Izilwane zasolwandle zeplanethi yethu zicebile kakhulu futhi zihlukahlukene. Izakhamizi zayo zingabantu abaphilayo bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezindlela zokuphila. Abanye banobungane futhi abasongeli, kanti abanye banolaka futhi bayingozi. Abamele abancane kakhulu bezilwane zasemanzini abakwazi ukufinyeleleka ngokubona komuntu okujwayelekile, kepha kukhona nezidlakela zangempela zolwandle, ezishaya umcabango ngamandla azo nosayizi omkhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iqhawe elidala lezinganekwane zezingane, kodwa empeleni - isilwane esidla ulwandle esinamandla futhi esiyingozi - umkhomo wesidoda.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umkhomo wesidoda
Imikhomo yesidoda ingenye yezilwane zasendulo zasolwandle emhlabeni wethu. Iminyaka yezinsalela zamathambo amadala okhokho babo abakude - imikhomo enamazinyo ama-squalodont - cishe yiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-25. Uma kubhekwa imihlathi enamandla ngamazinyo amakhulu, athuthukile kakhulu, lezi zidlakela zazingabazingeli abasebenzayo futhi zondliwa inyamazane enkulu - ikakhulukazi, izihlobo zazo eziseduze kakhulu - imikhomo emincane.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10 eyedlule, kwavela imikhomo yesidoda, ebukeka ifana kakhulu nezinhlobo zanamuhla. Ngalesi sikhathi, azange ziguquke kakhulu, futhi zihlala phezulu kohlu lokudla komhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi.
Ividiyo: Umkhomo wesidoda
Umkhomo wesidoda isilwane esincelisayo sasolwandle, ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke emndenini womkhomo onamazinyo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo, ayikwazi ukudideka nganoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo ze-cetacean. Lesi silwane sinobukhulu obukhulu - sifinyelela kubude obungamamitha angama-20-25 futhi sinesisindo esingamathani angama-50.
Uma isiphetho sekhanda lalezi zilwane sithatha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yobude bomzimba, lapho-ke imvelaphi yegama lezinhlobo - "sperm whale" iyacaca. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunezimpande zesiPutukezi futhi kususelwa egameni elithi "cachalote", nalo, elisuselwa ku "cachola" yesiPutukezi, okusho ukuthi "ikhanda elikhulu".
Imikhomo yesidoda ayihlali yodwa. Bahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu, inani lawo lifinyelela emakhulwini, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane zabantu. Ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu kubo ukuzingela, ukunakekela inzalo nokuzivikela ezitheni zemvelo.
Kuthungathwa inyamazane, lezi zidlakela zasolwandle zitshuzela ekujuleni okukhulu - kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-2000, futhi ziyakwazi ukuhlala lapho ngaphandle komoya kuze kube yihora nesigamu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Whale sperm whale
Ukubukeka komkhomo wesidoda kuyisici kakhulu futhi kunezici eziningi eziwuhlukanisa namanye ama-cetaceans. Umkhomo wesidoda ungumdondoshiya wangempela, ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke wohlu lwemikhomo enamazinyo. Ubude besilisa esikhulile bungamamitha angama-20 nangaphezulu. Ngokuqondene nesisindo somkhomo wesidoda, inani elijwayelekile laleli nani kubhekwa ukuthi lisebangeni elisukela kumathani angama-45 kuye kwangama-57. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhona futhi abantu abakhulu, abanesisindo esifinyelela kumathani angama-70. Futhi ochwepheshe bathi phambilini, lapho inani lemikhomo yesidoda lalilikhulu kakhulu, isisindo sabanye besilisa sasicishe sifinyelele kumathani ayi-100.
Umehluko phakathi kosayizi wabesilisa nabesifazane ubaluleke kakhulu. Abesifazane bacishe babe uhhafu omncane. Imingcele yabo ephezulu: ubude obuyi-13 metres, isisindo samathani ayi-15. Isici sesici somzimba womkhomo wesidoda yinhloko enkulu ngokweqile. Kwabanye abantu, kufika kuma-35% wobude bomzimba obuphelele. Ngokulingana nosayizi wekhanda nomlomo womkhomo, okuvumela isilwane ukuthi sizingele inyamazane enkulu kunazo zonke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: i-sperm whale ukuphela kwesilwane esincelisayo sasolwandle esingagwinya umuntu ephelele.
