I-Panther chameleon Ingabe uhlobo olunemibala egqamile lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo zezibankwa ezihlala emahlathini emvula eRiphabhulikhi yaseMadagascar. Lezi "chameleons" ze-rainbow zivame kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwezilwane, futhi ukuthandwa kwazo ikakhulukazi kubangelwa uboya bazo obuvelele obuhlukahlukene, obunamabala. Izidalwa zishintsha umbala ngendlela efanayo nezinye izinhlwathi, kodwa ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Ama-shades namathoni wabantu abahlukaniswe ngokwendawo ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, kuya ngohlobo lwawo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Panther Chameleon
Ngokokuqala ngqá i-panther chameleon yachazwa yindoda yemvelo yaseFrance uGeorges Cuvier ngonyaka we-1829. Igama elijwayelekile (uFurcifer), elisuselwa empandeni yesiLatini i-furci, okusho ukuthi "imfoloko", futhi ichaza ukuma kwemilenze yesilwane. Igama eliqondile elithi pardalis libhekisela kumbala wesilwane, ngoba ekuhumusheni kusuka kwisiLatini kuzwakala ngathi "ingwe" noma "i-panther enamabala". Igama lesiNgisi chameleon livela kwelesiLatini chamaeleō, elibolekwe ku-Greek χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn) yasendulo - inhlanganisela yamagama amabili, χαμαί (khamaí) "emhlabeni" + λέων (léōn) "ingonyama."
Ividiyo: Panther Chameleon
Unwidi oludala oluchazwe kakhulu ngu-Anqingosaurus brevicephalus waseMiddle Paleocene (cishe u-58.7-61.7 Ma), odabuka eChina. Eminye imivubukulo yezinyamazane ifaka phakathi i-Chamaeleo caroliquarti evela e-Lower Miocene (cishe ngo-13-23 Ma) e-Czech Republic nase-Germany, no-Chamaeleo ntermedius wase-Upper Miocene (cishe u-5-13 Ma) wase-Kenya.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-chameleon cishe asekhulile kakhulu, ukhokho ovamile onama-iguanid nama-agamidi eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyikhulu edlule. Njengoba izinsalela zemvelo zatholakala e-Afrika, eYurophu nase-Asia, onogwaja ngokuqinisekile babevame kakhulu esikhathini esidlule kunanamuhla.
Yize manje iMadagascar seyiyikhaya cishe lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zonwabu, lokhu akusikiseli ukuthi onogwaja bavela lapho. Eqinisweni, kusanda kukhonjiswa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi badabuka ezwekazini i-Afrika. Kungenzeka kube nokufuduka okubili okuhlukile kusuka ezwekazini kuya eMadagascar. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamankentshane zibonisa ngqo ukwanda kwenani lezindawo zokuhlala ezivulekile (ama-savanna, ama-grassland, nama-wastelands) ahambisana nesikhathi se-Oligocene. I-monophilia yomndeni isekelwa ucwaningo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: isilwane se-Panther chameleon
Ama-panther chameleon angamadoda angakhula aze afike ku-20 cm ubude, kepha ubude bezilwane obujwayelekile cishe bube ngamasentimitha ayi-17. Ngendlela ye-dimorphism yezocansi, abesilisa banemibala egqamile kunabesifazane. Umzimba unemibala ehlukahlukene ehlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani, kwesinye isikhathi iba mnyama, inamabala akhanyayo aphuzi, abomvana, awolintshi nabomvu. Unwabu lwamadoda luvame ukuba nemivimbo emi mpo ngokubomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emzimbeni wabo. Amankentshane aphuzi nawo ajwayelekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umbala uyehluka kuye ngendawo. Izikimu ezahlukahlukene zombala zabazingeli bezinambuzane zivame ukubizwa nge- "locales," okusho ukuthi izinhlobo ziqanjwa ngokwendawo ezikuyo.
Izinsikazi zivame ukuhlala nsundu noma nsundu ngemibala epinki, ipentshisi noma iwolintshi elikhanyayo, noma ngabe zikuphi, kepha kunomehluko omncane emaphethini nasemibala phakathi kwezigaba zombala ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Abesilisa banesisindo esiphakathi kuka-140 no-185 amagremu nabesifazane phakathi kuka-60 no-100 amagremu.
- Izinyawo: izinzwane ezi-5 zihlanganiswe emaqenjini amabili ezinzwane ezimbili nezintathu, okunikeza izinyawo ukubukeka njenge-forceps. Iqembu leminwe emibili lingaphandle kanti iqembu labathathu lingaphakathi.
