Imvubu - isilwane esincelisayo esinezinselo. Lesi silwane sinesisindo esikhulu - kubahlali bezwe, izindlovu kuphela eziphakeme kunaso. Yize zibukeka zinokuthula, izimvubu zingahlasela abantu noma izilwane ezinkulu ezidliwayo - zinomqondo oqinile wobuzwe, futhi azimeli emcimbini nalabo abaphula imingcele yendawo yabo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Imvubu
Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi izimvubu zisondele kakhulu ezingulubeni. Lesi siphetho saholela ososayensi ekufaneni kwangaphandle kwezingulube nezimvubu, kanye nokufana kwamathambo abo. Kepha muva nje kutholakale ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso, futhi empeleni basondele kakhulu emikhomeni - idatha yokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA isize ukuqinisekisa lezi zinkolelo.
Imininingwane yokuziphendukela kokuqala kokhokho bezimvubu zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi lapho behlukana nama-cetaceans, kusamele isungulwe ngokuhlola ama-cetaceans hoard - lokhu kudinga ukucwaningwa kwenani elikhulu lokutholwa kwemivubukulo.
Ividiyo: Imvubu
Kuze kube manje, kungalandelwa isikhathi sakamuva kuphela: kukholakala ukuthi okhokho abaseduze bezimvubu bangama-anthracotheria, abafana kakhulu nawo. Ukuthuthuka okuzimele kwegatsha lase-Afrika lokhokho babo kwaholela ekuveleni kwezimvubu zanamuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaqhubeka futhi kwakhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimvubu, kepha cishe zonke zaphela: lena imvubu enkulu, iYurophu, iMadagascar, i-Asia nezinye. Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo ezisindile kuze kube yilolu suku: izimvubu ezivamile neze-pygmy.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyahlukahluka ezingeni lohlobo, empeleni, ziyizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu: ezokuqala zinegama elijwayelekile ku-Latin Hippopotamus amphíbius, kanti eyokugcina - i-Choeropsis liberiensis. Zombili zivele maduzane ngamazinga wokuziphendukela kwemvelo - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-2-3 BC.
Yaqanjwa ngesiLatin, imvubu ejwayelekile, kanye nencazelo yesayensi eyenziwa uKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758. Lo mfana wachazwa kamuva kakhulu, ngo-1849 nguSamuel Morton. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lunenkinga enzima: ekuqaleni lwalufakwa kuhlobo lweHippopotamus, lwabe seludluliselwa kolunye, olufakwe kuhlobo lweHexaprotodon, futhi ekugcineni, ngo-2005, lwaphinde lwahlukaniswa.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: imvubu nemvubu ngamagama amabili nje esilwane esisodwa. Esokuqala sivela ngesiHeberu futhi sihunyushwa ngokuthi "isilo esikhulu, isilo", sasakazeka emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yeBhayibheli. Igama lesibili lanikezwa lesi silwane amaGreki - lapho bebona izimvubu zibhukuda ngasogwini lweNayile, babakhumbuza amahhashi ngokubona nangomsindo, ngakho-ke babizwa ngokuthi "amahhashi omfula", okungukuthi, izimvubu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Imvubu yezilwane
Imvubu ejwayelekile ingakhula ifike kumamitha ayi-5-5.5 ubude, ize ifike kumamitha ayi-1.6-1.8 ukuphakama. Isisindo sesilwane esikhulile cishe singamathani ayi-1.5, kepha kaningi sifinyelela okuningi - amathani angu-2.5-3. Kunobufakazi babanikazi bamarekhodi anesisindo samathani ayi-4-4.5.
Imvubu ibukeka inkulu, hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yobukhulu nobukhulu bayo, kodwa futhi ngoba inemilenze emifushane - isisu sayo sicishe sidonse phansi. Kukhona izinzwane ezine emilenzeni, kukhona ulwelwesi, okwenza kube lula ngesilwane ukuthi sihambe phakathi kwamagobongo.
Ugebhezi lunwetshiwe, izindlebe ziyahamba, nazo imvubu ixosha izinambuzane. Unemihlathi ebanzi - 60-70 nangaphezulu amasentimitha, futhi uyakwazi ukuvula umlomo wakhe kakhulu - kuze kufike ku-150 °. Amehlo, izindlebe namakhala phezulu kakhulu kwekhanda, ukuze imvubu ihlale cishe ingaphansi kwamanzi ngokuphelele, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iphefumule, ibone futhi izwe. Umsila mfushane, uyindilinga esisekelweni, futhi ucabalele ngokuqinile ngasekugcineni.
