Noma ngubani ongenandaba kangako nemvelaphi yezilwane emhlabeni uyakwazi lokho umbazi wezinyosi ingenye yezinambuzane zasendulo kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Ososayensi babhala ukubonakala kwabo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvela komuntu - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60-80 edlule. Futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, komunye wemayini esenyakatho neBurma (eMyanmar), kwatholakala isinambuzane sangaphambi komlando salolu hlobo, simisiwe eqhweni. Futhi lokhu thola - cabanga nje! - cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umbazi wezinyosi
Ukunambitheka koju kwakuvele kujwayelekile kumuntu wakudala. Kanye nokuzingela, abantu basendulo babebandakanyeka ekukhipheni uju ezinyosini zasendle. Vele, uju lwaluyingxenye engabalulekile ekudleni kokhokho bethu abakude, kepha kwakuwukuphela komthombo woshukela wemvelo owawaziwa ngalezo zinsuku.
Ukuvela kwezinyosi zezinyosi kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuvela kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo eMhlabeni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-pollinator okuqala kwakungamabhungane - izinambuzane ezindala kakhulu kunezinyosi. Njengoba izitshalo zokuqala zazingakakhi umpe, la mabhungane adla impova yawo. Ngokuvela kompe, inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezinambuzane yafika esigabeni sokuvela kwe-proboscis, yabe seyilula futhi yavela i-goiter yoju, isitsha sokumunca umpe.
Ividiyo: Umbazi wezinyosi
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwavela khona i-hymenoptera ephakeme - okhokho basendulo bezinyosi zezinyosi zanamuhla. Babuthana, kancane kancane bazihlanganisa izindawo ezintsha ngokwengeziwe. Bakha umuzwa wokubuyela emuva ukuze bathole impova ezimbalini zezinhlobo ezifanayo, futhi lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Esikhathini eside sokuphila, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyosi esezivelile, futhi manje ososayensi bahlele izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20 zalezi zinambuzane.
Elinye lamalungu amakhulu emndenini wezinyosi zezinyosi inyosi yombazi. Igama lesayensi nguXylocopa valga. Lesi sinambuzane sinegama laso "umbazi" ngendlela yaso yokuphila, futhi ikakhulukazi ngendlela yokwakha izidleke. Ngosizo lwemihlathi enamandla, inyosi idla imihubhe enkuni, ihlela izidleke lapho.
Inyosi yombazi iliphinda kabili usayizi wabazala bayo abaseduze futhi ayinayo imibala enemibala ephuzi emnyama emnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinambuzane azihambi futhi zihlukaniswa njengezinyosi ezizimele zodwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Umbazi wezinyosi zezinambuzane
Ukubukeka yikhona okuhlukanisa ngokushesha inyosi yombazi kuwo wonke amanye amalungu ohlobo. Okokuqala, izinambuzane zikhulu kakhulu, abesifazane bangafika ku-3-3.5 cm ubude. Abesilisa bancane kancane - 2-2.5 cm.
Okwesibili, ikhanda, isifuba nesisu sababazi kumnyama bhuqe, kuyacwebezela, akunamigqa ephuzi ngokumnyama, njengezinyosi ezijwayelekile. Cishe wonke umzimba umbozwe uboya obuluhlaza obucolekile. Azikho kuphela esiswini. Izimpiko zinobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo, uma kuqhathaniswa nomzimba, zisobala futhi sengathi zihlukaniswe emaphethelweni. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, umbala wabo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet ubonakala kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: kungenxa yombala wamaphiko ukuthi abantu bahlukanise izinyosi zombazi zibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokububende. Kodwa-ke, awukho omunye umehluko, ngaphandle kombala, okhonjwe kulezi zigaba ezimbili, ngakho-ke ukwahlukaniswa okunjalo kuthathwa njengokungekhona ngokwesayensi, kepha yi-philistine.
Abesifazane abahlukile kwabesilisa hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye amapharamitha. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane bane-sting, izimpondo ezinde ezinamachashazi abomvu, ama-denticles aphumelayo ayabonakala emilenzeni yabo yangemuva, futhi umbala we-villi emboze umzimba unombala onsomi kuphela, kanti kwabesilisa kungaba nsundu.