- Amehlo: Uyindilinga ngokuma futhi ungazungeza ngokukhululeka. Iso ngalinye lingagxila ngokwehlukile ezintweni ezimbili ezihlukile.
- Impumulo: Amakhala amabili amancane ngaphezu komlomo, njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zenyamazane. Banamafinyila amhlophe emakhaleni abo.
- Umsila: ubude obulinganiselayo futhi obuguquguqukayo. Unwabu lungaluzungezisa ngokukhululekile ngokwezidingo zalo.
Ngokuhambisana ne-dimorphism yezocansi, ama-panther chameleon wesilisa anamaqhubu amancane aphuma emakhanda abo.
Uhlala kuphi u-panther chameleon?
Isithombe: I-Reptile Panther Chameleon
Yize i-chameleon panther idabuka eMadagascar (eduze ne-Afrika), lolu hlobo luye lwethulwa nasesiqhingini esikhulu saseMauritius kanye nasesiqhingini esingumakhelwane iReunion, lapho luye lwahlala khona endle njengohlobo oluhlaselayo. EMadagascar, lomhlobo utholakala khulu eendaweni ezi-flat engxenyeni esepumalanga netlhagwini yepumalanga yesihlenge, esukela ku-80 ukuya ku-950 m ngaphezu kwelwandle, nanyana kungatholakali kanengi ngaphezu kwe-700 m.
Ama-Panther chameleon ahlala eduze kakhulu nenhlabathi yehlathi kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Bahlala emaqabungeni ezihlahla ezincane, ezindaweni ezimbozwe ngamahlathi emvula. Ububanzi babo buyindawo encane yezindawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinotshani obuningi. Isembozo esiluhlaza siyabasiza ukuthi baphile, ngoba bayizitshalo futhi bahlala ezihlahleni kuphela, hhayi phansi.
Lezi zibankwa ziyahlukahluka ngombala, futhi ukuhlukahluka ngakunye kufana nendawo ethile obekuhlala kuyo lolu hlobo lwemvelo ngokwemvelo. Ama-Panther chameleon athola amagama awo ngokuya ngendawo aqhamuka kuyo, alandelwe igama elithi "chameleon".
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ziyachazwa njengamanje:
- Ambanja;
- Ambilobe;
- Ambato;
- Ambodirafia;
- Andapa;
- Hlanganisa;
- Ampiskiana;
- I-Ankaramy;
- EJoffreville;
- Masoala;
- IMaroantsetra;
- UNosy Ankarea;
- UNosy Boraha;
- UNosy Radama;
- UNosy Mits;
- UNosy Faly;
- Ukuhlangana kabusha;
- UNosy Be;
- Tamatave;
- Sambava.
Indawo yazo yemvelo ihlathi lemvula elisogwini ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neMadagascar. Ngaphandle kwesiqhingi, bahlala njengezilwane ezifuywayo emhlabeni wonke njengezilwane ezifuywayo futhi njengezinhlobo ezihlaselayo eReunion naseMauritius.
Yini edliwa yi-panther chameleon?
Isithombe: Panther chameleon emvelweni
I-panther chameleon ikakhulu idla izinhlobonhlobo zezikelemu ezitholakala endle, kanye nezinambuzane: amakhilikithi, izintethe, amaphela, njll. Amazinga okushisa athinta umthamo wokudla okudliwayo. IMadagascar Panther Chameleon ilawula izinga levithamini D3 emzimbeni wayo, ngoba ukudla kwabo kwezinambuzane kuwumthombo ompofu. Ukuze benze lokhu, bathola ukukhanya kwelanga, ngoba ingxenye yayo ye-ultraviolet inyusa umkhiqizo wangaphakathi wale vithamini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ngenxa yezici ezihlukile zamehlo, ezingazungeza futhi zigxile ngokwehlukile, zibuka izinto ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye, zithola umbono ogcwele nxazonke. Lapho i-panther chameleon ithola inyamazane, igxila amehlo ohlangothini olulodwa, inikeze umbono ocacile we-stereoscopic nokubona. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukubona kahle izinambuzane ezincane kusuka ebangeni elikhulu (5-10 m).
I-panther chameleon inolimi olude kakhulu oluyivumela ukuthi ibambe ngokushesha inyamazane (kwesinye isikhathi ubude bayo budlula ubude bomzimba). Ishaya inyamazane cishe kumasekhondi angu-0.0030. Ulimi lwe-chameleon uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamathambo, imisipha, nemisipha. Ithambo, elisekelweni lolimi, lisiza ukulilahla ngokushesha, linikeze isitho umfutho wokuqala odingekayo wokubamba isisulu.