Abesilisa nabesifazane abahluke kakhulu: okwedlule kukhulu, kepha hhayi okuningi - banesisindo esilinganisweni esingu-10% ngaphezulu. Futhi zinama-canine athuthukiswe kangcono, izisekelo zawo ezakha izigaxa zesici ezingemuva kwamakhala asembusweni, okulula ngawo ukuhlukanisa owesilisa.
Isikhumba siwugqinsi kakhulu, size sifike ku-4 cm.Cishe azikho izinwele, ngaphandle kokuthi ama-bristles amafushane angamboza ingxenye yezindlebe nomsila, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isifonyo semvubu. Izinwele ezingavamile kuphela ezitholakala kuso sonke isikhumba. Umbala unombala onsundu ngokumpunga, nomthunzi opinki.
Imvubu ye-pygmy iyefana nesihlobo sayo, kepha incane kakhulu: ukuphakama kwayo kungamasentimitha angama-70-80, ubude obungu-150-170, nesisindo esingu-150-270 kg. Maqondana nomzimba wonke, ikhanda lakhe alilikhulu kangako, nemilenze yakhe mide, yingakho engabukeki emakhulu futhi enamaqhubu njengemvubu ejwayelekile.
Ihlala kuphi imvubu?
Isithombe: Imvubu e-Afrika
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zikhetha izimo ezifanayo futhi zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile - amachibi, amachibi, imifula. Imvubu ayidingeki ukuhlala echibini elikhulu - ichibi elincane lodaka lanele. Bathanda imizimba yamanzi engajulile enogu olutshekile, oluminyene kakhulu ngotshani.
Kulezi zimo, kulula ukuthola i-sandbank lapho ungachitha khona usuku lonke ucwiliswa emanzini, kepha ngaphandle kokubhukuda okuningi. Uma indawo yokuhlala isoma, isilwane siphoqeleka ukuthi sifune esisha. Izinguquko ezinjalo ziyingozi kuye: isikhumba sidinga ukumanziswa njalo futhi, uma ungakwenzi lokhu isikhathi eside, imvubu izofa, ilahlekelwe umswakama omningi.
Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi benza ukufuduka okunjalo ngezinkinga zolwandle, yize bengathandi amanzi anosawoti. Zibhukuda kahle, ziyakwazi ukumboza amabanga amade ngaphandle kokuphumula - ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi zibhukuda ziye eZanzibar, zihlukaniswe nezwekazi i-Afrika ngomugqa ongamakhilomitha angama-30 ububanzi.
Phambilini, izimvubu zazinebanga elibanzi, ngezikhathi zangaphambi komlando babehlala eYurophu nase-Asia, futhi ngisho nakamuva nje, lapho impucuko yabantu yayikhona, babehlala eMiddle East. Ngemuva kwalokho bahlala e-Afrika kuphela, futhi nakuleli zwekazi uhla lwabo lwehliswa kakhulu, njengenani eliphelele lalezi zilwane.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu nje edlule, ekugcineni izimvubu zanyamalala eNyakatho Afrika, futhi manje zitholakala eningizimu yeSahara kuphela.
Izimvubu ezivamile zitholakala emazweni alandelayo:
- ETanzania;
- IKenya;
- IZambia;
- E-Uganda;
- EMozambique;
- Malawi;
- ECongo;
- ISenegal;
- IGuinea-Bissau;
- IRwanda;
- IBurundi.
Izinhlobo zemifino zinebanga elihlukile, lincane kakhulu, zitholakala kuphela endaweni yentshonalanga ye-Afrika - eGuinea, eLiberia, eCote d'Ivoire naseSierra Leone.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: igama elithi "imvubu" lafika olimini lwaseRussia phambilini, ngakho-ke leli gama lalungiswa. Kepha kuzikhulumi zesiNgisi, konke kuphambene impela, abanazo izimvubu, kodwa izimvubu.
Idlani imvubu?
Isithombe: Imvubu emanzini
Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi izimvubu azidli inyama nhlobo, kepha-ke, lokhu bekuvele kungalungile - bayayidla. Kodwa indima enkulu ekudleni kwabo isabelwe ukutshala ukudla - utshani, amaqabunga kanye namagatsha ezihlahla, kanye nezihlahla eziphansi. Ukudla kwabo kuhluke kakhulu - kufaka phakathi izitshalo ezingaba yishumi nambili, ikakhulukazi ezingasogwini. Ulwelwe nezinye izitshalo ezikhula ngqo emanzini, azidli.
