Igundane vole

Izilwane ezihlekisayo ezihlakaniphile futhi ngasikhathi sinye "ukuququda" okunonya kwakho konke nawo wonke umuntu. Kodwa-ke, izakhamizi zemikhakha yamahhala azilethi ukukhathazeka nokulimaza kwezolimo nasemakhaya. Izilwane ezithandwa amakati futhi ezingathandwa ngabesifazane nabalimi ziyingxenye yokwehlukahlukana kwemvelo.

Umhlaba mkhulu ngokwanele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, udinga nje ukuhlala ngokukhaliphile. Ake sithole kabanzi ngegundane lenkambu, imikhuba yalo, ingozi engaba khona nezindlela zomzabalazo.

Incazelo yegundane lenkambu

Igundane lensimu liza ezinhlotsheni eziningi. Phakathi kwezihlobo zakhe eziseduze kukhona:

• okuvamile - uhlobo oluvame kakhulu;
• okubomvu - ohlala emaqeleni ashubile ase-Asia;
• ihlathi, lincamela izindawo ezinamahlathi asezingeni lamazwekazi ase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika;
• ngaphansi komhlaba - umhlali wezokuxhumana emadolobheni kanye nezindawo ezihlanganayo.

Ngaphandle kokwehlukahlukana, bonke bangabohlobo lohlobo lwama-voles, umndeni we-hamster, ukuhleleka kwamagundane nesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ukubukeka kwegundane lenkambu

Zonke izinhlobo zama-voles zinezifinyela ezinde, ezibukhali, namehlo amnyama amnyama (amnyama noma ansundu), izindlebe ezikhonjiwe nomsila omude, okushiya cishe u-¾ wobude bomzimba. Le igundane elincane elifinyelela kuma-13 cm ubude, imvamisa lifika ku-10 cm, kungabalwa umsila. Isisindo se-Vole cishe u-15 g... Kuma-cheekbones aphakeme, amagundane anamapuleti e-pterygoid, okwenza kubonakale sengathi anezimbotshana ezihlathini zawo. Imilenze mincane, inezinyawo ezingaba ngu-1.5 - 2 cm Izipikili zimfushane, azifiphele ngokumba njalo.

Uboya besilwane ngemuva bunemibala e-brownish-buffy. Ayithambile, kodwa iqatha, imfushane; kubantu abadala ize iphenduke “izinaliti ezithambile”, njengakumahedgehogs. Isici esivelele sama-voles umugqa omnyama eceleni komgogodla. Esiswini, ijazi limpunga elikhanyayo.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuqina kombala kuhlobene nobudala begundane. Abantu abahlonipheke kakhudlwana balula ukwedlula ozakwabo abasebasha; kukhona nezinwele ezimpunga phakathi kwezinwele.

I-vole yesilisa ayihlukile ngaphandle kowesifazane ngaphandle. Ukuze ungadidanisi igundane lensimu nesihlobo sayo esinsundu, naka umehluko wabo.

Amagundane endle angahlala endlini nasensimini engadini-yemifino, futhi nasekhaya - endle.

Indlela yokuphila ye-Vole

Ngendlela yokuphila, amagundane asensimini ngandlela thile afana nezimvukuzane ezincane: zimba izimbobo eduze nobuso bomhlaba bese zihamba nazo. Lapho umba, amagundane alahla umhlaba ohlangothini lwawo, ngakho-ke isiduli kuvela ukuthi siyisicaba ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi "ukungena" kuso akuveli phezulu, njengemvukuzane, kodwa kusuka ohlangothini. Ebusika, zihamba ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa.

Okubalulekile! Ama-voles awanaso isikhathi sokwenza izithombe ezimisiwe ebusika; noma kubanda, kudingeka bathuthe futhi bazifunele ukudla. Kulokhu, amagundane asebenzisa izinto ezilungiselelwe kusuka ehlobo ezindlekweni zezidleke.