Echosheni lolimi okunwebeka kunokwakheka kwemisipha, okufana nebhola okumbozwe amafinyila aminyene, uhlobo lwesimuncu. Lapho nje ithiphu linamathela entweni edliwayo, ibuyiselwa emuva ngokushesha emlonyeni, lapho imihlathi eqinile ye-chameleon panther iyichoboza bese iyangena.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Panther Chameleon
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlala emithini. Zihamba ngamagatsha ziye ezihlahleni ezinkulu bese zizingela inyamazane yazo. Ama-Panther chameleon yizilwane ezihlala ngokweqile futhi achitha iningi lempilo yawo yedwa endaweni yawo.
Izinguquko zabo zombala zinezincazelo ezahlukahlukene:
- Okuphuzi kukhombisa intukuthelo noma ulaka;
- Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka / oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhombisa ukuthi unwabu lufuna ukuhlaba umxhwele omunye umuntu;
- Okuhlaza kusho isimo esizolile nesikhululekile;
- Imibala ekhanyayo ikhombisa inhloso yokukhwelana.
Kungumqondo oyiphutha wokuthi noma iluphi unwabu lungashintsha umbala ukufanisa umbala wendawo ezungezile. Onke onqenqema banesikimu sombala wemvelo abazalwa ngaso, futhi sinqunywa ukubukeka kwabo. Konke kuncike ekushiseni, imizwa nokukhanya. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, okububende akukho ngaphakathi kobubanzi bemibala lolu hlobo oluthile olungashintsha kulo, ngeke-ke lube nsomi.
I-Panther chameleon endaweni yokuhlala:
- Ezifundeni zaseNosy Be, Ankif nase-Ambanja, imvamisa iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokugqamile;
- I-Ambilube, i-Antsiranana neSambava - okubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani noma okusawolintshi;
- Izindawo zaseMaroantsetra naseTamatave zibomvu kakhulu;
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izigaba zamaphethini ezishintshayo namaphethini ezifundeni eziphakathi eziphakathi nangaphakathi kwezifunda ezithile.
Ukwakheka kwemilenze kuvumela i-panther chameleon ukuthi ibambe ngokuqinile ukunciphisa amagatsha. Uzwane ngalunye lufakwe uzipho olucijile ukuthola umfutho ngenkathi uhamba ezindaweni ezifana neziqu zemithi namagxolo lapho uhamba. Ama-Panther chameleons angaphila iminyaka engafika kwengu-5-7. Yize kusekuthunjweni, ezinye izinhlobo zibonakala ziphila iminyaka. Abesilisa bavame ukudlula abesifazane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Animal panther chameleon
Ama-Panther chameleon afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi okungenani izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ubudala. Imvamisa izilwane zihlala zodwa futhi kuphela ngenkathi yokuhlangana lapho zichitha isikhathi nabalingani bazo. Owesifazane angabeka imivimbo emihlanu kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili empilweni yakhe yonke, ngemuva kwalokho afe ngenxa yengcindezi ebangelwe ngumzimba. Lezi zilwane zinesithembu. Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngoJanuwari kuya kuMeyi. Uma onondweba besilisa befuna ukukhwelana, bathambekisa amakhanda abo phezulu naphansi nangapha nangapha.
Ukufuna ukwazi! Ekuthunjweni, owesilisa nowesifazane abaze bahlale ndawonye ngokuthula. Insikazi ingaze ibulawe indlala lapho kukhona owesilisa. Kodwa-ke, izinsikazi ezimbili zingagcinwa ndawonye ngokuphepha, futhi izingane ezivela kwabesifazane abahlukene zingahlala ndawonye uma zilingana.
Lapho onondweba ababili bezithola bebhekene ubuso nobuso empikiswaneni yezinsikazi, baba nolaka, bashintshe umbala wabo futhi bafuthele imizimba yabo ukuze ibonakale imikhulu. Lolu uhlobo lwesiboniso sendawo. Ukungqubuzana kuvame ukuphela kulesi sigaba, bese owehlulwayo ahlehle, abe ngumthunzi omnyama noma ompunga. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuhlangana kungapheli ngesikhathi seSigaba Sokusongela, kuholela ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo nasekushayaneni komzimba.
