela u-Otto von Bismarck uthole amaqanda angama-101 emashi avela kuJever ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa.
Ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda asephelile manje sekuvinjelwe kuyo yonke i-European Union. ENetherlands, kwakuvunyelwe ukuqoqa amaqanda esifundazweni saseFriesland kuze kube ngu-2006. Kepha kusengumdlalo othandwayo ukuthola iqanda lokuqala lonyaka bese ulidlulisela enkosini. Amakhulu abantu aya emadlelweni nasemadlelweni minyaka yonke. Noma ngubani othola iqanda lokuqala uhlonishwa njengeqhawe lesintu.
Namuhla, kuphela ukusesha, nangezinsuku zakudala, ukuqoqa amaqanda ommbila, kwakudingeka ilayisense. Namuhla, abashisekeli baya emadlelweni bayomaka izidleke ukuze abalimi bakwazi ukuzizungeza noma babheke izidleke ukuze zinganyathelwa ngokudla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yeLapwing
I-Lapwing iyinyoni eyi-28-33 cm ubude, enamaphiko angama-67-87 cm kanye nesisindo somzimba esingu-128-330 g.Amaphiko e-iridescent aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ansomi made, abanzi futhi ayindilinga. Izimpaphe zokuqala ezintathu zinamachopho amhlophe. Le nyoni inemilenze emifushane kakhulu evela emndenini wonke wabazingeli. Ikakhulukazi ukuphelelwa yimibala ngombala omnyama nomhlophe, kepha ingemuva linombala oluhlaza okotshani. Izimpaphe zazo ezinhlangothini nasesiswini zimhlophe, futhi kusukela esifubeni kuya emqheleni zimnyama.
Abesilisa banesisindo esihlukile futhi esinde esifana nomqhele omnyama. Umphimbo nesifuba kumnyama futhi kuqhathaniswa nobuso obumhlophe, futhi kukhona umugqa omnyama ovundlile ngaphansi kweso ngalinye. Abesifazane ezimpapheni abanakho ukumakwa kobuso obukhali obufana nobabesilisa, futhi banesikhala esifushane. Ngokuvamile, zifana kakhulu nabesilisa.
Ezinyonini ezisencane, ukhalo lwekhanda lufushane kakhulu kunasezinsikazi futhi lunombala onsundu, izimpaphe zazo zifiphele kunasemuntwini omdala. Izindwangu zicishe zilingane nejuba futhi zibukeka ziqine kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwesifuba kumhlophe qwa, futhi kunesihlangu esimnyama esifubeni. Kwabesilisa, imiphetho ibonakala kakhulu, kuyilapho abesifazane bepholile futhi benemiphetho efiphele, behlangana nezimpaphe ezimhlophe zesifuba.
Eyesilisa ineside, insikazi inophaphe olufushane ekhanda. Izinhlangothi zekhanda zimhlophe. Kusendaweni yeso kuphela nesisekelo somlomo lapho izilwane zidonselwa khona. Lapha abesilisa baba mnyama kakhulu futhi banomphimbo omnyama ocacile ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izinsizwa nezintombi zeminyaka yonke banomphimbo omhlophe. Izimpiko zibanzi ngokungajwayelekile futhi ziyindilinga, okuhambisana negama lesiNgisi le-lapwing - "lapwing" ("Screw wings").
Ngabe uhlala kuphi?
Isithombe: Inyoni yeLapwing
ILapwing (V. vanellus) iyinyoni efudukayo etholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yePalaearctic. Ububanzi bayo buhlanganisa iYurophu, iMedithera, iChina, iNyakatho ne-Afrika, iMongolia, iThailand, iKorea, iVietnam, iLaos kanye neningi laseRussia. Ukufuduka kwehlobo kwenzeka ekupheleni kukaMeyi lapho kuphela inkathi yokuzalanisa. Ukufuduka kwekwindla kwenzeka kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba, lapho izinsizwa nazo zisuka ezindaweni zazo zomdabu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ibanga lokufuduka lingasuka ku-3000 liye ku-4000 km. I-Lapwing ifihla ubusika eningizimu, kuze kufike eNyakatho Afrika, enyakatho yeNdiya, ePakistan nakwezinye izifunda zaseChina. Ifuduka ikakhulu emini, imvamisa iyimihlambi emikhulu. Izinyoni ezivela ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga yeYurophu zihlala unomphela futhi azifuduki.
