Ababaningi abantu abazi isirhubuluzi njenge ithusi, yize indawo yokuhlala kwayo ibanzi kakhulu. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuminyana kwabakopishi ezindaweni ezihlala kubo kuncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, umhlangano nale nyoka ekhethekile kungenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. Okhokho bethu babekholelwa ukuthi ikhanda lethusi linamandla omlingo futhi, ngosizo lobuthakathi, lingalimaza umuntu, ngakho bazama ukungalokothi bamcasule futhi bangamxoshi egcekeni. Cabanga ngezici zokuphila kwale nyoka eyaziwa kancane, echaza zonke izici zayo nemikhuba yayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Medyanka ezejwayelekile
ICopperhead yinyoka engenabuthi yomndeni womndeni osevele umile nohlobo lweCopperheads. Lolu hlobo lwezinyoka lufaka izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kufaka phakathi ikhanda lethusi elijwayelekile. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo eRussia kwakhiwa izinganekwane nezinganekwane ngale nyoka. AbakwaRusichi babekholelwa ukuthi ukulunywa yithusi kuzoholela ekufeni lapho ilanga lishona. Le nkolelo, njengegama lesilo esihuquzelayo, ihlotshaniswa nombala waso. Esiswini somuntu wenyoka, izikali zinombala wethusi futhi lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi emisebeni yelanga. Amehlo eCopperhead nawo abomvu tebhu.
Ividiyo: ICopperhead ejwayelekile
ICopperhead yinyoka enosayizi omncane, ubude bomzimba wayo abudluli amasentimitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane. Umsila weCopperheads ufushane izikhathi eziningana (4 - 6) kunobude bomzimba wonke. Inhloko yekhanda lethusi i-oval, icwecwe kancane. Ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba wonke, sigqama kancane, akukho shintsho olubukhali olusuka emzimbeni luye ekhanda. Ubuso besikhumba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo bushelelezi futhi buyacwebezela. Ngokusobala-ke, elangeni likhanya ngokwengeziwe ngombala wensimbi yethusi.
Ngokuphambene nezinganekwane ezesabekayo nezinkolelo eziyimfihlakalo, ikhanda lethusi aliyona ingozi kubantu, ngoba alinazo izikhali ezinobuthi. Yiqiniso, angaluma, kodwa lokhu ngeke kulethe ingozi enkulu, ngaphandle kokungakhululeki okuncane endaweni yokubhoboza. Imvamisa ikhanda lethusi lihlushwa iqiniso lokuthi lididaniswe nenyoka enobuthi futhi lizama ukubulala. Ukuze uqonde kahle okuphambi kwakho, okungukuthi, ikhanda lethusi, udinga ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe izici zalo zangaphandle bese uthola umehluko wezici phakathi kwalesi silwane esihuquzelayo esingenabungozi nenyoka eyingozi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka yeCopperhead
Inyoka encane yekhanda lethusi inezici zayo nezici zayo ezihlukile.
Umbala we-reptile ridge ungaba:
- mpunga;
- nsundu ngokuphuzi;
- nsundu ngokubomvu;
- mpunga omnyama (cishe omnyama).
Njengoba sekushiwo, isisu senyoka sinomthunzi wethusi, imvamisa, futhi umhlane uphonsa ububomvu obuthile. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ithoni engwevu igcwele eCopperheads ehlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Lapho kwenzeka i-molting, umbala we-reptile uba mnyama futhi ungashintsha ube nsundu noma ucishe ube mnyama. Imibala yabesilisa nabesifazane nayo yehlukile. Abesilisa banamathoni abomvu amaningi, kanti abesifazane banamathoni ansundu.
Enye yezinto ezihlukanisayo yeCopperhead umugqa omnyama oqala ekugcineni kwesifonyo, udlule esweni ezingeni lomfundi. Amehlo nabafundi be-copperhead bayindilinga. I-iris yamehlo inombala obomvu. Eqeleni nasezinhlangothini zekhanda lethusi, ungabona izindawo ezime mpo ezitholakala emigqeni eminingi. Bangaphambana ngokusobala nesizinda esikhulu sombala, noma bangahlukaniswa ngokusobala. Ngemuva kwekhanda kunamabala amnyama noma imivimbo exhuma komunye nomunye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phakathi kwama-copperheads ajwayelekile, kunezinyoka ezinama-melanistic (ezicishe zibe mnyama), kepha azivamile.
Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukukhula okuncane kwama-copperheads kuhlala kubukeka kucebile, kunemibala ekhanyayo, futhi iphethini iyaphikisana. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umhlobiso emzimbeni we-copperhead akuyona into ephawulekayo; abanye abantu abanayo nhlobo, noma ifiphele kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, ikhanda lethusi livame ukuphutha ngokuthi yinyoka enobuthi, sizobonisa umehluko wabo omkhulu:
- ekhanda lethusi, ikhanda alibonakali kahle kuwo wonke umzimba, liyisicaba futhi liyahlangana nomzimba, kukhona ukuguquka okucacile komlomo wesibeletho phakathi komzimba nenhloko yenyoka;
- amahawu amboza ikhanda le-copperhead makhulu, ku-viper mancane kakhulu;
- umfundi oyindilinga wekhanda lethusi wehlukile kumfundi oqonde mpo wenyoka;
- izikali zekhanda lethusi ziyacwebezela futhi zibushelelezi ekuthinteni, umzimba wenyoka uboshiwe, umangele;
- ngokungafani nenyoka eyingozi, inhloko yethusi evamile ayinikezwa amazinyo anobuthi.
Amazinyo asemhlathini ongenhla weCopperhead akhulisiwe maqondana nesiqondiso esiya ekujuleni komlomo. Izikali ezingemuva zisesimweni sama-rhombus noma ama-hexagoni. Esikhungweni sesisu, ama-keels ayabonakala, akha izimbambo emaphethelweni alo. Kunezikali eziyi-19 ezizungeze ingxenye ephakathi yomzimba. Esiswini, abesilisa baneziqubu ezisukela ku-150 kuye ku-182, kuthi abesifazane babe nokusukela ku-170 kuya ku-200.
Ihlala kuphi i-copperhead evamile?
Isithombe: I-Medyanka ejwayelekile eRussia
Indawo yokuhlala i-copperhead ejwayelekile inkulu kakhulu, kepha ukuminyana kwezinyoka ezindaweni abahlala kuzo kuncane. Inyoka inemvume yokuhlala kubukhulu beYurophu, nase-Asia, nasezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi endaweni ekude, kutholakala izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezingaphansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ICopperhead akulula ukuhlangana nayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nenyoka nenyoka, kubhekwa njengokuyivelakancane.
Insimu yokuthunyelwa unomphela kwama-copperheads incike kwisimo sezulu salesi noma saleyo ndawo. Endaweni yaseYurophu, le nyoka ihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo, ngaphandle kweziqhingi zaseMedithera, e-Ireland nasenyakatho yeScandinavia. Ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, i-copperhead ikhethe izingxenye zayo ezisenyakatho nasentshonalanga. Ebukhulu be-Asia, inyoka ihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu.
Mayelana nezwe lethu, i-copperhead ikhetha izifunda eziseningizimu yeRussia. Kusukela ohlangothini olusempumalanga, ububanzi bayo bufinyelela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSiberia, kusuka enyakatho - kuye ezifundeni zaseKursk, eTula, eRyazan naseSamara. Ezindaweni zezifunda zaseVladimir naseMoscow, ikhanda lethusi liyivelakancane ngokweqile, empeleni, kuzinhlobo ezilodwa.
ICopperhead ihlala kuwo womabili amahlathi acinene futhi aqinile, ithanda izihlahlana zikaphayini, kepha yeqa izindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile zezindawo ezingama-steppe. Inyoka izizwa iphephile phakathi kwezihlahla nezihlahla. Angakwazi ukuhlala emahlathini asehlathini, ekuhlanzeni, emadamini awomile eduze nehlathi. Imvamisa isilwane esihuquzelayo sitholakala ezintabeni, ezikhuphuka size sifike kumakhilomitha amathathu, sihlala emithambekeni enamahlathi lapho.
Kulezo zindawo lapho izivini zikhula khona, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane ne-copperhead. Inyoka iyayithanda indawo enamadwala, ngoba amadwala awayisebenzisi nje kuphela njengendawo yokukhosela ethembekile, kepha futhi njengesisekelo sokufudumeza ilanga. ICopperhead ithanda izinqwaba zamatshe nemifantu enamadwala. Ezweni lakithi, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sihlala emigqeni yesitimela nasezindaweni ezingamahlathi. ICopperhead ayivelakancane, kepha ungahlangana khona kanye ngemuva kwendlu noma engadini. Inyoka ithanda inhlabathi enamahlamvu amaningi omile abolile. Kepha uzama ukugwema izindawo ezimanzi kakhulu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-copperhead ejwayelekile ihlala kuphi, ake sibheke ukuthi inyoka le engeyona enobuthi idlani.
Idla ngani i-copperhead evamile?
