Impungushe emhlophe Isidalwa esincane se-canine. Igama lesayensi lohlobo - u-Urocyon wanikezwa isazi semvelo saseMelika uSpencer Bird. I-Urocyon cinereoargenteus yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zalezi ezimbili ezikhona ezwenikazi iMelika.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Impungushe emhlophe
I-Urocyon isho inja enomsila. Impungushe eyimpunga yisilwane esincelisayo somndeni wakwaCanidae esivela eNyakatho, Ephakathi nasenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika. Isihlobo sayo esiseduzane, i-Urocyon littoralis, sitholakala eChannel Islands. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyefana kakhulu, kepha izilwane zasesiqhingini zincane kakhulu ngosayizi, kepha ziyafana kakhulu ngokubukeka nemikhuba.
Lawa ma-canine avela eNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi sePliocene Ephakathi, eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 600 000 edlule. Izinsalela zokuqala zezinsalela zitholakala e-Arizona, eGraham County. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Fang kuqinisekisile ukuthi impungushe empunga iyinhlobo ehlukile kunempungushe ejwayelekile (i-Vulpes). Ngokofuzo, impungushe empunga isondele kweminye imigqa emibili yasendulo: i-Nyctereute procyonoides, inja ye-raccoon yase-East Asia, ne-Otocyon megalotis, impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu.
Ividiyo: Impungushe emhlophe
Izinsalela ezitholakele emihumeni emibili enyakatho yeCalifornia zikuqinisekisile ukuba khona kwalesi silwane ePleistocene. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi izimpungushe ezimpunga zafudukela enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States ngemuva kwePleistocene, ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, okubizwa ngokuthi ukufudumala kwangenkathi ephakathi. Kukhona futhi ukungafani kokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kodwa okuhlobene kwezimpungushe ezimpunga entshonalanga nasempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika.
Izimpungushe zeChannel Islands kukholakala ukuthi zavela ezimpungwini ezimpunga ezisempumalanga. Ngokunokwenzeka, bafike lapho ngokubhukuda noma ezintweni ezithile, mhlawumbe balethwe ngabantu, ngoba lezi ziqhingi zazingeyona ingxenye yezwekazi. Bavele lapho cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu eyedlule, kusuka kwabasunguli abahlukile, okungenani aba-3-4, kulayini womama. Uhlobo lwezimpungushe ezimpunga lubhekwa njenge-canine ephila kakhulu, kanye nempisi (iCanis) nezinye izimpungushe (iVulpes). Lesi sigaba senzeka eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni engaba ngu-9,000,000 edlule, ngesikhathi seMiocene engasekho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: isilwane esiyimpunga
Impungushe eyimpunga ibukeka njengezihlobo zayo ezibomvu ezikude, kodwa uboya bayo bumpunga ngombala. Igama lesibili elingu-binomial ngu-cinereoargenteus, elihunyushwa njenge-ash silver.
Ubungako besilwane bucishe bulingane nekati elifuywayo, kepha umsila omude opholile uyenza ibukeke ikhudlwana kunalokho eyiyo. Impungushe empunga inemilenze emifushane, enikeza ukubukeka okuqinile. Umzimba onekhanda ulinganiselwa ku-76 kuya ku-112 cm, futhi umsila usuka ku-35 kuya ku-45 cm.Imilenze yangemuva ingu-10-15 cm, ukuphakama kokushwabeneyo kungama-35 cm, kanti isisindo singu-3.5-6 kg.
Kunokwehluka okuphawulekayo kosayizi wesifunda nowabantu ngamunye. Izimpungushe ezimpunga engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga zivame ukuba zikhudlwana kunaseningizimu. Abesilisa imvamisa bakhulu ngo-5-15% kunabesifazane. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu abavela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zalolu hlu banemibala egqamile kunabantu abahlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu.
Ama-subspecies empungushe ampunga asuka ezindaweni eziqhingini - i-Urocyon littoralis mancane kunalawo asezwenikazi. Ubude bazo bungu-50 cm, ukuphakama kungu-14 cm ekubuneni, umsila ungama-12-26 cm.Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zinama-vertebrae ambalwa emsila. Esikhulu kunazo zonke sitholakala esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina, kanti esincane kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz. Lesi impungushe encane kunazo zonke e-United States.
