Kukhona inyoni eyodwa enomdla wokwazi emndenini onenkanyezi - imannaokudala ukusabela okuxubile kubantu. Abanye bayamthanda ngekhono lakhe elimangalisayo lokuphinda inhlanganisela yemisindo ehlukile (kufaka phakathi nenkulumo yabantu). Abanye balwa neMynah, bababheka njengezitha ezimbi kakhulu ezilimaza umhlaba wezolimo. Imeleni ngempela imayini futhi liyini iqhaza labo ku-ecosystem yamazwe ahlukahlukene?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Maina
Uhlobo lwe-Acridotheres lwahlukaniswa yisazi sezinyoni saseFrance uMatrin Jacques Brisson ngo-1816 futhi kamuva sabekwa njengemina ejwayelekile. Igama elithi Acridotheres lihlanganisa amagama esiGreki asendulo akridos "isikhonyane" no - thēras "umzingeli".
Ama-Mains (ama-Acridotheres) asondelene kakhulu neqembu lezinkanyezi ezisemhlabathini ezivela e-Eurasia, njenge-starling ejwayelekile, kanye nezinhlobo zase-Afrika, njengezinkanyezi ezicwebezelayo iLamprotornis. Kubukeka sengathi babe ngelinye lamaqembu akhula ngesivinini kule minyaka edlule. Zonke izinhlobo zase-Afrika zivela okhokho abafika bevela e-Asia Ephakathi futhi bazivumelanisa nezimo ezishisayo ezinomswakama kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Maina
Kungenzeka ukuthi babehlukanisiwe phakathi kobubanzi babo bokusatshalaliswa lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo kuthinta izinhlobo zezinkanyezi kanye neSturnia ekuqaleni kwePliocene, lapho uMhlaba ushintshela eminyakeni eyi-5 eyedlule yeqhwa.
Uhlobo luqukethe izinhlobo eziyishumi:
- i-crested myna (A. cristatellus);
- umzila wehlathi (A. fuscus);
- imena elibheke phambili elimhlophe (A. javanicus);
- ikhola myna (A. albocinctus);
- umzila we-pot-bellied (A. cinereus);
- umzila omkhulu (A. grandis);
- imanna enamaphiko amnyama (A. melanopterus);
- umzila ophithizelayo (A. burmannicus);
- ugu Mainana (A. ginginianus);
- imana ejwayelekile (A. tristis).
Letinye tinhlobo letimbili, likhanyeti lelibovu (Sturnus sericeus) kanye neligrey starling (Sturnus cineraceus), nguletinhlobo letiphambili kulelicembu, kepha tisondzelene kakhulu neluhlobo lweLepidoptera yemndeni wemehlo e-peacock kanye nemndeni we-Arsenurinae. Kukholakala ukuthi banikezwe ngephutha uhlobo lwe-Acridotheres.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Bird myna
UMaina uyinyoni evela emndenini onenkanyezi (iSturnidae). Yiqembu lezinyoni ezidlulayo ezivame ukubizwa nge- "Selarang" ne- "Teck Meng" ngesiMalay nesiShayina, ngokulandelana, ngenxa yezinombolo zazo eziphakeme. Okwami akulona iqembu lemvelo. Igama elithi "myna" lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza noma iyiphi inkanyezi ezwekazini laseNdiya. Lolu hlu lwendawo lukholonishwe yizinhlobo kabili ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinkanyezi.
Ziyizinyoni eziphakathi nendawo ezinemilenze eqinile. Indiza yabo iyashesha futhi iqonde ngqo, futhi bayazijabulisa. Iningi lezinhlobo zezidleke emigodini. Ezinye izinhlobo sezidume ngamakhono azo okulingisa.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-myna zinobude bomzimba obungu-23 kuye kuma-26 cm futhi zinesisindo esisuka ku-82 kuye ku-143 amagremu. Izimpiko zazo zingu-120 kuya ku-142 mm. Insikazi neduna ikakhulu i-monomorphic - owesilisa mkhulu nje kancane futhi unamaphiko amakhulu. Imvukuzane ejwayelekile inomlomo ophuzi, imilenze nesikhumba ezungeze amehlo. Izimpaphe zimnyama ngokunsundu futhi zimnyama ekhanda. Zinamabala amhlophe emathangeni omsila wazo nakwezinye izitho zomzimba wazo. Ezinkukhu, amakhanda anombala onsundu obonakalayo.