I-Lapwing indiza ekuseni kakhulu ezindaweni zayo zokwakha izidleke, endaweni ethile kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli. Ekuqaleni, kudilizwa izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamakholomu namachibi kasawoti ogwini. Kulezi zinsuku inyoni iphila kakhulu ezindaweni zamapulazi, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezinezindawo ezimanzi nezindawo ezingenabo uhlaza. Ukuzalisa, ikhetha ukuhlala emadlelweni manzi nasezixhaphozini ezinotshani, embozwe izihlahlana ezingatheni, kuyilapho abantu abangazalanisi besebenzisa amadlelo avulekile, izimfunda ezimanzi, umhlaba oniselwa, amabhange emifula nezinye izindawo ezifanayo.
Izidleke zakhiwa phansi ngotshani obuphansi (ngaphansi kuka-10 cm). Le nyoni ayesabi ukuhlala eduze kwabantu njengomuntu. Iflaya elikhulu elinezimpaphe. Ama-lappings afika kusenesikhathi, kusekhona iqhwa emasimini futhi nezimo zezulu eziya ziba zimbi kwesinye isikhathi ziphoqa ama-lapwings ukuthi andizele ezifundeni eziseningizimu.
Kudla ini?
Isithombe: I-Lapwing evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
I-Lapwing iyinhlobo yobukhona bayo obuxhomeke kakhulu ezimweni zezulu. Phakathi kokunye, ubusika obubandayo obunemvula enkulu buba nomthelela omubi ekunikezelweni kokudla. Lolu hlobo luvame ukudla emhlambini oxubekile, lapho kutholakala khona ama-plover egolide kanye nezinhlwathi ezinamakhanda amnyama, lezi zamuva zivame ukubaphanga, kepha zinikeze ukuvikelwa kwezinye izidalwa. AmaLapwings asebenza ubusuku nemini, kepha ezinye izinyoni, njengama-plover egolide, zithanda ukudla ebusuku lapho kunokukhanya kwenyanga.
Ukupheka uthanda ukudla:
- izinambuzane;
- izibungu zezinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- inhlanzi encane;
- iminenke emincane;
- imbewu.
Ucinga izikelemu ezifana nenyoni emnyama ensimini, ame, akhothamise ikhanda lakhe phansi alalele. Kwesinye isikhathi ushaya phansi noma anyathele izinyawo ukuxosha izikelemu emhlabeni. Inani lokudla kwezitshalo lingaphakama kakhulu. Iqukethe imbewu yotshani nezitshalo. Bangadla ngenjabulo iziqongo zikashukela. Kodwa-ke, izibungu, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izinto zokutshala zakha iningi lokudla kwazo.
Izikelemu kanye ne-triggerfish yimithombo yokudla ebaluleke kakhulu yamatshwele ngoba yanelisa izidingo zamandla futhi kulula ukuyithola. IGrassland ihlinzeka ngobuningi besibungu somhlaba, kanti umhlaba olimekayo uhlinzeka ngamathuba amancane okudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Chibis
Izimpande zindiza ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa hhayi ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukunyakaza kwazo kwamaphiko kuthambile futhi kubushelelezi. Izinyoni zingatholakala emoyeni ikakhulu ngenxa yesici sazo, indiza ehamba kancane. Izinyoni zihlala zindiza emini ngemihlambi emincane evulekile. I-Lapwing ingahamba kahle futhi ngokushesha emhlabathini. Lezi zinyoni ziyazijabulisa kakhulu futhi zingakha imihlambi emikhulu.
Entwasahlobo ungezwa amasiginali wemisindo emnandi, kepha lapho ukuphelelwa amandla kuthuswa okuthile, kwenza umsindo omkhulu, omncane wamakhala, umsindo ocindezelayo, wehluke kakhulu ngevolumu, ithoni kanye nethempeli. Lezi zibonakaliso azigcini nje ngokuxwayisa ezinye izinyoni ngengozi, kodwa futhi zingaxosha isitha esilindayo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaLapwings axhumana esebenzisa izingoma zendiza, eziqukethe ukulandelana okuthile kwezinhlobo zezindiza ezihlanganiswe nokulandelana kwemisindo.