Umzimba ongenhla ubukeka mpunga, ngenxa yokuthi izinwele ngazinye zimnyama, zimhlophe, mpunga. Ingxenye engezansi yentamo nesisu imhlophe, futhi ushintsho lukhonjiswa ngumngcele obomvu. Ingaphezulu lomsila limpunga ngomugqa omnyama wamaqhafuqhafu, njengemane, izinwele zigijima ziye ekugcineni. Ama-paaw amhlophe, ampunga anezindawo ezibomvu.
Isifonyo simpunga ngaphezulu, simnyama ngokwengeziwe emakhaleni. Izinwele ezingaphansi kwekhala nasemaceleni omlomo zimhlophe, ngokungafani nentshebe emnyama (ama-vibrissa pads). Umugqa omnyama udlulela eceleni ukusuka esweni. Umbala we-iris uyashintsha, kubantu abadala uba mpunga noma ube nsundu ngokumpunga, futhi kokunye ungaba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Umehluko phakathi kwezimpungushe:
- emakhanda abomvu ukuphela komsila kumhlophe, kuzimpunga kumnyama;
- impunga inesifonyo esifushane kunokubomvu;
- ezibomvu zihlukanise abafundi, futhi ezimpunga zinama-oval;
- izimpunga azinawo “amasokisi amnyama” ezinqeni zawo, njengalawo abomvu.
Ihlala kuphi impungushe?
Isithombe: Impungushe emhlophe eNyakatho Melika
Lezi zinhlayiya zisabalele ezindaweni ezingamahlathi, ezikhuhla nezindawo ezinamadwala ezindaweni ezipholile, ezinesomiso kanye nezishisayo eNyakatho Melika nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho zezintaba zaseNingizimu Melika. Impungushe eyimpunga iya ngokuya itholakale eduze kwendawo okuhlala kuyo umuntu, yize inamahloni kakhulu.
Ububanzi besilwane busuka emaphethelweni aseningizimu enkabeni nasempumalanga yeCanada kuya ezifundazweni zase-Oregon, Nevada, Utah naseColorado e-United States, eningizimu kuya enyakatho yeVenezuela naseColombia. Ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga, itholakala kusukela ogwini lwasePacific e-United States kuya ogwini lwe-Atlantic. Lolu hlobo alwenzeki ezintabeni ezisenyakatho zeRocky e-United States noma ezindaweni zamanzi zaseCaribbean. Ngokuhamba kwamashumi eminyaka ambalwa, izilwane ezincelisayo ziye zandisa uhla lwazo lwaba yizindawo zokuhlala nezindawo ezazingasahlali muntu phambilini noma lapho zazicekelwa khona phambilini.
Empumalanga, eNyakatho. Melika, lezi zimpungushe zihlala emahlathini aphikisayo, ama-pine, lapho kunamasimu amadala khona kanye namahlathi. Entshonalanga yeNyakatho, zitholakala emahlathini axubekile nasezindaweni zamapulazi, ezihlahleni zemithi emikhulu (ihlathi le-chaparral), ngasogwini lwamachibi asehlathini. Bazivumelanise nesimo sezulu esomile ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States nasenyakatho neMexico, lapho kunezihlahlana eziningi khona.
Lezi ziqhingi eziyisithupha zeChannel Islands zihlala ezinhlotsheni eziyisithupha ezahlukahlukene zempungushe empunga. Zijwayela kalula abantu, zivame ukufuywa, futhi zisetshenziselwe ukulawula izinambuzane.
Idlani impungushe?
Isithombe: Impungushe empunga esihlahleni
Kulezi zilwane ezidla ezinye, ukudla kuyashintsha kuye ngesizini kanye nokutholakala kwezilwane, izinambuzane nezinto zokwakha. Ngokuyinhloko, zondla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, kufaka phakathi amagundane, ama-shrews, ama-voles.
Kwezinye izindawo, unogwaja waseFlorida kanye nonogwaja waseCalifornia yizinto zokudla ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kwezinye izifunda lapho kungenayo onogwaja noma kunembalwa, unogwaja oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wakha isisekelo salolu daba, ikakhulukazi ebusika. Izimpungushe ezimpunga nazo zidla izinyoni ezifana ne-grouse grouse, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Lolu hlobo ludla nezidumbu, isibonelo, izinyamazane ezibulewe ebusika. Izinambuzane ezifana nentethe, amabhungane, izimvemvane namabhu, lezi ezingenamgogodla ziyingxenye yokudla kwempungushe, ikakhulukazi ehlobo.