Izimpaphe zezinyoni azicwebezeli kangako, ngaphandle kwamakhanda nemisila emide, ngokungafani nokhokho bazo. Imayini ivame ukudideka nama-manorin anomsindo omnyama. Ngokungafani ne-mynae ejwayelekile, lezi zinyoni zikhudlwana kancane futhi ikakhulukazi zimpunga. Imanna yaseBalinese icishe yaphela endle. Inyoni evulekile evulekile ehlathini enesimo sendawo esiqinile, imena iguquguquka kahle ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
Uhlala kuphi imanna?
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Myna
Ama-mains azalwa eningizimu ye-Asia. Uhla lwazo lwemvelo lokuzalela lusuka e-Afghanistan ludlule eNdiya naseSri Lanka luye eBangladesh. Babevame ukuba khona ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo zomhlaba, ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Melika. Imanna ejwayelekile yizinhlobo ezihlala eNdiya, yize kubikwa ukunyakaza kwezinyoni empumalanga kuya entshonalanga.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zimelwe kabanzi kwenye indawo. Imana ejwayelekile ingenisiwe yangeniswa e-Afrika, eHawaii, kwa-Israel, eningizimu yeNyakatho Melika, eNew Zealand nase-Australia, kanti imena elitholakala eCrested litholakala eVancouver, eColombia.
Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ivela eRussia. Ukuqina kwayo okumangazayo kusiza ekwandiseni ngokushesha inani labantu. Ukwanda okungaguquki kwamanani kungabonakala eMoscow. Okhokho bamakholoni endawo babengama-mynahs, atholakala ezitolo zezilwane ngabathandi bezilwane abangenalwazi lokufundisa ulimi lwabo.
Lezi zinyoni zinamakhono anjalo isikhathi esithile, ngenxa yokukhangisa okuphikelelayo, izakhamuzi eziningi zenhlokodolobha zithole imizila exotic. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abafundi abanezimpaphe bazithola besemgwaqweni - ukuhlala ndawonye nale nyoni enomsindo omkhulu akubekezeleleki, udinga ukuba ngumuntu othanda ukushisekela noma oyisithulu ezindlebeni zombili ukuze ujabulele ukuba nayo.
Imanna ejwayelekile ihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinamanzi. Ngokwemvelo, imena ihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zezolimo emapulazini. Zivame ukutholakala emaphethelweni emadolobha ezingadini zasekhaya, ehlane noma ehlathini. Lezi zinyoni zivame ukugwema izimila eziminyene.
Indawo yokuqala yaseMyna yayihlanganisa:
- Iran;
- Pakistan;
- India;
- ENepal;
- UButane;
- IBangladesh;
- I-Sri Lanka;
- Afghanistan;
- Uzbekistan;
- ITajikistan;
- I-Turkmenistan;
- IMyanmar;
- EMalaysia;
- ESingapore;
- inhlonhlo Thailand;
- Indochina;
- EJapan;
- Iziqhingi zaseRyukyu;
- I-China.
Zivame kakhulu emahlathini omile nasemahlathini avulekile ngokwengxenye. Eziqhingini zaseHawaii, izinyoni ziye zalotshwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Izintaba zikhetha ukulala ubusuku obubodwa ezindaweni ezizimele zezihlahla ezide ezinomkhawulo ominyene.
Kudlani imana?