Bahlala emigodini noma ezindlini ezifanelekile: ngaphansi kwamagatsha, izitaki zotshani, emashejini, njll. Uma igundane lizakhela umgodi, lenza libe likhulu futhi libe negatsha. Ekujuleni kwamasentimitha ama-5 kuye kwangama-35, kune-labyrinth kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-25 m ubude enamakamelo amaningi okugcina kanye negumbi lokulala, kanye nokuphuma okuphuthumayo okuningana, okunye okuholela emthonjeni wamanzi okuphuza.

Ngesikhathi sasemini, amagundane asensimini akhetha ukucasha ngaphansi komhlaba nokulala, kuthi emini abe matasa.... Bakhasa phezulu futhi babheke ukudla, baququda cishe yonke into ezayo: ukutshala izimpande, ama-flower bulbs, izilimo eziyizigaxa, ukukhonkotha ezansi kwezihlahla. Ekufuneni ukudla okufanele, bangenza ukufuduka kwangempela.

Amagundane agijima ngokushesha, ahamba ngesilinganiso "sokugxuma". Bayakwazi ukubhukuda, kodwa bakhetha ukukugwema. Imvamisa bahlala emakoloni, imvamisa eminingi: 1 noma izihlobo zesifazane eziningana kanye nezizukulwane eziningana zezizukulwane zabo.

Ivola ihlala isikhathi esingakanani

Isikhathi sokuphila segundane le-vole endle yiminyaka engu-1-2, ngoba banezitha nezingozi eziningi zemvelo. Uma konke kuhamba kahle kakhulu empilweni yegundane, kungaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-7-12.

Indawo yokuhlala

Le rodent itholakala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngaphandle kwamakhona ashisayo:

• ezwenikazi laseYurophu, kuhlanganise neFinland neDenmark;
• eSiberia naseUral;
• ezindaweni ezisemahlathini aseNyakatho Melika (kuze kube sezingeni laseGuatemala);
• zitholakala e-Asia - China, Mongolia, Taiwan;
• kusukela eningizimu, uhla lwabo lukhawulelwe eLibya (eNyakatho Afrika) nasenyakatho neNdiya;

Ngaphandle kwegama, ama-voles awavamile ukuhlala ngqo emasimini. Kubo, inqwaba yotshani iyathandeka, ngakho-ke bakhetha izimfunda, imiphetho yehlathi, ukususwa, kanye nezindawo eziseduze nokuhlala abantu: amasela, izindlu zokugcina izithombo, amashedi, izindawo zokukhosela ezikahle engadini nensimu yemifino. Ama-voles angakhuphukela ngisho nasendlini futhi ahlale phansi ophahleni, ngaphansi kokufakwa odongeni, ekungeneni komoya, kungqimba lokufakwa.

Kuyathakazelisa! Uma indawo inomswakama futhi inexhaphozi, igundane elihlakaniphile ngeke lakhe umgodi, kepha lizokwakha isidleke sotshani, esizotholakala egatsheni eliphakeme lehlathi.

Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, ngezikhathi zemvula enesikhathi eside, ukuncibilika kwasebusika, iminki yezilwane igcwala amanzi, futhi kufa amagundane amaningi.

Ukudla kwegundane kwensimu

I-vole igundane elihlwabusayo. Njengoba engowomndeni wama-hamsters, amazinyo akhe akhula impilo yakhe yonke, ngakho-ke umzwelo wakhe uhlinzeka ngokugaya njalo. Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso lokuthi cishe amagundane ahlala efuna okuthile. Emini, umuntu omdala kufanele adle inani lokudla elilingana nesisindo salo.

Igundane lidla cishe yonke into elingayithola ohlangothini:

• amakhambi nembewu yawo;
• amajikijolo;
• amantongomane, kufaka phakathi izigaxa;
• okusanhlamvu;
• nezilimo eziyizigaxa, izimpande, ama, izimpande izitshalo;
• amahlumela nezimbali zezihlahla ezihlukahlukene;
• amagxolo athambile ezihlahla ezincane.

Izitoko zasebusika kuma-pantry amagundane asensimini angafinyelela kubunzima obungu-3 kg.