Izindiza zezingoma ziqala ngaphambi nje kokuphuma kwelanga futhi zivame ukuba zimfushane futhi zingazelelwe. Lokhu kuqhubeka ihora lonke bese konke kuthula. Izinyoni zingenza nemisindo ekhethekile yendawo lapho zimemeza ngokusongela okwethusayo, zishiya isidleke sazo (imvamisa ekhwayeni) lapho ingozi isondela. Izinhlobo ezindala endle ezifakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi ziyaphila manje sezineminyaka engama-20 ubudala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ukubhangqa kokuphelelwa yisikhathi
I-Lapwing ithanda izindawo zokwakha izidleke ezinobuningi obuphansi bezimila nokutholakala okuphansi kwezimila zasemhlabeni. Kakade ngoMashi, umuntu angabona imidanso yokukhwelana emadodeni, equkethe ukujikajika kwe-eksisi, izindiza ezincane ezansi nezinye izindlela. I-Lapwing yenza imisindo ejwayelekile esikhathini sokumataniswa. Lapho iphambukela ohlangothini ngesikhathi sendiza, uhlangothi olumhlophe lwephiko luyaphakama. Izindiza zokukhwelana zingathatha isikhathi eside.
Ngemuva kokufika kwabesilisa endaweni yokuzalanisa, lezi zindawo zigcwala ngokushesha. Eyesilisa igxumela phansi futhi yelule iye phambili, ukuze izimpaphe ze-chestnut kanye nomsila omnyama nomhlophe osakazekayo ubonakale ikakhulukazi. Indoda ithola izimbobo eziningana, lapho owesifazane ekhetha khona eyodwa njengendawo yokwakha isidleke. Isidleke siyimbobo esemhlabathini embozwe ingcosana yotshani obomile nezinye izinto.
Izidleke zamabhangqa ahlukene okweqa okungajwayelekile zivame ukubonakala komunye nomunye. Kunezinzuzo zokukhulisa amaphuphu emakoloni. Lokhu kuvumela imibhangqwana ukuthi iphumelele kakhulu ekuvikeleni amachwane ayo, ikakhulukazi ekuhlaselweni ngumoya. Esimweni sezulu esibi, ukuqala kokubeka kubambezelekile. Uma amaqanda abekiwe ekuqaleni elahlekile, insikazi ingaphinda izale. Amaqanda aluhlaza okomnqumo futhi anezindawo eziningi ezimnyama eziwafihla kahle.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Insikazi izalela amaqanda maphakathi nesidleke ngokugcina okukhonjiwe, okunika i-clutch isimo se-clover enamaqabunga amane. Leli lungiselelo linengqondo njengoba ubuciko bendawo encane kunazo zonke futhi bungambozwa futhi bushe kangcono. Isidleke siqukethe ikakhulu amaqanda ama-4. Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-24 kuye kwezingama-28.
Amachwane ashiya isidleke ngokushesha, esikhathini esifushane ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa. Abantu abadala bavame ukuphoqeleka ukuba bahambe namachwane baye ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona izimo ezikahle zokuphila. Kusukela ngosuku 31 kuya ku-38, amaphuphu angandiza. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi isivele izalela amaqanda futhi, kanti eyeduna isematasa ikhulisa amatshwele enzalweni yangaphambilini.
Izitha zemvelo zokuphelelwa yisikhathi
Isithombe: Inyoni yeLapwing
Le nyoni inezitha eziningi, ifihla yonke indawo emoyeni nasemhlabeni. AmaLapwings angabalingisi abahle kakhulu, izinyoni ezindala, engozini eseduze, benza sengathi iphiko labo libuhlungu futhi bayalidonsa phansi, bahehe isitha ngaleyo ndlela bavikele amaqanda abo noma amaphuphu abo. Uma kunengozi, zicasha otshanini, lapho izimpaphe ezicwazimulayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezivela phezulu ziphenduka into ecashile.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Uma kuba sengozini, abazali banikeza amaphuphu abo izimpawu ezikhethekile nezimpawu zomsindo, futhi amaphuphu amancane awela phansi afrize anganyakazi. Ngenxa yezimpaphe zazo ezimnyama, esimweni esimile zibukeka njengetshe noma igabade lomhlaba futhi azikwazi ukubonwa izitha ezisemoyeni.
Abazali bangenza ukuhlaselwa okungamanga kunoma yiziphi izitha zomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela baphazamise izilwane ezidla izidleke esidlekeni noma amaphuphu amancane angakakwazi ukundiza.