Isithombe: Maina ngokwemvelo
Okwami kungama-omnivores, badla cishe noma yini. Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko kunezithelo, okusanhlamvu, izibungu nezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zizingela amaqanda namachwane ezinye izinhlobo. Kwesinye isikhathi bayaphuma baye emanzini angajulile ukuze babambe izinhlanzi. Kepha imvamisa imana iphaka phansi.
Ezindaweni zokuhlala, izinyoni zidla noma yini kusuka kudoti odliwayo kuya emgqonyeni wasekhishini. Izinyoni zibuye zidle izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengezimpuku, kanye nezibankwa nezinyoka ezincane. Bangabathandi bezicabucabu, izikelemu zomhlaba nonkala. Imana ejwayelekile idla kakhulu okusanhlamvu nezithelo, kanye nompe wezimbali namacembe.
Isabelo sokudla sikaMyna sifaka:
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- inhlanzi;
- amaqanda;
- isidumbu;
- izinambuzane;
- ama-arthropods asemhlabeni;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- izibungu zasemanzini noma zasolwandle;
- ama-crustaceans;
- imbewu;
- okusanhlamvu;
- amantongomane;
- izithelo;
- umpe;
- izimbali.
Lezi zinyoni ziletha inzuzo enkulu emvelweni ngokubulala izinkumbi nokubamba izintethe. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lo lwathola igama lalo lesiLatini elithi Acridotheres, "umzingeli wezintethe." I-Myna idla izinambuzane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-150 ngonyaka.
Lezi zinyoni zibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwempova nokusatshalaliswa kwembewu yezitshalo nezihlahla eziningi. EHawaii, ihlakaza imbewu kaLantana Camara iphinde isize ukulwa nezikelemu (Spodoptera mauritia). Ezindaweni lapho bethulwe khona, ukuba khona kwe-mynae kube nomthelela omubi ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni zomdabu ngenxa yokuzingela kwazo amaqanda namachwane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Imayini
Imizila ejwayelekile yizilwane zomphakathi. Izinyoni ezincane zakha imihlambi emincane ngemuva kokushiya abazali bazo. Abantu abadala badla emihlambini engu-5 noma engu-6, equkethe izinyoni ngazinye, ngababili kanye namaqembu omndeni. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, bahlala emaqenjini amakhulu angasuka kumashumi kuya ezinkulungwaneni. Indawo enjalo iyasiza ekuvikeleni ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, imena ingaba nolaka futhi ibe nobudlova, incintisane namanye ngababili ngezindawo zokwakha izidleke.
Lezi zinyoni zivame ukuchazwa njengezithambile futhi ziyazijabulisa. Babamba iqhaza ekuphrintweni ngababili ngababili. Ezinye izinhlobo zibhekwa njengezinyoni ezikhuluma ngekhono lazo lokukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene kanye nenkulumo yomuntu.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuphila kwezinyoni. Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabobulili obubili yiminyaka emi-4. Ukuntuleka kokudla noma ezinye izinsizakusebenza kuyimingcele ekusindeni kwemayini. Ukukhethwa kabi kwezindawo zokwakha kanye nesimo sezulu esingesihle ngezinye zezinto ezinomthelela ezingeni lokufa kwabantu.
Izintaba zixhumana ngezwi nabanye abantu nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Banemisindo ehlukahlukene ye-alamu engaxwayisa ezinye izinyoni. Emini, imibhangqwana ephumule emthunzini ibuye ikhiqize "izingoma" ngokukhothama kancane nangokugoba izimpaphe zazo. Lapho kufika ingozi, imenae ikhipha ukukhala okukhulu.