Umhlathi ongezansi womkhomo wesidoda uyakwazi ukuvula ubanzi kakhulu ngaphandle, wakhe i-engeli elungile maqondana nomzimba. Umlomo utholakala engxenyeni engezansi yekhanda lezilwane ezincelisayo, sengathi "ngaphansi kwesilevu" uma sidweba isifaniso nesakhiwo sekhanda lomuntu. Emlonyeni kunamabhangqa angaphezu kweshumi nambili amazinyo amakhulu futhi aqinile, atholakala ikakhulukazi emhlathini "osebenzayo" ongezansi.
Amehlo atholakala ngokulingana ezinhlangothini, eduze kwamakhona omlomo. Ububanzi be-eyeball nabo bubaluleke kakhulu, cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-15-17. Kunembobo eyodwa kuphela yokuphefumula futhi idluliselwe engxenyeni engakwesokunxele yekhanda lesilwane. Lona "ikhala elisebenzayo", elinika umthombo womoya lapho ukhipha. Ikhala lesibili, elakwesokudla, liphela nge-valve nomgodi omncane lapho umkhoma wesidoda uqoqa khona umoya ngaphambi kokuntywila ujule. Umoya awukwazi ukuphuma emakhaleni afanele.
Isikhumba somkhomo wesidoda sivame ukuba mpunga ngombala. Umhlane umnyama, kepha isisu sikhanya kakhulu, sicishe sibe mhlophe. Isikhumba sishwabene emzimbeni wesilwane, ngaphandle komhlane. Kukhona amafolda amaningi ajulile entanyeni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwabo kusiza isilwane ukubeka isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke emlonyeni waso. Amafolda aqondiswa - futhi kukhuliswa umgodi wangaphakathi, oqukethe ivolumu enkulu yokudla.
Kepha isici esiyinhloko semikhomo yesidoda yi-spermaceti sac, etholakala phezulu kwekhanda futhi yenza isisindo sayo esingu-90%. Luhlobo lokwakheka ngaphakathi kogebhezi lwesilwane, olunqunyelwe yizicubu ezixhumanayo futhi ligcwaliswe ngento ekhethekile - i-spermacet. I-Spermaceti yinto efana ne-wax eyenziwe ngamafutha ezilwane. Iba uketshezi lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba lomkhoma wesidoda likhuphuka futhi liqina lapho selipholile.
Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi umkhomo "ulungisa" izinga lokushisa uwedwa, ulawula ukuhamba kwegazi esikhwameni sesidoda. Uma izinga lokushisa lifinyelela kuma-37 degrees, khona-ke i-spermaceti iyancibilika, ubukhulu bayo buyancipha futhi bunikeze umkhomo wesidoda ngokunyuka okulula. Futhi i-spermaceti epholile futhi eqinile isiza isilwane ukuthi sicwile ngokujulile.
Isikhwama sesidoda futhi senza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokuqothulwa komkhomo wesidoda, sisabalalisa izikhombisi-ndlela zamagagasi omsindo, futhi sisebenza njengesifutho sokushaqeka esihle ngesikhathi sokulwa nezimbangi noma ukuhlaselwa yizitha.
Uhlala kuphi umkhoma wesidoda?
Isithombe: Whale whale olwandle
Indawo yokuhlala imikhomo yesidoda ingabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi yi-World Ocean yonke, ngaphandle kwamanzi we-polar. Lezi zilwane ezinkulu zine-thermophilic; izinombolo zazo ezinkulu kakhulu ziyabonakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Lapho ihlobo lingena kwelinye lama-hemispheres, ububanzi bemikhomo yesidoda buyanda. Ebusika, lapho amanzi olwandle ebanda, izilwane zibuyela eduze nenkabazwe.
Imikhomo yesidoda yizilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle olujulile. Cishe azenzeki eduze nogu, zikhetha ukutholakala amakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ogwini lolwandle - lapho ukujula kolwandle kungaphezu kwamamitha angama-200-300. ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko. Umhlangano nemikhomo yesidoda kungenzeka lapho kutholakala khona ama-squid amakhulu.
Kwaqashelwa ukuthi abesilisa bahlala ezindaweni ezinabile, kuyilapho uhla lwabesifazane lilinganiselwe ngamanzi, izinga lokushisa lalo elingaphansi kwe-15 degrees ngonyaka. Abaphenyi basikisela ukuthi abesilisa abangashadile abangakwazanga ukuziqoqela izidleke zabo bahlangana nemihlambi enjalo. Lezi zidlakela zitholakala nasemanzini ethu. Isibonelo, olwandle lwaseBarents nase-Okhotsk, kunokudla okwanele kubo, ngakho-ke imbalwa imfuyo ehlala lapho ngokunethezeka, njengasezilwandle zePacific Basin.