Amehlo ezinyosi ezibazi anezinhlaka ezinamacala afanayo nalawo ezinambuzane eziningi. Zitholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zekhanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamehlo amathathu wokukhomba ongeziwe emqhele wenyosi.
Ukuze inyosi yombazi ikwazi ukubhekana kahle nomsebenzi wayo - izinkuni eziququdayo - imvelo yayiwunikeza ngokucophelela ugebhezi oluqinile olune-septa e-chitinous kanye nemihlathi enamandla. Futhi lezi yiqiniso, yizici eziyinhloko ezihlukanisa lolu hlobo lwesinambuzane ezihlotsheni zalo eziseduze - izinyosi zezinyosi ezivamile.
Ihlala kuphi inyosi yombazi?
Isithombe: Umbazi ojwayelekile wezinyosi
Kusukela zaqala emhlabeni wethu, izinyosi ziye zazi i-geography ebanzi. Bashiya izidleke zabo zabazali futhi baphuthuma ezindaweni ezintsha. Kukholelwa ukuthi ziboshwe enyakatho nasempumalanga ngamaHimalaya, naseningizimu ngasolwandle, izinyosi zasendulo zigijimela entshonalanga.
Baqale bafika eMiddle East base beqala ukungena endaweni yaseGibhithe. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka kwaba ugu olusenyakatho ye-Afrika, lapho-ke izinkumbi zafika e-Atlantic zaya phambili - eNhlonhlweni ye-Iberia.
Bafika ensimini yezwe lakithi bevela eYurophu Ephakathi, basakaza yonke indlela baya e-Urals. Izintaba zase-Ural zaba yisithiyo esingenakunqotshwa izinyosi zezinyosi. Isimo sezulu salezo zindawo sinzima kakhulu, kanti ne-taiga emnyama enesigaxa ayizange izivumele izinyosi ukuba zithembe ukudla okuningi. Izinyosi zezinyosi zehlulekile ukungena eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Kepha lokhu kungumlando nokusatshalaliswa kwemvelo kohlobo. Vele, manje indawo yezinyosi zezinyosi isabalele kakhulu, futhi abantu bakunakekela lokhu. Emizileni yezohwebo, olwandle nasemhlabeni, izinyosi zilethwa eMelika naseMexico, zabe seziya e-Australia naseNew Zealand.
Okwezinyosi zombazi, izindawo eziyinhloko zihlala eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseCaucasus. Ngokuqondene neRussia, lapha izinhlobo zisatshalaliswa ezimweni ezikahle kakhulu zokuphila. Lawa yiKrasnodar Territory neStavropol Territory, Middle and Lower Volga, Central Black Earth Region kanye nezinye izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esifanayo.
Yini edliwa yinyosi yombazi?
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yezinyosi
Ukudla kwezinyosi ezingumbazi cishe akuhlukile nakwezinyosi ezijwayelekile:
- umpe;
- impova;
- perga;
- uju.
Okokuqala, kunjalo, umpe nempova yezitshalo eziqhakazayo - ukudla okuyinhloko esikhathini kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ekwindla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyosi zidla i-perga (ebizwa nangokuthi isinkwa sezinyosi) noju lwazo. Ukwelashwa okuthandwa kakhulu inyosi yombazi i-acacia ne-red clover pollen. Kodwa ngokuvamile, bathatha impova ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezingama-60 zezitshalo ezingama-melliferous.
Uma ubhekisisa kahle imenyu yezinyosi zombazi, ungahlukanisa izingxenye ezithile zayo ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ukuze umzimba wezinyosi wonke uqine futhi usebenze kahle, izinambuzane zidla umpe noju - imithombo yemvelo evulekile yama-carbohydrate.
Futhi umthombo wamaprotheni wezinyosi impova. Kuyasiza ukugcina izinhlelo zabo ze-endocrine nezemisipha zisesimweni esinempilo. Lapho kuqoqwa impova, izinyosi ziyamanzisa ngamathe nangompe ukuze ibe manzi, inamathele kancane futhi ingabhidliki ngesikhathi sendiza ende. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngenxa yemfihlo yenyosi nezakhiwo zempova uqobo, inqubo yokubila impova iyenzeka, ngenxa yalokho inyosi yakhiwa.