Izimpungushe ezimpunga yiziwombe ezimnyama kunazo zonke eMelika, ezithembele kakhulu ezintweni zezitshalo kunamankankane asempumalanga noma izimpungushe ezibomvu unyaka wonke, kodwa ikakhulukazi ehlobo nasekwindla. Izithelo namajikijolo (njengama-strawberry avamile, ama-apula nama-blueberries), amantongomane (kufaka phakathi ama-acorn namantongomane e-beech) ayingxenye ebalulekile yezinto zemithi ezisemenyu.
Ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga ye-United States, izimpungushe ezimpunga ikakhulu ziyizinambuzane nezidla imifino. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngama-subspecies angama-insular.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impungushe emhlophe
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ziyasebenza ngezikhathi zonke zonyaka. Njengezinye izinhlobo zezimpungushe zaseNyakatho Melika, umzala ompunga uyasebenza ebusuku. Lezi zilwane, njengomthetho, zinendawo yokuphumula emini esihlahleni noma endaweni enezimila eziminyene, ezivumela ukuthi ziklaba lapho kuhlwa noma ebusuku. Izilwane ezidlayo nazo zingazingela emini, ngamazinga womsebenzi ngokuvamile ancipha kakhulu lapho kusa.
Izimpungushe ezimpunga ukuphela kwama-canids (ngaphandle kwezinja zase-Asian raccoon) ezikwazi ukugibela izihlahla kalula.
Ngokungafani nezimpungushe ezibomvu, izimpungushe ezimpunga zingabagibeli beshesha, yize bengenalo ikhono njengama-raccoon noma amakati. Izimpungushe ezimpunga zikhuphuka ezihlahleni ziyoklaba, ziphumule, futhi zibalekele izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukukwazi kwabo ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni kuncike kuzipho zawo ezibukhali, ezigobile kanye nekhono labo lokuzungezisa imilenze yabo yangaphambili ngobukhulu obukhulu kunamanye ama-canine. Lokhu kubanikeza ukubambelela okuhle lapho bekhuphuka iziqu zemithi. Impungushe empunga ingakhuphuka iziqu ezigobile futhi yeqe isuka egatsheni iye egatsheni iye ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-18. Isilwane sehla ngesiqu, ngokwesibonelo, njengamakati asekhaya, noma seqa amagatsha.
Umgodi we-fox wenziwa, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala nokutholakala kwesisekelo sokudla. Kujwayelekile ukuthi lezi zilwane zimake amakhaya azo ngomchamo nangendle ukukhombisa isimo sazo endaweni. Ngokufihla isisulu sayo, umhlaseli ubeka izimpawu. Isilwane esincelisayo siphephela ezihlahleni ezingenalutho, iziphunzi noma imigodi. Amakamelo anjalo angatholakala amamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphezu komhlaba.
Abanye abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lezi zimpungushe ziyimfihlo futhi zinamahloni kakhulu. Abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, bathi izilwane zibonisa ukubekezelelana ngabantu futhi zisondela kakhulu ezindlini, zishintshe indlela yazo yokuziphatha, zijwayele imvelo.
Izimpungushe ezimpunga ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa imisindo ehlukahlukene, yilezi:
- ukubhonga;
- ukukhonkotha;
- ukuzula;
- ukububula;
- ukuhayiza;
- ukuklabalasa.
Imvamisa, abantu abadala bakhipha amagxolo ahuqayo, kuyilapho abantu abasha - ukukhala okumnandi, ukumemeza.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Grey fox cub
Izimpungushe ezimpunga zizala kanye ngonyaka. Bathandana ndawonye njengezinye izimpungushe zaseNyakatho Melika. Ngenzalo, izilwane zenza izindlu zokukhosela ngeziqu zemithi ezingenalutho noma izingodo ezingenalutho, futhi naseziqabeni zomoya, ezihlahleni, emifantwini enamadwala, ngaphansi kwamatshe. Bangakhuphukela ezindlini ezilahliwe noma ezindlini ezingaphandle, futhi bangene emigodini elahliwe yezimbila nezinye izilwane. Bakhetha indawo yomhume ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ezinamahlathi, eduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Izimpungushe ezimpunga zihlangana kusukela ngasekupheleni kobusika kuze kube sekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Isikhathi siyahlukahluka kuye ngobubanzi bomhlaba bendawo yokuhlala nokuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ukuzala kwenzeka ekuqaleni eningizimu futhi kamuva enyakatho. EMichigan, kungaba ekuqaleni kukaMashi; e-Alabama, ukuphakama kuphakama ngoFebhuwari. Ayikho idatha efundwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, icishe ilingane nezinsuku ezingama-53-63.