Isithombe: UMedyanka ojwayelekile ovela eRed Book
Izibankwa namagundane yizidlo ezidliwayo ezithandwa kakhulu ngama-copperheads; inyoka ivame ukuhlala ubusuku bonke emigodini yegundane.
Imenyu yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ayiqukethe nje kuphela amagundane nezibankwa, ongabona kuyo:
- inyoka encane;
- izigaxa, amagundane, amagundane, ama-voles;
- zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane;
- amasele namaxoxo;
- izinyoni ezincane namachwane azo;
- izikelemu ezivamile;
- amaqanda ezibankwa nezinyoni.
Ukudla okuthile kwalokhu noma kwalowo muntu kuncike endaweni yokubhaliswa unomphela. Ubudala bezilwane ezihuquzelayo buthinta nohlu lwezitsha ezisemenyu. Abantu abasha bakhetha izibankwa nama-slugs, kuyilapho asebekhulile bethanda ukudla izilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi amagundane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phakathi kwamakhophi, isenzakalo esingajabulisi njengokudla komuntu kuvame ukulandelwa.
Ngenkathi izingela, ikhanda lethusi lihlola indawo ezungezile ngosizo lolimi lwayo olubucayi, oluhlola indawo ezungezile, lubambe iphunga elincane nje lokudla okungaba khona. Ngokukhipha isithwebuli sayo solimi, ikhanda lethusi lingathola isisulu kunoma iyiphi indawo efihlekile, noma kumnyama bhuqe.
Ngokushesha nje lapho kutholakala isithombe esingaphansi, isirhubuluzi sisinyonyobela buthule bese siluma ngokushesha ngamazinyo aso abukhali, sibopha umzimba waso emzimbeni wesisulu ukuze sikwazi ukwamukela sidinze. Imisipha yomzimba wenyoka ikhama ngesisulu isisulu ukuze sife. ICopperhead ikwenza lokhu kuphela ngesilwane esanele ngokwanele, futhi ngokushesha igwinya inyamazane encane. ICopperhead ithola umswakama odingekayo emzimbeni ovela emadakeni emvula, amazolo nazo zonke izinhlobo zamachibi atholakala ezindaweni lapho ihlala khona.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, yize ubukhulu bayo buncane, ikhanda lethusi alihlushwa ukuntuleka kwesifiso sokudla, linamandla kakhulu. Kunezimo lapho kutholakala izibankwa ezindala ezintathu ngasikhathi sinye esiswini sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezifile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Medyanka ezejwayelekile
ICopperhead iyasebenza futhi izingela emini, ngoba uthanda ukufudumala nelanga. Lapho kuba mnyama futhi kubanda, ukhetha ukuhlala endaweni yakhe yokuhlala. Isilwane esihuquzelayo sinomdlandla futhi asihlali njalo, sihlala endaweni yokukhosela esiyikhethe iminyaka eminingi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi impilo yayo yonke. Ngokwemvelo yabo, ama-copperheads angama-loners akhetha ukuhlala ngokwehlukana, ahlala endaweni yawo ethile. Isirhubuluzi silivikela ngokungakhathali leli sayithi kunoma yimuphi umuntu esincintisana naye futhi sikulungele ukuhlasela ngisho nasezihlotsheni zaso eziseduze ezahlasela isizinda saso. Kungakho abakhandi bethusi ababili bengeke bazwane endaweni eyodwa.
AmaCopperheads angababhukudi abahle kakhulu, kepha bayawaxwaya kakhulu amanzi futhi babhukuda kuphela uma kunesidingo. Ukuhamba kancane kungenye yezici zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, okuboniswa ukuthi ekuzingeleni bakhetha ukuhlala baqamekele babukele, ukuxosha inyamazane akuyona eyabo. Ikhanda lethusi lihola impilo esebenzayo yengxenye yonyaka wekhalenda, kanti enye ingxenye isekuhosheni, lapho ingena khona ekwindla lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo.
AmaCopperheads ayathanda ukucasha ezihlahleni zezihlahla, ngakho-ke athatha uhambo oluhle aye emahlathini, kepha imvamisa ahlomisa izidleke zawo ekuhlanzweni kwamahlathi noma ekuhlanzweni kwamahlathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zithanda ukushisa ilanga, ngakho-ke zikhetha izindawo lapho kutholakala khona ukukhanya kwelanga.