Ukuzala nenzalo

Ngokuqala kwemfudumalo yasentwasahlobo kuze kufike amakhaza kakhulu ekwindla, amagundane e-vole azala ngenkuthalo... Ukukhulelwa kwegundane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-21-23. Phakathi nenkathi, insikazi iyakwazi ukunikela ngamalitha afinyelela ku-8, imvamisa i-3-4, ngakunye okuletha amawundlu ama-5-6. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ekuqaleni ama-voes ama-5 ama-voles ahlaliswe esizeni, ekupheleni kwesizini efudumele inani lamagundane lingafinyelela ku-8-9 ayizinkulungwane.

Amagundane azalwa engenalusizo nhlobo, amehlo awo awaboni. Kepha ukukhula kwabo kushesha ngokweqile:

• umbono uvela ezinsukwini eziyi-12-14;
• ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 bangakwazi ukusinda ngaphandle komama;
• ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu nangaphambi kwalokho, ziyakwazi ukuzala izingane ngokwazo.

Kuyathakazelisa! Amacala ayaziwa lapho ama-voles abesifazane ekhulelwa ngosuku lwe-13 lokuphila kwabo futhi alethe inzalo esebenzayo ezinsukwini ezingama-33 ubudala.

Izitha zemvelo

Ukuzala okunjalo kungenxa yokuthi emvelweni, amagundane anezitha eziningi ezinciphisa inani labantu. Abazingeli be-vole ababaluleke kakhulu izinyoni ezidla inyama: izikhova, oklebe, amabhu, njll. Isikhova esisodwa singadla amagundane angaphezu kuka-1000 ngonyaka. Kwezinye izilwane - izimpungushe, ama-weasel, ama-martens, ama-trore - amagundane yizona zinto eziyinhloko, ukudla okukhethekile. I-ferret izobamba futhi idle amagundane ayi-10-12 ngosuku.

I-Weasel iyingozi futhi kumagundane ngoba inomzimba oguquguqukayo futhi omncane, okungekho nzima ngawo ukungena ezidlekeni idle amawundlu akhona. I-hedgehog, inyoka, futhi-ke, ikati lizozijabulisa ngenjabulo.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Amagundane e-Vole ahluke kakhulu. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-60 nezinhlobo ezincane. Ngaphandle, kunzima ukuwahlukanisa; indlela yokuhlaziya izakhi zofuzo kuphela efanelekayo ukukhonjwa.

Kuyathakazelisa! Amagundane ngokwawo ahlukanisa ngokuphelele izihlobo zawo komunye umphakathi futhi awalokothi ahlangane nawo. Ukuthi ukuveza kanjani ukwehluka kwe-interspecies akukacaci.

I-genome yegundane le-vole liyimfihlakalo yesayensi: izinto zofuzo zitholakala ngaphandle komqondo obonakalayo, futhi imininingwane eminingi igxile kuma-chromosomes ocansi. Inani lama-chromosomes lisuka ku-17 kuye ku-64, futhi kwabesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana noma bahluke, okungukuthi, akukho ukuthembela ngokocansi. Kudoti owodwa, wonke amagundane angama-clones wezakhi zofuzo.

Enye impahla eyingqayizivele yenani legundane lensimu "ukuzimela ngokwakho" kwezakhi zofuzo ku-nucleus kusuka kwezinye izitho zeseli (mitochondria). Ososayensi basazabalaza ngeze ngokufakwa kwezakhi zofuzo kubantu, kanti e-voles ibisebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ukuphela kwencazelo yososayensi ukweqa okubukhali kokuvela kwegundane labantu emkhakheni eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule.

Njengoba igundane liyisilwane esizala kakhulu, izinombolo zalo zincike kakhulu onyakeni nasesikhathini.... Siqaphele ukuthi ukuqhuma kokukhula kanye "nomgodi wabantu" kuma-voles kuyashintshana ngemuva kweminyaka engaba ngu-3-5. Isibalo esiphezulu sezilwane ezirekhodwe kubantu sasingaba amagundane angama-2000 ngehektha elilodwa lendawo, kanti esincane kunazo zonke - abantu abayi-100 ehektheleni ngalinye. Ngaphezu kwamagundane, umndeni wamagundane ufaka ulwelwesi nama-muskrats.