Amantshontsho avela ekupheleni kukaMashi noma u-Ephreli, usayizi kadoti ojwayelekile imidlwane emine, kodwa ingahluka ukusuka koyedwa kuye kwesikhombisa, isisindo sawo asikho ngaphezu kwama-100 g. Azalwa eyimpumputhe, abona ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye. Zidla ubisi lukamama kuphela amasonto amathathu, bese zishintshela ekudleni okuxubile. Ekugcineni bayayeka ukuncela ubisi emasontweni ayisithupha. Ngesikhathi sokushintshela ekudleni okuhlukile, abazali, imvamisa umama, balethela amawundlu ukudla okwehlukile.
Lapho inezinyanga ezintathu, intsha iyashiya emgodini, iqala ukusebenzisa amakhono ayo okugxuma nokulandela umkhondo, futhi izingele nomama wayo. Ngezinyanga ezine, izimpungushe ezincane ziyakwazi ukuzimela. Kusukela enkathini yokuzalanisa kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo, abazali abanezingane ezincane bahlala njengomndeni owodwa. Ekwindla, izimpungushe ezincane ziba cishe ngabantu abadala. Ngalesi sikhathi, banamazinyo ahlala njalo, futhi sebevele bangazingela bodwa. Imindeni iyahlukana. Izinsizwa ezisencane zivuthwa ngokocansi. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-10. Ukuzala kwabesilisa kuhlala isikhathi eside kunabesifazane.
Lapho umndeni uhlukana, abesilisa abancane bangathatha umhlalaphansi bayofuna indawo engamahhala engama-80 km. Ama-Bitches athambekele kakhulu endaweni lapho azalelwa khona futhi, njengomthetho, awahambi ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu.
Izilwane zingasebenzisa umhhume nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka ukuphumula emini, kepha kaningi, ngesikhathi sokubeletha nasebunkulisa. Izimpungushe ezimpunga zihlala endle iminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisishiyagalombili. Isilwane esidala kunazo zonke (esirekhodiwe) esasihlala endle sasineminyaka eyishumi ubudala ngesikhathi sokubanjwa.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpungushe ezimpunga
Isithombe: Impungushe yezilwane
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane lunezitha ezimbalwa endle. Kwesinye isikhathi zizingelwa ama-coyotes amakhulu asempumalanga, ama-lynxes abomvu aseMelika, izikhova zezintombi ezincasakazi, izinkozi zegolide noxhaka. Amandla alesi silwane ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni asivumela ukuthi sigweme ukuhlangana nezinye izidalwa, ezingavakashelwa isidlo sasemini. Le mpahla ibuye ivumele impungushe empunga ukuthi ihlale ezindaweni ezifanayo njengama-coyotes asempumalanga, ingabelani nabo ngensimu kuphela, kodwa futhi nesisekelo sokudla. Ingozi enkulu ivezwa yizinyoni ezizingelayo ezihlasela ngenhla. AmaLynxes ikakhulukazi azingela izingane.
Isitha esiyinhloko salomzingeli ngumuntu. Ukuzingela nokubanjwa kwesilwane kuvunyelwe ezindaweni eziningi futhi ezindaweni eziningi lokhu kuyimbangela enkulu yokufa. ENew York State, impungushe empunga ingenye yezinhlobo eziyishumi zezilwane ezingazingelwa ngenxa yoboya bayo. Ukuzingela kuvunyelwe kusuka ngo-Okthoba 25 kuya kuFebhuwari 15 nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku noma sebusuku usebenzisa izibhamu, iminsalo noma imicibisholo, kepha kudingeka ilayisense lokuzingela. Abazingeli abazingela izimpungushe ezimpunga abahambisi imibiko ngemiphumela, ngakho-ke inani lezilwane ezibulewe alibalwa nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Izifo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekufeni kunokuvezwa kwabantu. Ngokungafani nempungushe ebomvu, impungushe empunga inokumelana ngokwemvelo nomgudu we-sarcoptic (isifo esichitha isikhumba). Amarabi nawo ayivelakancane phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo. Izifo eziyinhloko yi-canine distemper ne-canine parovirus. Kuma-parasites, ama-trematode - iMetorchis conjunctus ayingozi kumpungushe ompunga.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Impungushe emhlophe
Lezi zinhlobo zizinzile kuyo yonke indawo ezihlala kuyo. Imvamisa izimpungushe ziba yizisulu ezingatheni zabazingeli, ngoba uboya bazo abubalulekile kangako. Amazwe lapho impungushe empunga itholakala khona: IBelize, iBolivar, iVenezuela, iGuatemala, iHonduras, iCanada, iColombia, iCosta Rica, iMexico, iNicaragua, iPanama, i-United States, i-El Salvador. Yiyo kuphela inhlobo uhla lwayo lwemvelo oluhlanganisa ingxenye yeNyakatho nengxenye yeNingizimu Melika. Inani labantu lisatshalaliswa kulo lonke uhla ngobuningi obungalingani, kunezindawo ezinenqwaba ephezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho izimo zezemvelo zithanda lokhu.