Isakhiwo sohlelo lokugaya sivumela imvubu ukuba igaye ukudla kahle, ngakho-ke ayidingi okuningi njengoba ungalindela esilwaneni esikulesi silinganiso. Isibonelo, obhejane abanesisindo esifanayo kufanele badle ngokuphindwe kabili. Futhi-ke, imvubu yabantu abadala idinga ukudla ama-40-70 kilograms otshani ngosuku, ngakho-ke ingxenye enkulu yosuku inikelwe ekudleni.
Njengoba izimvubu zinkulu futhi zingamampunge, azikwazi ukuzingela, kepha uma kuvela ithuba, azinqabi ukudla kwezilwane: izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane noma izinambuzane zingaba yisisulu sazo. Ziphinde zondle izidumbu. Isidingo senyama sivela ikakhulu ngenxa yokushoda kasawoti kanye nezinto ezincane emzimbeni ezingatholakali ekudleni kwezitshalo.
Izimvubu zinolaka olukhulu: isilwane esilambile singahlasela ama-artiodactyl noma ngisho nabantu. Imvamisa zidala umonakalo emasimini aseduze nemizimba yamanzi - uma umhlambi uhlangana nomhlaba wezolimo, ungawadla uhlanzekile ngesikhathi esifushane.
Ukudla kwezimvubu ezincane kuhlukile kozakwabo abakhulu: badla amahlumela aluhlaza nezimpande zezitshalo, nezithelo. Ezinye izitshalo zasemanzini nazo ziyadla. Bacishe bangathandi ukudla inyama, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu abahlaseli ezinye izilwane ukuze bazidle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Imvubu enkulu
Isikhathi sokusebenza kwezimvubu siwela ikakhulukazi ebusuku: azilithandi ilanga, ngoba isikhumba salo somile ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, emini bavele baphumule emanzini, bakhiphe ingxenye kuphela yekhanda labo. Baphuma bayofuna ukudla kusihlwa badle kuze kube sekuseni.
Zikhetha ukungahambeli kude nemizimba yamanzi: uma zifuna utshani obumnandi kakhulu, imvubu ingahlala izula ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-2-3 ukusuka endaweni yayo. Yize, ezimweni ezingavamile, zihlanganisa amabanga abaluleke kakhulu - amakhilomitha ayi-8-10.
Bahlukaniswa nolaka, okulukhuni ukulindela ezilwaneni ezisindayo futhi ezibukeka kancane - zidlula izidlova eziningi ngalo. Izimvubu ziyacasuka kakhulu futhi zihlala zikulungele ukuhlasela, lokhu kusebenza kubo bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa, ikakhulukazi abokugcina.
Banobuchopho obudala kakhulu, yingakho bengabala kahle amandla abo futhi bakhethe abaphikisi, ngakho-ke bangakwazi ukuhlasela nezilwane eziphakeme ngosayizi namandla, isibonelo, izindlovu noma obhejane. Abesilisa bavikela indawo, nabesifazane amawundlu. Imvubu ethukuthele iba nesivinini esikhulu - kufika ku-40 km / h, ngenkathi inyathela yonke into endleleni, ngaphandle kokuqaqa umgwaqo.
Izimvubu zabaPygmy zikude kakhulu nokuba nolaka kangaka, aziyona ingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni ezinkulu. Lezi yizilwane ezinokuthula, ezifaneleke kakhulu ngohlobo lwazo - zidla ngokuthula, zidle utshani, futhi zingathinti abanye.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: izimvubu azikwazi ukulala hhayi kuphela ezindaweni ezingajulile, kodwa futhi zingaphansi kwamanzi - bese zivuka bese ziphefumula njalo ngemizuzu embalwa. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, abavuki!
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Hippo
Izimvubu ezivamile zihlala emihlambini - ngokwesilinganiso, kunabantu abangama-30-80 kuyo. Ekhanda kukhona owesilisa, ohlukaniswa ngosayizi omkhulu namandla. Umholi kwesinye isikhathi uphonswa inselelo "ngabaphikisi", okungaba inzalo yakhe esikhulile.