Yini edliwa whale sperm?
Isithombe: Umkhomo wesidoda emanzini
I-sperm whale iyisilwane esidla izilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Idla kakhulu ama-cephalopods nezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ekudleni okumunxwe whale zingamaphesenti amahlanu kuphela. Imvamisa lawa angama-katran nezinye izinhlobo zoshaka abaphakathi nendawo. Phakathi kwama-cephalopods, i-sperm whale ithanda i-squid, kuyilapho ama-octopus akha ingxenye encane kakhulu yesilwane sayo.
Umkhomo wesidoda uzingela okungenani amamitha angama-300-400 ukujula - lapho iningi lezinhlanzi nezinhlanzi elizidlayo lihlala khona, futhi lapho lingenamncintiswano wokudla khona. Ngaphandle kokuthi umkhomo ungahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside impela, kufanele wenze ukudilika okuningana ukuze uthole okwanele. Isilwane sidinga cishe ithani lokudla ngosuku ukuthola umsoco omuhle.
Umkhoma wesidoda awukuhlafuni ukudla, kodwa ukukugwinya kuphelele. Ama-specimens amakhulu kuphela angahlukaniswa. Ngokubheka iminonjana yamaswidi ashiywe yisigaxa esiswini somkhomo, ama-cephalopods ahlala ephila lapho isikhathi esithile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: kunecala elaziwayo lapho umkhoma wesidoda ugwinya ingwane enkulu kangangokuba ayingangeni esiswini somkhomo, nezinsika zayo zinamathiselwe ngaphandle empumulweni yomkhomo.
Abesifazane abanamandla kakhulu kunabesilisa, futhi abadli neze izinhlanzi, bakhetha ukudla ama-cephalopods. Phakathi kwemikhomo yesidoda etholwa ngabadobi bemikhomo ngaphandle kwesisu esingenalutho, amaphesenti amakhulu kunabantu besifazane, okukhombisa ubunzima bokuzondla ngesikhathi sokunakekela inzalo yabo.
Indlela yokuthola ukudla ngomkhomo wesidoda ayikufaki ngaphandle ukufakwa kwempango ngengozi noma izinto ezingavamile esiswini sayo. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi yizinyoni zasolwandle umkhomo ongazingeli ngamabomu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amabhuzu enjoloba, ukubamba izinhlanzi, izingilazi namabhodlela epulasitiki nezinye izidumbu zangaphansi kwamanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane se-sperm whale
Umkhomo wesidoda ukuphela kwesilwane esincelisayo esikhulu sasolwandle esikwazi ukudonsela ekujuleni okukhulu futhi sihlale lapho isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungenxa yezici zokwakheka komzimba wakhe, okuqukethe inani elikhulu lezicubu ze-adipose kanye noketshezi okungacishe kube ngaphansi kokucindezelwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yekholamu lamanzi, kanye nangenxa yohlelo lonke lokugcina umoya-mpilo oludingekayo ekuphefumuleni ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umkhomo wenza umoya ungene esikhwameni sevolumetric sephaseji yangakwesokudla yamakhala. Inani elibalulekile le-oksijeni liqoqeka ezicutshini ze-adipose nemisipha yesilwane.
Imvamisa imikhoma yesidoda icwila ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-400 kuye kwayi-1200 - lapho kuhlala khona ukudla kwayo okuningi. Kepha ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi lezi zidlakela zingacwila zijule kakhulu - kufika ku-3000 futhi kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-4000 ukusuka ebusweni bamanzi. Imikhomo yesidoda ayizingeli ngamunye ngamunye, kodwa ngemihlambi yabantu abayishumi nambili. Benza ikhonsathi, balusa inyamazane ngamaqembu aminyene ukwenza kube lula ukuyimunca. Lelisu lokuzingela linquma indlela yokuphila yomhlambi wemikhomo yesidoda.
Futhi imikhomo yesidoda izingela cishe njalo. Zilandelana, zenza ama-dives, zihlala isilinganiso semizuzu engama-30-40, bese ziphumula isikhashana ebusweni bamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sokulala kulezi zilwane sifushane, futhi simane nje sibe ngu-7% wesikhathi phakathi nosuku, okungukuthi, singaphansi kwamahora amabili. Imikhomo yesidoda iyalala, ikhipha isifonyo sayo esikhulu emanzini, ilenga inganyakazi ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: ngesikhathi sokulala emikhomeni yesidoda, womabili ama-hemispheres wobuchopho ayama ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye.