Izinyosi ezindala nezincane zondla nge-perga. Bayayisebenzisa futhi ukuyiguqula ibe yi-gruel kanye / noma i-jelly yasebukhosini, edingekayo ukondla izibungu, ngosizo lokufihlwa kwezindlala zomhlathi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umbazi wezinyosi
Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuhle ngokuqhathaniswa nezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu, inyosi yombazi ayisiyongo kunoma yisiphi isidalwa esisendle. Lezi zinambuzane azinalo neze ulaka. Vele, umbazi wesifazane angasebenzisa isikhali sakhe okuwukuphela kwaso - udosi, kepha ukwenza lokhu kuphela ukuzivikela noma uma kunengozi yangempela empilweni yakhe.
Kodwa-ke, umthamo wobuhlungu obufakwe nge-bee sting sting mkhulu impela, ngakho-ke kubangela ukuvuvukala okukhulu okubuhlungu. Kepha uma ungazami ukuhlasela indawo yokuhlala yezinyosi futhi ungamdlokodli yena uqobo, khona-ke yena, ngokunokwenzeka, ngeke anake nokuba khona komuntu. Unezinkinga ezanele ngaphandle kwakhe.
Zonke izinyosi ziyasebenza kanzima ngokwemvelo, kepha inyosi yombazi ingumuntu osebenza ngokweqiniso. Ngokuvumelana nesidlaliso sakhe, wenza imigudu ejulile ngokhuni oludala futhi olubolile. Kungaba yinoma yini - izakhiwo zasepulazini, zonke izinhlobo zamabhodi abolile nezingodo, izinkuni ezifile, iziphunzi, izihlahla ezindala. Ukhuni oluthambile luvumela kalula ingcindezi yemihlathi yezinyosi enamandla, futhi izindlu zokuhlala ezinamazinga amaningi ziyavela ngaphakathi kwalo, lapho izibungu ziyohlala khona futhi zikhule.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: inyosi yombazi ikhetha izinkuni zemvelo kuphela. Uma ingaphezulu lidwetshiwe noma liphathwe ngamakhompiyutha wokuvikela nokuhlobisa, la ma-gourmets ngeke abe nentshisekelo kuwo.
Inqubo yokugedla umhubhe inomsindo impela, inyosi yenza umsindo ofana nokubhonga kwesaya eliyindilinga elincane. Lo msindo ungazwakala ebangeni elingamamitha ambalwa. Njengomphumela wemizamo esetshenziswa yinyosi yombazi, kwakheka umnyango oyindilinga ophelele wesidleke namaphaseji angaphakathi anezinga eliphakeme elingafika ku-30 cm.
Inyosi yombazi ayisiyo inyosi ebuthayo. Lezi izinambuzane ezizodwa. Owesifazane ngamunye uhlela ikoloni lakhe. Umsebenzi wezinyosi uqala ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba, nangaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinhle - kuze kube ngu-Okthoba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umbazi wezinyosi zezinambuzane
Ngokungafani nezinyosi zezinyosi ezijwayelekile, umndeni wezinyosi ezingumbazi awuhlukanisiwe waba yizindlovukazi, abasebenzi kanye nama-drones. Kukhona abesifazane nabesilisa kuphela lapha. Kepha, njengazo zonke izinambuzane zalolu hlobo, ukubusa okuphelele kubusa phakathi kwababazi. Isikhundla esinjalo sabaphathi singenxa yokuthi umsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha ikoloni, ukondla nokukhulisa izibungu uwela kowesifazane.
Abesilisa abasebenza kanzima kangako, futhi umsebenzi wabo ikakhulukazi ukuvundisa abesifazane. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, abesilisa bakhangwa kakhulu kubo. Ibona inyosi efanelekayo, iduna lima endaweni ethile egqumeni bese libhuza kakhulu, lizama ukudonsa ukunaka kwalo.