Ukulwa kobuholi kuvame ukwenzeka emanzini futhi kugqame unya lwabo - onqobayo angajaha umphikisi obalekile isikhathi eside. Imvamisa impi iphela kuphela ngokufa komunye wabaphikisi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi ophumelele naye uyafa ngamanxeba. Iqembu lezimvubu liphoqeleka ukuba lihambe lisuka kwenye indawo liye kwenye, ngoba isilwane ngasinye sidinga utshani obuningi, futhi yidlanzana elincane noma ngisho nekhulu kuphela elidla ngokuhlanzekile endaweni enkulu.
Izimvubu zabaPygmy zingenawo umuzwa womhlambi, ngakho zihlala zodwa, kwesinye isikhathi ngababili. Baphinde bahlobanise ngokuthula nokuhlasela kwempahla yabo ngabantu abangabazi, ngaphandle kokuzama ukubaxosha noma ukubabulala.
Izimvubu ziyakhulumisana zisebenzisa amasiginali ezwi - cishe zikhona nambili kwesibalo sazo. Zisebenzisa futhi izwi lazo ukuheha abalingani phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana. Ihlala isikhathi eside impela - kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo. Ukukhulelwa bese kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-7.5-8. Lapho isikhathi sokuzalwa sisondela, insikazi ihamba isonto elilodwa noma amabili, bese ibuya nengane.
Izimvubu zizalwa zinkulu impela, azikwazi ukubizwa zingenakuzisiza kusukela zizalwa: zinesisindo esingaba ngama-40-50 kilograms. Izimvubu ezisencane zingahamba ngokushesha, zifunde ukutshuza zinezinyanga ezimbalwa, kepha abesifazane bazinakekela kuze kube unyaka nohhafu. Sonke lesi sikhathi izinyane lihlala lisondele kunina futhi lidla ubisi lwalo.
Amadzubhu wezimvubu ze-pygmy mancane kakhulu - ama-5-7 kilogram. Ukuncelisa kwabo ubisi lwebele akuhlali isikhathi eside kangako - izinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu.
Izitha zemvelo zemvubu
Isithombe: Isilwane esincelisayo semvubu
Iningi lemvubu libulawa yizifo, kuncane amanxeba abangelwa ezinye izimvubu noma izandla zomuntu. Phakathi kwezilwane, cishe abanabaphikisi abayingozi: okuhlukile ngamabhubesi, kwesinye isikhathi kubahlasela. Lokhu kudinga imizamo yokuziqhenya okuphelele ukunqoba imvubu eyodwa, futhi lokhu kuyingozi ezingonyameni uqobo.
Kukhona nemininingwane ngokulwa kwezimvubu nezingwenya, kepha eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izingwenya cishe azikaze ziqale - izimvubu zona ziyahlasela. Bayakwazi ukubulala ngisho nezingwenya ezinkulu.
Ngakho-ke, izimvubu ezindala zivame ukusongelwa othile, lapho izilwane eziyingozi ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu abakhulayo. Izimvubu ezisencane zingasongelwa yizingwe, izimpisi nezinye izidalwa - cishe zingama-25-40% wezimvubu ezisencane ezifa ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Okuncane kakhulu kuvikelwe ngokunamandla ngabesifazane, abakwazi ukunyathela abaphikisi, kepha lapho sebekhulile kufanele bazilwele bodwa.
Iningi lazo zonke izimvubu ziyafa ngenxa yabamele izinhlobo zazo, noma ngenxa yomuntu - abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bayazizingela, ngoba amazinyo namathambo abo anenani lentengiso. Abahlali bezindawo eziseduze nalapho kuhlala khona izimvubu nabo bayazingela - lokhu kungenxa yokuthi balimaza ezolimo, ngaphandle kwalokho, inyama yabo iyaziswa kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: phakathi kwezilwane zase-Afrika, izimvubu ezibhekene nenani elikhulu lokufa kwabantu. Ziyingozi kakhulu kunezingonyama noma izingwenya, futhi zingaguqula nezikebhe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane semvubu
Inani eliphelele lezimvubu ezivamile emhlabeni lilinganiselwa kubantu abayi-120,000 kuya ku-150,000, futhi lehla ngesilinganiso esisheshayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuncipha kwendawo yokuhlala yemvelo - inani labantu base-Afrika liyakhula, izimboni eziningi ziyavela ezwenikazi, kanti nendawo yomhlaba enezidingo zezolimo iyakhula.