Izilwane ezidla imvelo zifaka phakathi izilwane ezinjenge:
- amagwababa amnyama (C. Corone);
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle (L. marinus);
- i-ermine (M. erminea);
- ama-herring gulls (L. argentatus);
- izimpungushe (V. Vulpes);
- amakati ezifuywayo (F. catus);
- oklebe (Accipitrinae);
- izingulube zasendle (S. scrofa);
- martens (iMartes).
Njengoba inani lezimpungushe kanye nezingulube zasendle zikhule kakhulu kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yokushoda kwezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye, ithonya lazo likhawulela ukuzalaniswa kwezimpisi. ngenani lokuphelelwa isikhathi iminyaka eminingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimuncagazi nezifo ezithathelwanayo ziphazamisa kakhulu inani lezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, isitha sabo esikhulu ngumuntu. Kubhubhisa indawo yabo yokuhlala ngokunwetshwa komhlaba wezolimo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni yeLapwing
Eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule, abantu abaphelelwe ngamalungelo baye bathola ukulahlekelwa okufika kuma-50%, kufaka phakathi nokwehla okukhulu kwezindawo zokuzalela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Esikhathini esedlule, izibalo zehlile ngenxa yokusebenzisa umhlaba ngokweqile, ukukhishwa kwamaxhaphozi nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda.
Namuhla, ukukhiqizwa kokuphazanyiswa kokuzalela kusongelwa yi:
- ukwethulwa okungaguquguquki kwezindlela zesimanje zezolimo nokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi;
- izindawo ezifudukayo zalezi zinhlobo zisongelwa nasogwini lolwandle iBaltic ngenxa yokungcola kukawoyela, ukugcwala kwezihlahlana ngenxa yoshintsho ekuphathweni komhlaba, nangenxa yomhlaba oshiywe dengwane;
- ukutshalwa kwentwasahlobo kubhubhisa izindunduma emasimini alinywayo, futhi ukuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezintsha kungaba yinkinga ezidlekeni;
- ukugunda amadlelo, ukuvundisa kwawo okuqinile, ukufafaza ngamakhemikhali okubulala ukhula, izibulala-zinambuzane, ama-biocides, ukondla inani elikhulu lemfuyo;
- ukufinyela okuphezulu kohlaza, noma kubanda kakhulu futhi kube nomthunzi.
Izinga eliphakeme lokwehla kwabantu kanye nokulahleka kwezindawo zokuzalela kubikwe e-Armenia. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinsongo ziqinisa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba nokuzingela, kepha kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ukucacisa izinsongo. Kunemizamo eminingi yomphakathi yokusiza ukubuyisela indawo yokuhlala ebhujiswa ngoHlelo Lokuvikelwa Kwezemvelo.
Unogada weLapwing
Isithombe: Inyoni yeLapwing evela eBhuku eliBomvu
Manje ama-lapwings afuna izindawo ezintsha zokwakha izidleke, izinombolo zazo azinciphi kuphela ezindaweni ezivikelwe noma ezindaweni ezithandekayo zesimo sezulu, ngokwesibonelo, ogwini nasemadlelweni emvelo emanzi. Ucwaningo lukazwelonke emazweni amaningi aseYurophu lukhombisa ukwehla okungaguquki kwenani labantu. Inani lohlobo laphazanyiswa kabi ukuguqulwa kwamadlelo kube umhlaba olimekayo kanye nokoma kwezimfunda ezinamaxhaphozi.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: I-Lapwing ibhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwezinhlobo ezisengozini kusukela ngo-2017, futhi futhi iyilungu le-African Migratory Waterfowl Conservation Agreement (AEWA).
Le nhlangano iphakamisa izinketho ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngeGrasslands for Ground Nesting Birds. Iziza ezingenabantu okungenani ama-2 ha zinikeza indawo yokuhlala kuyo futhi zitholakala ezindaweni ezifanelekile ezilinywayo ezinikezela ngendawo eyengeziwe yokudla. Ukuthola izindawo ezingamakhilomitha ama-2 emadlelweni amaningi kuzonikeza indawo yokuhlala eyengeziwe yokudla.
Ukuqothula kwakuyinyoni yonyaka weRussia 2010. I-Union for the Conservation of Birds yezwe lethu yenza imizamo ebonakalayo yokuhlola inani layo, ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezibangela ukuzalaniswa nokuchazela abantu ngesidingo sokuvikela lolu hlobo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 15.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-18: 23