Uma insikazi ingakhombisi umsebenzi ofanele futhi ingasuki esidlekeni, khona-ke umnumzane ngokwakhe uyehla aye endaweni yakhe yokuhlala aqhubeke "nokuqomisana" kuze kube yilapho okhethiweyo ephindisela. Abesilisa banesithembu, ngamunye wabo uqapha ama-"harem" akhe amancane, lapho kuhlala khona abesifazane aba-5-6.
Ihlela indawo yokwakha isidleke, insikazi ibeka impova ezansi nomhubhe bese iyayithambisa ngompe nangamathe ayo. Ubeka iqanda engxenyeni yomsoco evelayo. Kusuka othulini lwesaha olushiywe ngemuva kokuququda umhubhe futhi lwanamathela kanye namathe, inyosi ihlela ukwahlukanisa, ngaleyo ndlela ivale iseli ngesibungu esizayo esikuyo.
Ekwehlukanisweni okwakhiwe, uphinde asakaze ingxube yomsoco enomsoco, abeke iqanda elilandelayo bese evala iseli elilandelayo. Ngakho, inyosi igcwalisa wonke umhubhe iqhubekele komunye. Ngenxa yalokho, isidleke sezinyosi esingumbazi sithola isakhiwo esinezitezi eziningi nesamagatsha.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: izindlu zezinyosi ezingumbazi zingabizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi "izidleke zomndeni", ngoba zingasetshenziswa izizukulwane eziningi zabantu.
Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, insikazi ibheka indawo yokwakha futhi iyivikele isikhathi esithile. Esikhathini esiningi, abesifazane abadala bayafa phakathi nokubanda kwasebusika, kepha uma bekwazi ukusinda ebusika, entwasahlobo elandelayo baqala umjikelezo omusha wokuzala.
Izibungu zikhula futhi zikhule ngokuzimela. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ziyaphenduka, futhi ekuqaleni kobusika, amangqamuzana asevele ahlala izinyosi ezincane, eziphoqeleka ukuthi zivalelwe kuze kube zithole amandla anele.
Entwasahlobo, asebekhulile ngokugcwele, abantu abaqinisiwe badla indlela yabo eya enkululekweni futhi bashesha befuna umpe. Impilo yabo yokuzimela iyaqala, baqala ukuhlela izidleke zabo futhi bazale amakoloni amasha.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyosi zombazi
Isithombe: Umbazi ojwayelekile wezinyosi
Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu kanye nokuhlala okuqinile kokhuni, izinyosi ezingababazi zinezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu endle kunezinyosi ezijwayelekile zoju. Okokuqala, lezi yiqiniso, izinyoni ezinambuzane - isidla izinyosi, i-shrike, i-golden bee-eater nezinye eziningi.
Ingozi iqamekela izinyosi ezingababazi nasezindaweni ezihlala amasele. Labo badla izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane, kodwa abanandaba nokudla inyosi, bayibambe endizeni ngolimi lwabo olude olunamathelayo. Omunye ummeleli odlayo wabathandi balezi zinambuzane yisicabucabu. Uluka iwebhu yakhe eduze nezidleke zezinyosi abambe nabantu abaningi ngayo.
Azinabungozi kangako ezinyosini zombazi eziyizihlobo ezikude njengama-hornet. Zikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili, zinobudlova kakhulu futhi zingabhubhisa inani elikhulu lezinyosi ukudla kwazo.
Esinye isemvelo, yize singesona isitha esiyingozi kakhulu senyosi engumbazi ngojekamanzi. Abahlaseli njalo, ikakhulukazi kulabo abamele izinyosi ezinkulu kangaka. Zikhetha izisulu ezilula. Kodwa-ke, kuleyo minyaka lapho ojekamanzi bezala khona ngenkuthalo, ukudla kuba kunganele, futhi izinyosi ezingumbazi zingena ekudleni kwazo kanye nezinye izinambuzane.