Vole igundane nomuntu

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bebheka lesi silwane esincane esingenamqondo njengesitha sabo. Ukukhetha indawo yokuhlala eduze nezindawo okuhlala kuzo abantu, izindawo zokugcina ukudla nezindawo ezilinywayo, amagundane enza umonakalo ezindaweni ezigcinwayo nasezitshalweni, futhi nazo zithwala izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo.

Ukuduma kwezulu kwezingadi, amasimu nezingadi zemifino

Eminyakeni lapho ukuzala kusebenza kakhulu khona, ubungozi obubangelwa yisitshalo ezitshalweni buzwakala kakhulu:

• kudla izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba, kubangele ukufa kwesitshalo empandeni;
• konakalisa izimpande zezitshalo namakhabe;
• ucija amasheya okusanhlamvu nembewu;
• igxuma amagxolo ezihlahla ezincane nezihlahla.

Ama-Voles adla imikhiqizo yepulazi yemifino hhayi kuphela emhlabathini, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni zokugcina, kumakheshi, ezinqolobaneni nasezinqolobaneni.

Okubalulekile! Akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi umndeni wama-voles uzinzile endaweni yangakini: ikoloni lizonikezwa okubizwa nge- "runways" - imikhondo eshiywe ebusweni ngokumba imigodi engaphansi komhlaba.

Ikhala eliyingozi

Igundane le-vole lingaba yisifo sezifo ezimbi kakhulu, eziningi zazo ezingadala ukufa kubantu. Izilwane ezinhle nezihlekisayo, ikakhulukazi ngobuningi, zingadala:

• typhus;
• leptospirosis;
• i-tularemia;
• erysipelas;
• i-toxoplasmosis;
• salmonellosis, njll.

Zaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi empeleni zingukuphela komphathi wemvelo wesifo esifundeni saseTranscaucasian.

Ungabhekana kanjani ne-vole

Ngenxa yengozi kwezolimo, kanye nasempilweni yabantu nasempilweni, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokunciphisa inani lamagundane. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izindawo ezimbili zomzabalazo:

• i-passive-prophylactic - isusa amagundane ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu nezinto zezolimo;
• okusebenzayo - izinyathelo ezibhekiswe ekubhujisweni okuqondile kwamagundane.

Sethusa amagundane asensimini

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lokwethusa, kuyasebenza ukusebenzisa izitshalo ukutshala nokubeka, iphunga lazo amagundane angazithandi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ugarlic, impande emnyama, i-calendula, i-mint, umhlonyane, i-tansy namanye amakhambi nezithelo ezinuka kamnandi. Ungazisebenzisi izitshalo ngokwazo, kodwa amafutha abalulekile, abeka izingcezu zoboya obucwiliswe kuzo eduze nendawo ekucatshangwa ukuthi ingahlala kuyo amagundane. Kwesinye isikhathi i-parafini ne-ammonia zisetshenziselwa inhloso efanayo. Amagundane agwema umlotha ohlakazekile.

Enye inketho enobuntu yokwethusa amadivayisi e-ultrasonic noma ama-vibration enza izimo ezingakhululeki zamagundane ukuze zihlale endaweni yesenzo. Zingathengwa ezitolo. Uhlobo "lwasekhaya" lomphikisi onjalo ibhodlela elitshekile lembiwe emhlabathini, elizodumzela futhi lidlidlize esimweni sezulu esinomoya. Amathini kathayela ezigxotsheni ezungeze umkhawulo wesiza ngisho ne "wind chime" elenga ezihlahleni (izinti zokujikisa noma izinsimbi) nazo zizokwenza ngendlela efanayo. Ikholoni lamagundane cishe alihlali esizeni nasendlini, "eligadwe" isitha segundane lemvelo - ikati.

