Igama lesibili lofudu lolwandle oluhlaza - elinye lamakhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwezimfudu zasolwandle - "yisobho" eliqephuzayo. Abantu abaningi bathi futhi badlala indima enkulu ekutholakaleni nasekuthuthukisweni kweNew World, uLwandle lweCaribbean: kusukela ngekhulu le-15, abahambi abathola izinto ezinkulu baqala ukuqothula izilwane ezinwabuzelayo.
Izimfudu zahlatshwa ngamakhulu ukugcwalisa ukudla, zafakwa inyama futhi zomiswa, imvamisa zazilayishwa nje esikebheni ukuze kube nesobho elisha "elisemathinini" esitokweni. Isobho lofudu luseyisidlo sezibiliboco. Futhi izimfudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa njengenhlobo.
Incazelo yofudu oluhlaza
Izimfudu zasolwandle ezinkulu kakhulu zinhle kakhulu endaweni yazo yemvelo, lapho zidla emanzini asogwini ku-algae aminyene noma zihlinzeka indawo enamanzi ngezidladla zangaphambili ezinamandla ezinezimpiko. Isigaxa esikhulu sokhakhayi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma esinsundu nephuzi sisithutha kahle futhi sibavikele ezilwaneni eziyingozi.
Ukubukeka
Igobolondo eliyindilinga lofudu oluhlaza limise okweqanda. Kubantu abadala, ingafinyelela kumarekhodi amamitha ayi-2 ubude, kepha usayizi ojwayelekile ojwayelekile ungama-70 - 100 cm.Ukwakhiwa kwegobolondo akujwayelekile: konke kuqukethe izikhubekiso eziseduze komunye nomunye, kunombala oshubile ngaphezulu ngaphezulu, embozwe ama-scutes nekhanda elincane le-reptile. Amehlo anabafundi abayindilinga makhulu ngokwanele futhi amise okwama-alimondi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amaphiko avumela izimfudu ukuba zibhukude futhi zihambe emhlabathini, isitho ngasinye sinozipho.
Isisindo somuntu ngamunye singama-80-100 kg, ama-specimens anesisindo sama-200 kg awavamile. Kodwa isisindo serekhodi lofudu lwasolwandle oluhlaza singama-400 ngisho nama-500 kilograms. Umbala wegobolondo uncike endaweni lapho ufudu luzalwa khona futhi lukhula khona. Kungaba yixhaphozi, okuluhlaza okungcolile, noma oku nsundu, okunamabala aphuzi angalingani. Kodwa isikhumba namafutha anqwabelana ngaphansi kwegobolondo ngaphakathi anombala oluhlaza okotshani, ngenxa yokuthi iziphi izitsha ezivela ezifudu nazo zinokunambitheka okukhethekile.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
Izimfudu zasolwandle kuyaqabukela zihlala emakoloni, zikhetha indlela yokuphila yodwa. Kepha sekungamakhulu eminyaka abacwaningi bedidekile ngesimanga sezimfudu zasolwandle, eziqondisisa kahle ekuqondeni kwemisinga yolwandle, ziyakwazi ukuhlangana kwelinye lamabhishi ngosuku oluthile ukuze zizalele amaqanda.
Ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka, bayakwazi ukuthola ibhishi abake bachamusela kulo, kulapho bazobekela khona amaqanda abo, noma ngabe kufanele banqobe izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
Izimfudu zasolwandle azinalo ulaka, ziyethemba, zizama ukuhlala eduze nogu, lapho ukujula kungafinyeleli ngisho kumamitha ayi-10... Lapha zigcwele phezu kwamanzi, zingaphumela emhlabathini ziye elangeni, futhi zidle ulwelwe. Izimfudu ziphefumula ngamaphaphu azo, ziwudonse njalo ngemizuzu engu-5 ukusuka phezulu.
Kepha esimweni sokuphumula noma sokulala, izimfudu eziluhlaza kungenzeka zingaphumi amahora amaningana. Amapulangwe angaphambili anamandla - amaphiko, afana namaphini, abasiza ukuba bahambe ngesivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-10 ngehora, ngakho-ke ababhukudi abazona izimfudu eziluhlaza ezimbi.
Zivame ukuchanyuselwa emaqandeni, izingane zigijimela esihlabathini ziye emanzini. Akuwona wonke umuntu okwazi ngisho nokufinyelela kulayini we-surf, njengoba izinyoni, izidalwa ezincane, nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezirhubuluzayo zizingela imvuthu ngamagobolondo athambile. Izingane ezisogwini zimele inyamazane elula, kepha aziphephile nasemanzini.
Ngakho-ke, iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila, kuze kube yilapho igobolondo liqina, izimfudu zichitha ekujuleni kolwandle, zizifihla ngokucophelela. Ngalesi sikhathi, azondli kuphela ngokudla kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi ne-jellyfish, iplankton, ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma ufudu ludala, kusondela ogwini abakhetha ukuhlala kulo. Ukudla okunomsoco nakho kuyashintsha kancane kancane, kube "imifino".