Ngesinye isikhathi abazali bakhiqiza i-trill ekhethekile lapho besondela esidlekeni sabo ngokudla. Lesi siginali senza amachwane ancenge ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ekuthunjweni, bayakwazi ukulingisa inkulumo yomuntu. Abesilisa bacula kaningi. Imihlambi yezinyoni ibamba iqhaza ekuculeni okukhulu kwamakhwaya ngesikhathi sokuphuma nokushona kwelanga.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Myna Birds
I-Lainas imvamisa iyinkosikazi eyodwa futhi iyindawo. Imibhangqwana yaseHawaii ihlala ndawonye unyaka wonke. Kwezinye izindawo, imibhangqwana yakhiwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa (ngo-Okthoba kuya kuMashi), ukuncintisana kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke kuyaqina. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpi ezinamandla zingaba khona phakathi kwezithandani ezimbili. Ukuqomisana kwabesilisa kubonakala ngokutshekisa nokusika ikhanda, kuhambisane ne-trill.
UMaina ulwela kakhulu indawo yokwakha izidleke emigodini, ephishekela izimbangi futhi ephonsa namachwane ezinye izinyoni esidlekeni.
UMynae ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe ngonyaka owodwa ubudala. Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda amane kuya kwamahlanu ngebhande. Isikhathi sokufukamela siyizinsuku eziyi-13 kuya kwezingu-18, okuyisikhathi lapho bobabili abazali befukamela khona amaqanda. Amaphuphu angashiya isidleke cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-22 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, kodwa ngeke akwazi ukundiza ezinye izinsuku eziyisikhombisa noma ngaphezulu. Kubikwa ukuthi, ngokuya ngendawo, iMynah izala izikhathi ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3 ngesizini ngayinye.
Ekhaya labo, izinyoni ziqala ukwakha isidleke ngoMashi, futhi ukuzala kuhlala kuze kube nguSepthemba. Ngisho nangemva kokuba amaphuphu eshiye isidleke, abazali bangaqhubeka nokondla futhi bavikele lezi zingane izinyanga eziyi-1.5 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa. Bobabili abazali badlala indima elinganayo ekwakheni nasekuvikeleni indawo yokwakha izidleke. Zifukamela amaqanda ndawonye, kodwa insikazi ichitha isikhathi esiningi esidlekeni. Ifukamela yodwa ubusuku bonke, kuthi eyeduna ihlale isikhashana emini.
Amachwane achamisela angaboni. Bobabili abazali bondla amaphuphu cishe amasonto amathathu esidlekeni kanye namasonto ama-3 ngesikhathi esivele ngemuva kokushiya isidleke. Abazali baphathisa amaphuphu abo ukudla ngemilomo yabo. Ngemuva kokuthi amachwane amancane azimele, kwesinye isikhathi aqhubeka nokudla nabazali bawo, kuyilapho abazali beqhubeka nokuwavikela ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Ezinye izinyoni ezincane ziqala ukubhanqa lapho zinezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela ubudala, kepha azivamisile ukuthambekela ekuzaleni ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila.
Izitha zami zemvelo
Isithombe: Imana ejwayelekile
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngezidlakela zemizila. Izinyoka zendawo zingahlasela izinyoni futhi mhlawumbe zithathe amaqanda azo. Okunye futhi okuphanga izidleke igwababa elicwebezelayo (i-Corvus Splendens) namakati asekhaya (uFelis Silvestris). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mongoose yaseJavanese (Herpestes javanicus) ihlasela izidleke ukuze ithathe amatshwele namaqanda. Abantu (amaHomo sapiens) kwezinye iziqhingi zasePacific bayazidla lezi zinyoni. IMyna ihlala ndawonye ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, yakha imihlambi eminingi. Zixwayisana ngemisindo ethusayo ngengozi ezayo.
Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, abantu bazama ukucekela phansi imayini, ngoba baxosha abamele izilwane zasendaweni. Sekuyiminyaka, ababheki bezinyoni bebuka bedangele lapho imana iqala ukubusa ezindaweni zayo zokwenziwa, ihlale emadolobheni amaningi. Lapho bebona lokhu kutheleka kwezinyoni okunezimpaphe kuthumba amadolobha anokuthula ngezingcingo zawo ezihoshozelayo nesimo sengqondo esibi ngezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, abantu baqala ukwakha isiteleka sokuziphindiselela.