Izilwane zisendaweni yonke ngokwendawo ezihlala kuyo. Futhi bangahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene, kepha bathanda amahlathi ngaphezu kwama-steppes nezinye izindawo ezivulekile. Impungushe ilinganiselwa ngokuthi ayikhathalele kangako, futhi ububanzi bayo bukhuphukile ngaphezu kwengxenye eyikhulu edlule.
Ngenxa yokushoda kwezidingo zokubika ngemiphumela yokuzingela, kunzima ukulinganisa inani lezimpungushe ezimpunga ezibulewe abazingeli. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwaseNew York State lwango-2018 lwabazingeli bezilwane zasendle be-amateur bathola ukuthi inani lezimpungushe ezimpunga ezibulewe lalingu-3,667.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zeziqhingi, inani labantu bezinhlobo ezintathu ezingaphansi kweziqhingi ezisenyakatho liyancipha. Esiqhingini saseSan Miguel, inani labo lingabantu abaningana, kwathi ngo-1993 baba ngamakhulu amaningana (cishe angama-450). Izinkozi zegolide kanye nezifo zezilwane kudlale indima enkulu ekwehleni kwabantu, kepha azizichazi ngokuphelele izizathu zokwehla kwamanani. Ukonga lezi zinhlobo, kwathathwa izinyathelo zokuzala izilwane. Esiqhingini saseSanta Rosa, lapho ngo-1994 inani lezimpungushe lalingaphezu kwamakhophi angu-1 500, ngo-2000 lase lehle laya ku-14.
Esiqhingini saseSan Clement, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-200 eningizimu yeSan Miguel, iziphathimandla zezemvelo zase-US zicishe zashabalalisa ezinye iziqhingi zasesiqhingini sempungushe empunga. Lokhu kwenziwa ngengozi, ngenkathi kuliwa nezinye izidalwa ezizingele izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothuka. Isibalo sezimpungushe sehle sisuka kubantu abadala abangu-2 000 ngo-1994 saya ngaphansi kuka-135 ngo-2000.
Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kubangelwa ikakhulu yizinkozi zegolide. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukhozi lwegolide kuthathe indawo yokhozi olunempandla noma olunempandla eziqhingini, ukudla okuyinhloko obekuyizinhlanzi. Kepha yacekelwa phansi phambilini ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-DDT. Ukhozi olusegolide luqale lazingela izingulube zasendle, kwathi ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwazo, lwashintshela ezimpungwini ezimpunga. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ezine zezimpungushe zasesiqhingini zivikelwe umthetho wezwe waseMelika osengozini kusukela ngo-2004.
Lezi yizilwane ezivela eziqhingini:
- Santa Cruz;
- Santa Rosa;
- ISan Miguel;
- USanta Catalina.
Manje sekuthathwa izinyathelo zokukhulisa inani labantu nokubuyisa imvelo yaseChannel Islands.Ukulandela umkhondo wezilwane, kunamathiselwe kuzona amakhola omsakazo, okusiza ukunquma indawo yezilwane. Le mizamo ilethe impumelelo ethile.
Impungushe emhlophe Ngokuvamile, inabantu abazinzile futhi ayibonisi isizathu sokukhathazeka, kufanelekile ukunakekelwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwalesi silwane ziphathwe ngokunakekelwa futhi umthelela we-anthropogenic ubungeke uholele enhlekeleleni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 52