AmaCopperheads akhombisa ubudlwangudlwangu lapho ebona umuntu angamazi endaweni yabo, alwa kakhulu futhi angadla nesihlobo senyoka esihluliwe. Kumuntu, i-copperhead ayiyona ingozi ikakhulukazi, ingafikelwa ukwesaba kuphela, ngoba abantu bavame ukuyiphutha njengenyoka enesihlungu. Ikhanda lethusi lingaluma, kodwa kuphela ngenxa yokuthi yena uqobo wethukile. Isirhubuluzi asinabo ubuthi, ngakho-ke akufanele ukhathazeke kakhulu. Kungcono ukuphatha indawo yokuluma ngesisombululo se-antiseptic ukuze kungabikho ukutheleleka okungena esilondeni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: ithole leCopperhead
Njengoba kwenzeka, abakwa-copperheads bakhetha ukuhlala bodwa ngokuphelele, begwema ukuba ndawonye, ngokuqapha ngentshiseko ubunikazi babo bomhlaba. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziqala ukuvuthwa ngokocansi zineminyaka emithathu, futhi abanye abantu baba kamuva. Isikhathi somshado samakhanda e-copperhead siqala ngokufika kwentwasahlobo, lapho bevuswa ku-torpor yasebusika. Ngaphambi kobusika obuzayo bokulala, inyoka idinga ukukhiqiza inzalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuhlangana kweCopperhead nakho kungenzeka esikhathini sekwindla ngaphambi nje kokulala ubusika bonke. Kulokhu, amawundlu azalwa kuphela ngehlobo elilandelayo, futhi isidoda sihlala emzimbeni wowesifazane kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Umlingani uhlala nowesifazane isikhathi esifushane sokukhwelana, bese behlukana naye unomphela, akabambi qhaza ekuphelelweni kwamazinyane akhe. Ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, umnumzane ubamba umlingani wakhe ngemihlathi yakhe ngasentanyeni, futhi yena uqobo usonga isidumbu sakhe.
Amazinyane eCopperhead azalwa embozwe ulwelwesi lwamaqanda. Umama okhulelwe uzala amaqanda esibelethweni kuze kube yilapho imibungu ekuwo isakheke ngokugcwele futhi yathuthukiswa. Imvamisa, kuhlobo olulodwa, kunezinyoka ezincane ezingaba yishumi nanhlanu. Cishe ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa, abantwana bagqobhoza amagobolondo abo, lapho bazalelwa khona. Ubude bezinyoka ezincane abudluli ku-17 cm, bakhiwe ngokuphelele futhi bazimele.
Izingane ngokushesha ziyashiya esidlekeni sikanina ziqale impilo yazo ehlukile yezinyoka, ziqale zizingele zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane nezibankwa ezincane. Endle, i-copperheads iphila kusuka eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kwengu-15. Isikhathi sokuphila sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala e-terrarium side kakhulu, ngoba izimo zakhona zizinhle kakhulu futhi azikho izinsongo ezivela ngaphandle.
Izitha zemvelo ze-copperheads ezivamile
Isithombe: UMedyanka ojwayelekile ovela eRed Book
Uma izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu nezinoshevu zinezitha eziningi, akumangazi ukuthi ikhanda lethusi, elingadluli ngobukhulu futhi elingenabo ubuthi, linenqwaba yazo. Izilwane nezinyoni eziningi azikuthandi ukudla okulula kulesi silwanyana esihuquzelayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona: ama-ferrets, ama-martens, izingulube zasendle, izimpungushe, ama-ermine, amagundane, amakati ajwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni ezidlayo nazo zihlasela i-copperhead esemoyeni: onogolantethe abamhlophe, izikhova, amagwababa, amanqe, izinkozi ezidla izinyoka.
Vele, abasengozini enkulu izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa nezilwane ezincane ezingenamava, okukhona ngisho namaxoxo otshani, izibankwa nezinyoni ezincane eziyingozi. Umama ushiya amawundlu asanda kuzalwa ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa kwawo, ngakho-ke akekho ozowavikela.
ICopperhead inezindlela zayo zokuzivikela uma kunengozi, ehlala isebenzisa njalo. Isirhubuluzi sigobana sibe yibhola eliwugqinsi impela, sifihla ikhanda laso ngaphakathi kwaleli bhola, senze ukuhlaselwa okusheshayo sibhekise kwabangahlakaniphile. Ngasikhathi sinye, ikhipha ikhwela. Ngaphezu kwaleli qhinga, i-copperhead inesinye isikhali sokuzivikela - lokhu kuyimfihlo ye-fetid yezindlala zayo ze-cloacal, leyo inyoka eziyifihlayo lapho izizwa isongelwa. I-cannibalism nayo iyenzeka phakathi kwabaqambi, ngakho-ke izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingahlupheka ezihlotsheni zazo eziseduze.