Ngenxa yobukhona besikhwama sesidoda, i-sperm whale inikezwe amandla wokusebenzisa ngempumelelo imvamisa ephezulu ne-eucocation ye-ultrasonic. Ngosizo lwayo, ilandelela inyamazane futhi izulazule emkhathini, njengoba izingela lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungangeni nhlobo.
Ososayensi baphakamisa nokuthi imikhomo yesidoda ingasebenzisa i-echolocation njengesikhali. Kungenzeka ukuthi amasiginali e-ultrasonic abawakhiphayo abe nomthelela kuma-cephalopods amakhulu, abenze badideke, badideke esikhaleni futhi babenze izisulu ezilula.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Sperm whale cub
Abesilisa bahola impilo esebenzayo yomphakathi kunabesifazane. Umsebenzi omkhulu wabesifazane ukuzala, ukondla nokunakekela inzalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesilisa bakhathazeka kakhulu ngesimo sabo phakathi kwezihlobo zabo, imvamisa kufakazela ilungelo labo lokuphakama ezimpini ezinolaka, kwesinye isikhathi okuholela ekulimaleni nasekukhubazekeni.
Imvamisa, izimpi zenzeka ngesikhathi sonyaka we-rutting, lapho abesilisa beba nolaka futhi, ngomzamo wokuzakhela abesifazane babo, balwela ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Cishe abesifazane abayi-10-15 bavame ukuhlala besondele kowesilisa oyedwa. Abesifazane bazala izingane izinyanga eziyi-13-14 ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Imvamisa kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Umkhoma wesilisa osanda kuzalwa ufinyelela kumamitha ama-5 ubude futhi unesisindo esingangethani elilodwa. Kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ubudala, ingane inceliswa ibele futhi ingaphansi kwesandla sikanina.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ama-mammary glands we-sperm whale ongumhlengikazi angabamba amalitha angama-45-50 obisi.
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ubudala, amadlozi omkhomo wesidoda azimela ngokuphelele. Izinsizwa ezisencane zibuthana emaqenjini okuthiwa ama-bachelor. Abaphumi emhlambini, bahlukene, futhi abangeni ezimpini ngokungadingekile. Ngeminyaka eyi-8-10, imikhomo yesidoda ivuthwa ngokocansi, ikwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo.
Izitha zemvelo zemikhomo yesidoda
Isithombe: Umkhomo wesidoda
Ngokunikwa ukubukeka okwesabekayo namandla amakhulu imvelo enikeze ngawo imikhomo yesidoda, azikho izitha eziningi ezisongela izimpilo zazo emvelweni. Kepha kunjalo.
Okokuqala, lezi yizona odumile killer imikhomo, edume ulwandle ezidla - killer imikhomo. Banikezwe ubuhlakani obumangazayo, imikhomo ebulalayo idume ngamasu abo okulwa avumela ukuba kuzingele izilwane ezincelisayo kunamanani amaningi kakhulu. Kusetshenziswa amaqhinga weqembu, imikhomo ebulalayo ihlasela imikhomo yamadoda yabesifazane kanye namazinyane ayo. Izama ukuvikela inzalo, insikazi isengozini ephindwe kabili futhi ivame ukuba yisisulu uqobo.
Abantu abasha, abaphambukile emhlambini, nabo kwesinye isikhathi bafika esidlweni sasemini nemikhomo ebulalayo. Kodwa-ke, uma imikhomo yesidoda ibamba izimpawu ngokuhlaselwa kwezihlobo zayo, zigijimela ukuyosiza, zilungele ukuhlanganyela empini eshubile zilwele impilo nokufa. Izimpi ezinjalo zivame ukushiya imikhomo ebulalayo ingenazo izisulu. Ukubhekana nemikhomo yesilisa esidala esithukuthele kungumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka.
Umkhoma wesidoda awunazo ezinye izitha ezinkulu. Kepha izakhamizi ezincane ezingaphansi kwamanzi - ama-endoparasites ahlala emzimbeni wesilwane - nawo angalimaza impilo yawo. Okuyingozi kakhulu yi-placentonema roundworm, ehlala futhi ikhule ku-placenta yabesifazane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: i-placentonema worm worms ingafinyelela ubude bamamitha ayi-8.5.
Ebusweni bomzimba wesidoda whale parasitic crustacean penella, nasemazinyweni - ibarnacle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, isikhumba sesilwane sigcwele ama-mollusk amaningi kanye nama-crustaceans, kepha awabangeli monakalo empilweni nasempilweni yomkhomo wesidoda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-blue sperm whale
Umkhoma wesidoda uyinto ekhanga kakhulu yokushaya imikhomo. Amafutha omkhomo, i-spermaceti, amazinyo nenyama kuyaziswa kakhulu ngabantu, ngakho-ke isikhathi eside abantu babhujiswa ngonya ngenxa yezimboni.