Ukubhujiswa kwama-voles

"Empini" konke kulungile. Lapho izitshalo nokutshalwa kusongelwa ngomonakalo ongalungiseki, izinyathelo ezimbi kakhulu zingaqinisekiswa. I-arsenal yezindlela zabantu nezimboni inikela ngezinketho ezilandelayo zokulwa nama-voles wokuphila nokufa:

• "I-plaster thrombus" - hlanganisa ufulawa kakolweni usawoti nomcako noma i-gypsum. Igundane eladla isicupho esinjalo lizofa ngenxa yegazi esiswini.
• Isicupho esinobuthi - ezitolo ezikhethekile ungathenga ubuthi obenziwe ngomumo bamagundane ngendlela yamaphilisi we-wax noma ama-granules. Lapho ubeka, ungazithathi ngezandla, kungenjalo amagundane ahlakaniphile ngeke awathinte. Ezinye izinhlobo zobuthi zinomphumela obambezelekile, kanti amagundane anobuthi akwazi ukuthelela abanye bawo.

Okubalulekile! Akufanele usebenzise le ndlela uma ikati noma inja ingadla amagundane afile - lokhu kungabulala impilo yesilwane esifuywayo.

• Ababhubhisi bomzimba - zonke izinhlobo zamagundane egundane. Akusebenzi uma inani legundane likhulu.
• Izingibe -abalimi baqhamuka nezinhlobonhlobo zokukhetha, kusuka embizeni ebekwe kuhlamvu lwemali igundane eliwela ngaphansi kwalo ebhodleleni elimbiwe emhlabathini ngamafutha ka-sunflower amancane. Izicupho ezenziwe ngomumo nazo ziyathengiswa. Enye indlela ibhodi eneglu ekhethekile efakwe kuyo, lapho igundane linamathela khona ngokuphepha.

Ngokwemibiko yakamuva, akusiwo ushizi wendabuko oheha kakhulu njengezithiyo zama-voles, kepha amantongomane, ushokoledi, ucezu lwenyama, isinkwa esinamafutha we-sunflower. Omunye umzuzu ongathandeki ohlotshaniswa nazo zonke izindlela zokujezisa ukuthi kuzofanele uhlanze njalo ulahle amagundane afile.

Kungani kungenakwenzeka ukubhubhisa ama-voles ngokuphelele

Njenganoma yiziphi izinhlobo zeplanethi yethu, ama-voles athatha indawo yawo emvelweni. Ngokudla imbewu yotshani, bakhawulela ukukhula kwesembozo sotshani, okungavumeli izihlahla ezincane ukuthi zingene ekukhanyeni, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe amahlathi... Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhaza labo ekwenziweni kokudla kubaluleke kakhulu enanini lezinyoni ezidla inyama kanye nezilwane eziningi ezithwala uboya. Ngaleyo minyaka lapho kuzalwa amagundane ambalwa, inani lezimpungushe, izikhova nezinye izilwane ezidla ama-voles ziyancipha. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-voles azivamile futhi zisengozini futhi ziyavikelwa:

• i-euronian;
• muy;
• i-balukhistan;
• OwaseMexico;
• Okubomvu kwaseJapan;
• IsiTaiwan;
• enkabeni yeKashmir.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Ukuze unciphise amathuba ama-voles ahlala endaweni yakho, unga:

• thola ikati noma inja;
• ungazixoshi izitha zemvelo zamagundane, ikakhulukazi izikhova;
• ukuvimbela ukungcola kwesiza nge-inventory, izinkuni zokubasa, ifenisha enamaphutha, njll.
• uhlale ukhulula umhlabathi, ubhubhise "ama-grooves" amagundane asensimini;
• lahla ngesikhathi esifanele amagatsha asikiwe, amaqabunga, ukhula nezinye izinsalela zensimu.

Ukulwa nama-voles, indlela edidiyelwe kufanele isetshenziswe, kuhlanganiswe ukuvimbela, kwakheke indawo engazizwa kahle ngamagundane, nokubhujiswa komzimba.

Ividiyo mayelana namagundane ensimu

Bukela ividiyo: A bat made of A4 paper flies perfectly on Halloween for children with their own hands (Novemba 2024).