Imvamisa, ukulima komhlaba kwenziwa eduze kwamachibi, lapho kuhlala khona izimvubu. Imvamisa, ngenhloso yezomnotho, kwakhiwa amadamu, inkambo yemifula iyashintsha, izindawo ziyaniselwa - lokhu kususa nezimvubu ezindaweni ababehlala kuzo phambilini.
Izilwane eziningi ziyafa ngenxa yokuzingela - naphezu kokuvinjelwa okunzima, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kudlangile e-Afrika, kanti izimvubu zingenye zezinjongo zazo. Inani limelwe ngu:
- Isikhumba siqine kakhulu futhi sihlala isikhathi eside, futhi kwenziwa ngaso ubuciko obuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukugaya amasondo okucubungula amatshe ayigugu.
- Ithambo - ngemuva kokucubungula ku-asidi, libaluleke kakhulu kunethambo lendlovu, ngoba aliguquki liphuzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinto ezahlukahlukene zokuhlobisa zenziwa ngayo.
- Inyama - amakhulu amakhilogremu angatholakala esilwaneni esisodwa, ngaphezu kuka-70% wesisindo saso sifanele ukudla okunomsoco, okungaphezu kwezinkomo ezifuywayo. Inyama yemvubu inempilo futhi ngasikhathi sinye inamafutha aphansi, inokunambitheka okumnandi - ngakho-ke iyaziswa kakhulu.
Kancane kancane, kungenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho lapho isimo sokulondolozwa kwezimvubu zomhlaba wonke yi-VU, okusho uhlobo olusengozini. Kunconywa ukuthi kwenziwe ukubonwa okuhlelekile kobuningi bezinhlobo futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokugcina indawo yalezi zilwane.
Isimo ngezimvubu ze-pygmy siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: yize zikhona ezimbalwa zazo ema-zoo, inani labantu endle kule minyaka engama-25 edlule lehlile lisuka kwabangu-3 000 laya kwabayi-1 000. Ngenxa yalokhu, bahlukaniswa njenge-EN - isilwane esisengozini yokuphela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: umjuluko wemvubu ubomvana ngombala onsundu, ngakho-ke lapho isilwane sijuluka, kungahle kubonakale ngathi kuyopha. Le pigment iyadingeka ukuvikela elangeni elikhanya kakhulu.
Unogada wemvubu
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yemvubu
Izimvubu ze-pygmy kuphela ezibalwe ku-Red Book - inani lazo ezilwaneni zasendle lincane kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuthi ososayensi bebelokhu bekhalisa i-alamu amashumi eminyaka, kuze kube muva nje, cishe akukho zinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuvikela lolu hlobo. Lokhu kungenxa yezindawo ezihlala kuzo: amazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika ahlala empofu futhi engathuthuki, futhi iziphathimandla zabo zimatasa nezinye izinkinga.
Imvubu ye-pygmy inezinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi: i-Choeropsis liberiensis ne-Choeropsis heslopi. Kepha isikhathi eside bekungekho lwazi mayelana nowesibili, obehlala phambilini esizalweni soMfula iNiger, ngakho-ke, uma kukhulunywa ngokuvikelwa kwemvubu ye-pygmy, kushiwo ama-subspecies abo okuqala.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, okungenani ukuvikelwa okusemthethweni sekuqinisekisiwe: izindawo eziyinhloko zezinhlobo zezilwane seziqalile ukuvikelwa ngumthetho, futhi abazingeli abangekho emthethweni, okungenani, besaba isijeziso ngezinga elikhulu kunakuqala. Izinyathelo ezinjalo sezivele zikubonakalisile ukusebenza kwazo: eminyakeni eyedlule, imvubu yanyamalala ezindaweni ezingavikelekile, nasezindaweni ezivikelwe, izinombolo zazo zahlala zizinzile kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ziyaphila, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezinamandla zokuyivikela - ukuvikela umthetho ngokusemthethweni akwanele ukunqanda ngokuphelele ukwehla kwenani lezimvubu. Kepha ngalokhu, amazwe ase-Afrika awanazo izinsiza zamahhala ezanele - ngakho-ke, ikusasa lezinhlobo aliqinisekile.
Imvubu ungomunye wabahlali beplanethi yethu, obukhona bayo obusongelwa isintu. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho nokuzenzela ezomnotho kuye kwalinciphisa kakhulu inani labo, kanti izimvubu ze-pygmy ziye zasongelwa nangokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke, umuntu kufanele anake udaba lokugcinwa kwalezi zilwane emvelweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-12: 20