Esinye sezitha eziyingozi kakhulu zekhanda lethusi kungathathwa njengomuntu ovame ukubulala le nyoka, ayiphathe ngobuthi futhi iyingozi. Uma selisesandleni somuntu, ikhanda lethusi lizama ukuluma ukuze libaleke. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu ididaniswe nesirhubuluzi esinoshevu. ICopperhead ngeke ihlasele kuqala, kepha iluma umuntu kuphela lapho esaba kakhulu, ngoba emzabalazweni wokuphila zonke izindlela zilungile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka evamile yekhanda lethusi
Yize indawo yokuhlala i-copperhead evamile ibanzi impela, inani lalesi silwane esihuquzelayo lincane. AmaCopperheads awavamile ngoba ukuminyana kokusatshalaliswa kwawo kuphansi. Izazi ze-Herpetologists zithi lokhu kungenxa yemikhuba yakhe yokudla. Izibankwa zakha isisekelo sokudla kwekhanda lethusi, futhi lolu hlobo lokuphakelwa kokudla aluthathwa njengoluthembekile uma luqhathaniswa namagundane namaxoxo ahlukahlukene. Kulezo zindawo lapho isibalo sezibankwa sincipha khona, nesibalo sabaqophi sancipha kakhulu.
Abantu futhi banomthelela kubukhulu besibalo se-copperhead. Bazama ukumbulala lapho behlangana, bemphatha njengenyoka eyingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza ngamandla komuntu kuholela ekwehliseni izindawo zokuhlala zalesi silwane esinwabuzelayo esincane. Kancane kancane umuntu uyalisusa ikhanda lethusi ezindaweni lapho ahlala khona unomphela, futhi lokhu kuthinta kakhulu abantu be-copperhead kabi kakhulu, ngoba izinyoka zihlala phansi futhi zizama ukuhlala zihlala endaweni yazo, eziyivikela ngomhawu.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, i-copperhead evamile kwezinye izifunda iyavikelwa, lapho ukubhujiswa kwayo nokubanjwa ngokungemthetho kungavunyelwe ngokuphelele. Ezweni lethu, kubhalwe emabhukwini eRed Data Books ezifundeni ezithile nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-copperheads ajwayelekile
Isithombe: I-Copperhead ngokwemvelo
Ngenxa yesibalo sayo esincane, ukuminyana okuphansi kanye nokuvela okungajwayelekile, i-copperhead evamile ingaphansi kokuvikelwa ezindaweni zezifunda ezahlukahlukene lapho ihlaliswe khona. Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kwethulwe imithetho evimbela ngokuqinile ukubanjwa kwalezi zinyoka nokubhujiswa kwazo. Izinhlobo zeCopperhead zibhalwe ku-Appendix II ye-Berne Convention for the Protection of Wild Fauna and Flora and Natural Habitats.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, i-copperhead isemabhukwini eRed Data Books ezifundeni nasezifundazweni eziningi: iVologda, i-Ivanovo, iVoronezh, iBryansk, iKaluga, iVladimirovsk, iKostroma, iMoscow, iKirov, iKurgan, i-Orenburg, iSamara, iNizhny Novgorod, iRyazan, iTambov, iTver, ISaratov, iSverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Tula, Yaroslavl, Ulyanovsk. ICopperhead ivikelwe ezindaweni: IPerm Territory, iKalmykia, iMordovia, iBashkortostan, iTatarstan, iChuvashia, neU Udmurtia. Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe esithasiselweni seRed Book yesiFunda sasePenza. Emazweni angomakhelwane afana neBelarus ne-Ukraine, i-copperhead evamile nayo ibhalwe kuRed Book.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kukhona uhlu olukhulu kakhulu lwezifunda, izifunda nama-republic lapho i-copperhead ivikelwe khona. Izici ezikhawulela kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukwehla kokutholakala kokudla okuyinhloko kwe-copperheads (okungukuthi, izibankwa) nezenzo eziyingozi zabantu.
Sengiphetha, kusala ukunezela ukuthi yize ikhanda lethusi lifana nenyoka enobuthi, aliyona ingozi kubantu. Ukulunywa kwekhanda lethusi, ngokungafani nazo zonke izinkolelo zasendulo, akulethi ukufa kubantu, kepha kuphela impendulo yalo yokuzivikela. Ukuhlangana nalesi silwane esihuquzelayo akuvamile, ngakho-ke, akubona bonke abantu abazi ikhanda lethusi. Kodwa ku-terrarium, ujwayela kalula umuntu futhi aqale ukumethemba, ethatha ukudla ngqo ezandleni zakhe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/25/2019 ngo-14: 04