Umphumela waba ukwehla okusheshayo kwenani lemikhomo yesidoda, naku-60s wekhulu elidlule leminyaka, ngenxa yokusongelwa ngokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwalezi zinhlobo, kwethulwa umkhawulo oqinile wokudla kwayo. Futhi ngo-1985, ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kokudoba kwaqala ukusebenza. Manje yiJapan kuphela enesabelo esilinganiselwe sokukhiqizwa kwemikhomo yesidoda ngezinjongo zesayensi nezocwaningo.
Ngenxa yalezi zinyathelo, inani lemikhomo yesidoda okwamanje ligcinwa lisezingeni eliphakeme impela, yize imininingwane eqondile ngenani labantu balezi zinhlobo ayikho noma yehluke kakhulu. Ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene bashayela izinombolo ezisuka kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-350 kuya kwesigidi nesigamu. Kepha wonke umuntu ngazwi linye uthi azikho izinombolo eziqondile zemikhomo yesidoda endle. Lokhu kubangelwa, okokuqala, ubunzima bokumaka nokulandela izilwane, ngoba zihlala ekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu.
Namuhla inani lomkhomo wesidoda linesimo sokuthi "lisengozini", okungukuthi. akukho ukwanda kwemfuyo noma kuncane kakhulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yomjikelezo wokuzala omude wenzalo.
Ukuvikelwa komkhomo wesidoda
Isithombe: I-Sperm whale Red Book
Inani le-sperm whale lingaphansi kwezingozi eziningi. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bawo obumangalisayo namandla emvelo, lezi zinhlanzi zasolwandle zihlushwa izimo ezingezinhle zangaphandle kanye nezinye izilwane zasolwandle.
Nazi ezinye izinto ezivimbela izilwane ukuba ziphile futhi zikhule ngokukhululeka endaweni yazo yemvelo, zikhulise inani lezinhlobo:
- Isici se-anthropogenic ngendlela yokungcola nomsindo okhona ezindaweni zokukhulisa uwoyela negesi;
- Umsindo ovela emikhunjini edlulayo, ephazamisa ngokwemvelo ukucubungula;
- Ukuqoqwa kokungcola kwamakhemikhali okuzinzile emanzini asogwini;
- Ukushayisana nemikhumbi;
- Babhajwe ezintweni zokudoba futhi babanjwa izintambo zikagesi ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Lezi nezinye izenzakalo zithinta kabi inani lemikhomo yesidoda endaweni yazo yemvelo. Yize okwamanje, ochwepheshe bephawula ukwanda okuthile enanini lalezi zilwane, kepha akudluli ku-1% ngonyaka wabantu bonke.
Lo mkhuba ubuthakathaka kakhulu, yingakho umkhomo wesidoda usenesimo esivikelekile. Ukuvimbela ukuphela kwezinhlobo, ochwepheshe baseRussia nakwamanye amazwe benze izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuvikela maqondana nokulondolozwa kwenani lemikhomo yesidoda nokukhula kwayo. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwenziwa ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwezilwane ngokungemthetho. Kuze kube manje, i-sperm whale ibhalwe kuRed Book of Russia nasezinhlwini eziningi zokongiwa kwamanye amazwe.
Imikhomo yesidoda yizilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezihlukile, izidalwa eziqinile nezinamandla. Esikhathini esedlule, lapho bezingelwa ngenkuthalo, bathola idumela njengababulali abanolaka nabanonya. Ku-akhawunti yabo, impela, kunenqwaba yezikebhe zokushona ezishonile kanye nemikhumbi, izimpilo eziningi zamatilosi ama-whaler. Kepha ukubonakaliswa kobudlova bekuyimpendulo kuphela ekuhaheni ngokweqile komuntu ofisa ukuthola imikhiqizo ebaluleke kangako yokuhweba kwemikhomo.
Kulezi zinsuku, lapho ukuzingelwa kwemikhomo yesidoda kuvinjelwe cishe yonke indawo, awusazizwa izindaba ezinjalo ezinegazi. Umkhomo wesidoda izimpilo futhi uzitholele ukudla, ngaphandle kokubangela ukulimala okuncane kubantu. Futhi ukugcina ukulinganisela kwemvelo, kufanele senze okufanayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-16: 18