Ama-"colonies" angaphezu kwezi-10 aziwa izimfudu eziluhlaza ayaziwa emhlabeni, ngalinye linezici zalo. Ezinye zihlala zizulazula, zilandela imisinga efudumele, ezinye ziyakwazi ukuhlala ebusika ezindaweni zazo zomdabu, "zibhasikize" odakeni olusogwini.
Abanye ososayensi bahlongoza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukene zezimfudu eziluhlaza ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile. Yilokhu okwenzeka ngezimfudu zase-Australia.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Okuyingozi kakhulu kwezimfudu kuyiminyaka yokuqala, lapho izingane zicishe zingakwazi ukuzivikela. Izimfudu eziningi azikwazi ukusinda ngisho namahora amaningana ukufika emanzini. Kodwa-ke, uma sebenegobolondo eliqinile, izimfudu eziluhlaza azisengozini kangako. Isikhathi sokuphila semifudu yasolwandle eluhlaza endaweni yabo yemvelo yiminyaka engama-70-80. Ekuthunjweni, lezi zimfudu ziphila kakhulu, ngoba abantu abakwazi ukuphinda babuyele endaweni yabo yemvelo.
Uhlobo lwe-turtle subspecies
Ufudu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-Atlantic lunegobolondo elibanzi futhi eliyisicaba, lithanda ukuhlala endaweni esogwini eNyakatho Melika, kanti futhi lutholakala ngasogwini lwaseYurophu.
I-Pacific empumalanga ihlala, njengomthetho, ogwini lwaseCalifornia, eChile, ungabathola ngisho nasogwini lwase-Alaska. Lezi zinhlayiya zingahlukaniswa nge-carapace yayo emincane futhi ende emnyama (nsundu nephuzi).
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Izilwandle zasePacific naseAtlantic, amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele ayikhaya lezifudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza. Ungababona eHolland, nakwezinye izingxenye ze-UK, nasezindaweni zaseNingizimu Afrika. Njengamakhulu eminyaka adlule, izilwane ezihuquzelayo azishiyi indawo engasogwini eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, yize manje sekunokuncane kakhulu kwalokhu kuphila kwasolwandle okumangalisayo lapha. Kukhona izimfudu eziluhlaza nasogwini lwase-Australia.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukujula okungafika kumamitha ayi-10, amanzi afudunyezwe kahle, ulwelwe oluningi kanye nendawo enamadwala - yilokho kuphela okuheha izimfudu, kwenza enye noma enye indawo yolwandle lomhlaba ihehe.
Emifantwini enamadwala, bacasha ngabasukelayo, ekuphumuleni, emihumeni iba yikhaya labo unyaka noma iminyaka eminingana... Nomaphi lapho behlala futhi badle khona, behamba besuka kwenye indawo beya kwenye, beholwa yimizwelo, okuthile kubenza babuyele kaninginingi emabhishi abo omdabu, lapho kuzingelwa khona ngonya. Izimfudu zingabhukudi ezihamba phambili ezingasabi amabanga amade, abathanda kakhulu ukuhamba.
Ukudla ufudu oluhlaza
Zivamile ukubona izimfudu ezikhanyayo, zilalela umuzwa wasendulo, zilwela ngangokunokwenzeka ngokujula. Kulapho, phakathi kwamakhorali, izixhobo zasolwandle, uquqaba oluningi, lapho besongelwa ubuncane besibalo salabo abafuna ukudla abakhileyo ezweni nasemanzini. Ukukhula okwandisiwe kubaphoqa ukuthi bangamunci kuphela uhlaza, kodwa futhi nama-molluscs, i-jellyfish, ama-crustaceans. Izimfudu ezincane eziluhlaza nezibungu zidla ngokuzithandela.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7 kuya kwengu-10, igobolondo elithambile liyaqina, kuya kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ngezinyoni nezinhlanzi eziningi ezidlayo ukuba zifike enyameni emnandi. Ngakho-ke, izimfudu zingasabi zisondela ogwini, emanzini afudunyezwa yilanga nezimila ezahlukahlukene, hhayi ezasemanzini kuphela, kodwa nezasogwini. Lapho izimfudu eziluhlaza sezivuthwa ngokocansi, ziguquka ngokuphelele zitshale ukudla, futhi zihlale zingabadli bezitshalo kuze kube sebekhulile.
I-thalassia ne-zostera turtles zithanda ngokukhethekile, amahlathi aminyene awo ajula ngamamitha ayi-10 avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amadlelo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo azinqabi ku-kelp. Zitholakala eduze nogu lapho kunamagagasi amakhulu, zidla kamnandi uhlaza olumnandi lomhlaba.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izimfudu eziluhlaza zivuthwa ngokocansi ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi. Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa ubulili bempilo yasolwandle ngaphambili kakhulu. Abesilisa bawo womabili ama-subspecies anciphile futhi aphansi kunabesifazane, igobolondo liyabhebheka. Umehluko omkhulu umsila, omude kubafana, ufinyelela ku-20 cm.