Kodwa-ke, i-myna ihlakaniphile kakhulu futhi imvamisa iyabalekela labo abayisukelayo, isebenzisa ubuhlakani bayo nokuziphatha okunzima ukukufunda. Ngokushesha bafunda ukugwema noma yiluphi ugibe ababekelwe lona futhi, uma bebanjiwe, baxwayise amaqabane abo ukuthi aqhelelene nawo ngokukhipha izimpawu ezinkulu zokucindezeleka.
Kodwa imayini inobuthakathaka futhi isetshenziswe ngobuqili esicupheni esisha esiklanyelwe ukubamba lezi zinyoni. Lolu gibe manje seluvivinywa okokuqala ngqa. Akuyona into yezobuchwepheshe, kepha kusekelwe ekuqondeni okucacile kwe-biology yami nokuziphatha kwami.
Isici esivelele ukuthi sinikeza izinyoni ikhaya kude nekhaya, zimema izinyoni futhi ziziyengele ukuba zihlale. Izinyoni zidla izinsuku ezimbalwa futhi uma ukwethenjwa sekutholakele, kulula ukuzibamba. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni ezimbalwa ziyavaleleka ukuze zihehe ezinye. Ngenkathi kumnyama futhi izinyoni zilele buthule, phezulu kwesihibe esinezinyoni kungasuswa futhi izinyoni ziqedwe ngobuntu yi-carbon dioxide. Isicupho singasetshenziswa futhi ngosuku olulandelayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Myna
Imayini iyakwazi ukuhlala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala, futhi ngenxa yalokho, seyiphenduke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaphandle kwezindawo zemvelo. Zithathwa njengezinambuzane ngoba zidla okusanhlamvu noma izithelo zezitshalo zokulima ezinjengamakhiwane, njll. IMaina nayo ibhekwa njengenhlobo ephazamisayo ngenxa yomsindo nangobulembu abawukhiqizayo eduze kwendawo yokuhlala abantu.
Uhla lukaMyna lukhula ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuthi ngonyaka ka-2000 kwathiwa ngolunye lwezinhlobo ezihlasela kakhulu emhlabeni yi-IUCN Species Survival Commission. Le nyoni isiphenduke enye yezinyoni ezintathu ezinhlotsheni eziyikhulu ezihamba phambili ezinomthelela kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo, ezolimo kanye nezintshisekelo zabantu. Ikakhulukazi, lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lubeka engcupheni enkulu imvelo e-Australia, lapho ibizwa khona ngokuthi "Inkathazo / Inkinga Okubi Kunazo Zonke".
IMaina ichuma ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezasemadolobheni. Isibonelo, eCanberra, abantu abangu-110 bobulili obuhlukile balolu hlobo bakhululwa phakathi kuka-1968 no-1971. Ngo-1991, inani labantu be-myna eCanberra lalinganisa izinyoni eziyi-15 ngekhilomitha skwele. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ucwaningo lwesibili lwakhombisa ukuminyana kwabantu okulingene kwezinyoni ezingama-75 ngekhilomitha skwele endaweni efanayo.
Le nyoni isuselwa ekuziphendukeleni kwayo ngenxa yempumelelo yayo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nezisedolobheni laseSydney naseCanberra. Njengoba ithuthuka ezifundeni ezivulekile ezinamahlathi eNdiya, imena seliguqulelwe ezinhlakeni eziphakeme eziqondile futhi cishe alukho uhlaza olutholakala emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni naseziqiwini zemvelo zasemadolobheni.
Okuvamile imanna (kanye nezinkanyezi zaseYurophu, ondlunkulu bezindlu kanye namajuba asendle asezintabeni) kulimaza izakhiwo zedolobha. Izidleke zaso zivinjelwa yimibhobho yamanzi nepayipi, okwenza kube nenkinga ngaphandle kwezakhiwo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05/06/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 36