Lapho insikazi izalela amaqanda, iba nsundu ngombala noma ibe mnyama ngisho imivimbo esawolintshi. Umbala ngqo kanye nephethini labesifazane abavundisiwe kuyehluka kuye ngesigaba sombala wonwabu. I-clutch ngayinye inamaqanda ayi-10 nangu-40. Kuya ngekhwalithi yokudla okudliwayo kanye nokudla okulandelayo okudla owesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Isikhathi esisuka ekumataniseni kuya ekuqanduselweni kwamaqanda amasonto amathathu kuye kwayisithupha. Ukuchanyuselwa kwamazinyane kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-240 ngemuva kokufukamela.
Izitha zemvelo zenyamazane ye-panther
Isithombe: Panther Chameleon
Amankentshane aphansi ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ochungechungeni lokudla futhi athuthukise izindlela eziningana zokusinda. Amehlo abo ahamba ngokuzimela, ngakho-ke babheka ngasikhathi sinye. Bangakwazi futhi ukugijima ngokushesha lapho bejahwa.
Izilwane eziyingozi zezinyamazane ze-panther zifaka:
- Izinyoka. Sukela isilwane ezihlahleni. Izinhlobo ezinjengezinyoka zeBoomslang neWine yizona ezibangela lokhu kuhlasela. Ikakhulukazi, ama-boomslangs asongela onogwaja, njengoba bechitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ezihlahleni. Bantshontsha namaqanda onjiniyela.
- Izinyoni. Bazama ukubamba onondweba basezintabeni ezihlahleni. Kodwa-ke, abaphumeleli kulokhu, ngoba ukufihla kwesilwane kubavimbela ukuthi babone ngamahlamvu. Noma iyiphi inyoni ingabamba i-chameleon panther, kepha izinsongo ezinkulu yizinyoni ezishisayo, ama-cuckoos aqoshiwe nama-hornbill. I-Hawk Cuckoo nayo ikhonjwe njengosongo lonwabu. Njengezinyoka, izinyoni nazo zingantshontsha amaqanda.
- Abantu. Usongo olukhulu kunonwabu ngabantu. Amankentshane aba yizisulu zabazingeli abangekho emthethweni kanye nabantu ababambe iqhaza ekuhwebeni ngezilwane okungajwayelekile. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane esemhlabathini wezolimo iyababeka ubuthi, futhi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa indawo yokuhlala. Umuntu ubhekene nemililo yehlathi ecekela phansi imvelo eMadagascar.
- Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Izinkawu kwesinye isikhathi zidla onwabu. Yize onogwaja bama-panther nezinkawu bevame ukuhlala endaweni efanayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Panther chameleon reptile
Ama-Panther chameleons awanawo umthelela omkhulu ku-ecosystem. Zidla izinambuzane eziningi nezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ngakho-ke kungenzeka zithinte izinambuzane zendawo futhi zisekele izidalwa ezizidlayo. Zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngabantu bendawo ngaphakathi kobubanzi bazo bokusabalalisa.
Izibankwa ze-Panther azivamile kakhulu ekudleni kwasendaweni, kodwa-ke, ziba yizisulu zezinhlobo ezingaziwa ezibanjwe ukuhweba ngezilwane eziphilayo zomhlaba wonke. I-United States, i-Europe ne-Asia yibo abathengi abakhulu bale mikhiqizo.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-panther isibe ngesinye sezinhlobo ze-chameleon ezifunwa kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwezilwane zomhlaba wonke ngenxa yombala wazo omuhle nokuzalanisa ngempumelelo ekuthunjweni. Kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-2001, ama-chameleon namanye ama-panther athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe enza cishe amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili wezinhlobo zezinyoni ezithunyelwa e-United States.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kwethulwa izilinganiso zokuhwebelana eziqinile, futhi nezinga lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe laqina. Njengamanje, kunengozi encane kubantu balezi zinhlobo ezimweni zemvelo. Ngaphandle kosongo oluvela ekulahlekelweni kwendawo okuqhubekayo nokuguqulwa
Encwadini! Ngokombiko we-United Press International wango-2009, izwekazi lase-Afrika kanye neziqhingi zalo lilahlekelwe amahektare ayizigidi eziyi-9 amahlathi nezindawo zamapulazi minyaka yonke ngenxa yomlilo wasendle phakathi kuka-2000 no-2005.
I-Panther chameleon kudinga uqobo lwayo ukulondolozwa kwendawo - lokhu kungumsebenzi oyinhloko wokongiwa kwemvelo odingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukusinda isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo eziningi sezivele zikhona ezindaweni ezivikelwe: iziqiwi namapaki. Kepha basengaphansi kokucekelwa phansi. Zonke izinqubo zokuphepha zidinga ukuphathwa ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokungena kwemisebenzi yabantu okungasongela onjiniyela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-16: 35