Ukukhwelana kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwenzeka emanzini... Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Okthoba, abesifazane nabesilisa bazidonsela amehlo ngokwenza imisindo ehlukahlukene efana nokucula. Abesilisa abaningana balwela insikazi, kanti nabantu abambalwa nabo bangamvundisa. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu akwenele koyedwa, kepha kunamaqhuqhuva amaningana. Ukukhwelana kuthatha amahora amaningana.
Insikazi ithatha uhambo olude, idlula izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukuze ifike emabhishi aphephile - izindawo zokwakha izidleke, kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni engu-3-4. Lapho, ngemuva kokuphuma ogwini ebusuku, ufudu limba umgodi esihlabathini endaweni eyimfihlo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kulesi sidleke endaweni efudumale kahle, ibekela amaqanda afinyelela kwikhulu, bese ilala isihlabathi futhi ilinganise inhlabathi ukuze inzalo ingabi isisulu esilula sezibankwa, ukuqapha izibankwa, amagundane nezinyoni.
Ngenkathi eyodwa vo, ufudu oludala luyakwazi ukwenza imivimbo engu-7, ngayinye kuzoba namaqanda angama-50 kuya kwangama-100. Iningi lezidleke lizobhujiswa, hhayi zonke izingane ezimiselwe ukubona ukukhanya.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili nezinsuku ezimbalwa (ukufukamela amaqanda kofudu - kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-60 kuya kwezingama-75), izimfudu ezincane ezinamazipho azo zizobhubhisa igobolondo leqanda elinesikhumba bese lifika ngaphezulu. Bazodinga ukumboza ibanga elifinyelela ku-1 km, bebehlukanisa namanzi asolwandle alusayo. Kukuzindawo zokwakha izidleke lapho kuhlala khona izinyoni, ezizingela izingane ezisanda kuchanyuselwa, kunezingozi eziningi kangaka ezilindele indlela yezimfudu.
Lapho sezifikile emanzini, izingane azigijimi zodwa, kodwa futhi zisebenzisa iziqhingi zezitshalo zasemanzini, zinamathele kuzo noma zikhuphukela phezulu phezulu, ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga. Ngobungozi obuncane, izimfudu ziyacwila futhi zinexhala futhi ngokushesha ziya ekujuleni. Izingane zizimele kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa futhi azidingi ukunakekelwa ngabazali.
Izitha zemvelo
Kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10 ubudala, izimfudu zikhona yonke indawo engozini. Bangaba yizisulu zezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye, izinhlanzi zasolwandle, bangene emazinyweni kashaka, ihlengethwa, nama-crustaceans amakhulu bazokujabulela. Kepha izimfudu ezindala cishe azinazitha emvelweni, zinzima koshaka kuphela, lonke igobolondo lalo linzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinkulungwane zeminyaka, lezi zakhamizi zasolwandle bezingenazo izitha ezikwazi ukubhubhisa abantu abadala.
Ukuba khona kwalolu hlobo kwafakwa engozini ngumuntu... Hhayi inyama kuphela, kodwa futhi namaqanda abhekwa njengesibiliboco, futhi igobolondo eliqinile liba yinto enhle kakhulu yezikhumbuzo, yingakho baqala ukubhubhisa izimfudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza ngobuningi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ososayensi bahlaba umkhosi lapho bebona ukuthi izimfudu eziluhlaza zazisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Okusho umuntu
Isobho lofudu olumnandi, amaqanda amafudu amnandi futhi anempilo, inyama enosawoti, eyomisiwe nejikijelwa iyanikezwa ezindaweni zokudlela ezinhle kakhulu njengesibiliboco. Phakathi neminyaka yekoloni kanye nokutholakala komhlaba omusha, amakhulu amatilosi akwazi ukusinda ngenxa yezimfudu zasolwandle. Kepha abantu abazi ukuthi babonge kanjani, ukubhujiswa ngesihluku kwamakhulu eminyaka namuhla kuphoqa isintu ukuthi sikhulume ngokusindisa izimfudu eziluhlaza. Womabili ama-subspecies abhalwe kuRed Book futhi avikelwe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinkulungwane ziye zaya emabhishi lapho kubekwe khona amaqanda kofudu amakhulu eminyaka... Manje esiqhingini saseMidway, ngokwesibonelo, kuphela abesifazane abangamashumi amane abakha izindawo zokukhosela izingane. Isimo asisibi ngcono kwamanye amabhishi. Yingakho, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umsebenzi usuqalile ukubuyisa inani lezimfudu eziluhlaza cishe kuwo wonke amazwe lapho kuhlala lezi zilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimfudu ezisohlwini lweRed Book, akuvunyelwe ukwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, ukuzingela nokuthola amaqanda.
Izivakashi azikwazi ukuya kuzo eziqiwini eziseduze kwamamitha ayi-100. Amaqanda abekelwayo afakwa kuma-incubator, kanti izimfudu ezichanyuselwa zikhishelwa emanzini aphephile kuphela uma ziqinile. Namuhla, inani lezimfudu eziluhlaza lisikisela ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane ngeke zinyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba.