Futhi eduze kobuso bomhlaba, izinyosi ezingababazi ziqamekela amagundane namanye amagundane adla izinambuzane. Iningi labo alikwazi ukufinyelela ezidlekeni zababazi futhi liwaqothule, njengoba kwenza ngemisipha yezinyosi ezijwayelekile zezinyosi, kepha abantu abadala bavame ukuya esidlweni sasemini nalezi zilwane ezincane ezidlayo. Njengoba izinyosi ezingababazi zingathanjiswa umuntu futhi zingafuywanga, akudingeki zilinde usizo ekulweni nezitha zemvelo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umbazi wezinyosi zezinambuzane
Ngaphandle kokuthi ukubaluleka kokuba khona kwezinyosi endle kunzima ukukuqagela ngokweqile, inani lazo lihlala lincipha ngokuqhubekayo.
Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu:
- ukwanda kwenani lamapulazi;
- ukwelashwa kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo ngama-insecticide;
- ukugula;
- ukuguqulwa okulimazayo njengokweqa.
Isici esinjengokwanda kwamapulazi nokulinywa kwe-monoculture kuzo kungabhekwa njengesizathu esikhulu ekwehleni kwabantu bezinyosi ezibazi. Ezimweni zemvelo - emadlelweni, emahlathini - izitshalo zihlala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zezimbali. Ezinye ziyaqhakaza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ezinye ehlobo, kanti ezinye ekwindla. Emasimini kutshalwa isiko, eliqhakazayo alihlali isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Isikhathi esisele, izinyosi zimane nje azinakho ukudla, bese ziyafa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ezitshaliwe zikhanga inani elikhulu lamagundane. Ekulweni kwabo, umuntu usebenzisa amakhemikhali amaningi ukusiza ukugcina isivuno. Izinyosi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zithela impova ezitshalweni ezilashwa ngamakhemikhali, zithola umuthi obalulekile futhi kwesinye isikhathi obulalayo wobuthi.
Izinyosi ezingumbazi azinayo inshuwalense yokulwa nezifo. Izibungu, iziphungumangathi nabantu abadala bahlaselwa ngama-parasites (izibungu) futhi bathole isifo esibi - i-varratosis. Umkhaza owodwa ungabulala inqwaba yabantu.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuncipha kwenani lezinyosi ezingababazi, umuntu ngeke ahluleke ukusho okwenziwa ngumuntu ngenkathi ewela izinhlobo zezilwane. Imiphumela yezenzo ezinjalo yelulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha ososayensi bavele sebewasungulile amaqiniso wokuqongelelwa kokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okuyingozi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezizalisayo. Izinyosi ezinjalo zingenwa yizifo ezahlukahlukene, isimo sezulu esibonakala sijwayelekile asizifanele, futhi amakoloni avele aphele.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyosi zombazi
Isithombe: Umbazi wezinyosi ovela eRed Book
Inani lezinyosi zombazi lehla. Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kuye kwaphawulwa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ngaphezu kwezizathu ezichazwe esigabeni esedlule, le nqubo ithonywe iqiniso lokuthi izinyosi zezihlahla azinandawo yokuhlala. Amahlathi ayagawulwa ngenkuthalo, izakhiwo zamapulangwe zithathelwa indawo ezengeziwe zesimanje nezisebenzayo - itshe, ukhonkolo, isitini.
Ngomzamo wokunqanda lo mkhuba, inyosi yombazi yaziwa njengezilwane ezivikelekile futhi ibhalwe ohlwini lweRed Book yaseRussia.Izindawo eziningi zalesi sinambuzane esiyingqayizivele ziba iziqiwi.
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi ukubaluleka kokuthola izinyosi zasendle emvelweni akuhlotshaniswa nje kuphela namandla okusebenzisa izakhiwo zazo ze-melliferous, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu emvelweni womhlaba wonkana. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yokudla abantu abakudlayo incike kwimpova. Ingasaphathwa indima ebalulekile izinyosi eziyidlalayo ochungechungeni lokudla kanye nezinqubo zemvelo ezilwaneni zasendle.
Inyosi yombazi - omele ngokumangalisayo umhlaba ophilayo, oqinile futhi ozimele. Abantu abakakwazanga ukulufuya, luhlala kuphela ukuhlala ndawonye ohlelweni olulodwa lwezinto eziphilayo nalo, ngaphandle kokulimaza, kodwa ukulivikela ngazo zonke izindlela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/29/2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 19.09.2019 ngo-11: 22
