Igwababa lena yinyoni embozwe izinganekwane nezinganekwane eziningi. Isithombe sakhe sitholakala kaningi emlandweni wabantu abahlukahlukene bomhlaba. Kwezinye izindaba, wabonakala njengesibonakaliso esingaqondakali senkinga, kokunye ungumeluleki ohlakaniphile. Kunoma yisiphi isithombe avela phambi kwethu, kuhlala kunokwesaba nenhlonipho ngale nyoni. Yini esiyaziyo ngegwababa?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Raven
Igwababa yilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke emndenini we-corvidae. Lo mndeni ungomunye wabamele i-oda elikhulu labaphaseli. Izwi legwababa linamandla futhi linokhahlo, elinokudlidliza okuthile. Ngaphezu kokukhala nokuklabalasa okwaziwayo, inyoni ingenza imisindo ehlukene, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ilingise namanye amazwi. Umsuka wegama igwababa, umsuka walo usuka egameni elithi igwababa, elisho ukuthi mnyama. Kunezinganekwane eziningi ezihlotshaniswa nokutholwa kombala ofiphele kangaka wegwababa.
Igwababa ngokungangabazeki lingesinye sezidalwa ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunzima ukuthola enye inyoni enjalo, lapho kuzonikezelwa khona inani lezinganekwane namasiko angaqondakali njengegwababa. Wayekhonzwa futhi esatshwa ngamaNdiya aseMelika, amaScandinavia anokhahlo, izizwe zase-Afrika nabantu basenyakatho. Kunezinkomba eziningi ezibhekisa igwababa emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo.
Ngakho-ke i-cuneiform, yangekhulu lesi-3 BC, ilandisa ngomuntu owayezulazula oweqa emkhunjini ngesikhathi kukazamcolo omkhulu. Ngokwenganekwane, wakhipha iqhubu lejuba nenkonjane emkhunjini wakhe ukuthola umhlaba nokudla. Kuzo zonke izinyoni, igwababa kuphela elikwazile ukuthola umhlaba. Ukuqonda okusheshayo kwegwababa kuyinto eyaziwa kudala futhi engenakuphikwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Raven bird
Igwababa liyinyoni wonke umuntu ayibonile nayizwayo. Kepha akuwona wonke umuntu ozokwazi ukuhlukanisa igwababa langempela nezihlobo zakhe eziseduze naye. Labo okuvame ukuthiwa ukuthi bangamagwababa empeleni kuba yirokhi noma igwababa. Akunzima nakancane ukuhlukanisa igwababa langempela, vele ubhekisise. Igwababa liyinyoni enkulu, ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-70. Ubude bephiko bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-47. Esikhathini sesikhala, izimpiko zingafinyelela kuma-140 cm. Umlomo ubukhali, mkhulu futhi mkhulu kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Igwababa
Esinye isici esihlukanisa igwababa likhonjwe, izimpaphe ezigoqekile emphinjeni ngendlela "yentshebe", ebizwa kakhulu ngesikhathi "sokucula" kwale nyoni. Igwababa elidala limnyama bhuqe ngokuphelele ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izimpiko zegwababa zinde futhi zithambile, zinomsila omise okonjiwe. Uzipho lwenyoni lunamandla, lubukhali, limnyama bhuqe ngombala. Inyoni lapho indiza nayo ingahlukaniswa, ichopho lamaphiko alivamile kakhulu kunelabanye abameleli abasondele. Indlela igwababa endiza ngayo iyathandeka; ingandiza esibhakabhakeni isikhathi eside njengokhozi.
Impilo yamagwababa emvelweni ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15. Ekuthunjweni, lapho kukhona khona ukungabikho okuphelele kwezitha zangaphandle kanye nokudla okunomsoco, isikhathi sikhula sibe yiminyaka engama-40-50.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ELondon, endaweni yaseTower Castle, amagwababa asenkonzweni esemthethweni yeRoyal Royal Majesty, lapho engaphansi kokuvikelwa okuqinile.
Ihlala kuphi igwababa?
Isithombe: Black Raven
Ngenxa yokungathobeki ekudleni nasendaweni sezulu, igwababa lingatholakala noma kuphi. Kungaba ugu lwe-Arctic kanye ne-tundra. Egqumeni olusenyakatho, kuvame kakhulu ogwini olunamadwala nasezigodini zemifula ezinezimila. Emzileni ophakathi nendawo, ithanda izindawo ezinezihlahla ezinamahlathi ahlabayo noma ama-coniferous. Imingcele enezindawo ezivulekile eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi namachibi asemaxhaphozini. Amagwababa azama ukugwema imisipha eqhubekayo yetaiga. Eduze kwamaphethelo aseningizimu, le nyoni ngokuzithandela ihlala endaweni enamagquma, ayizishayi indiva iziqhingi namahlathi agcwele izikhukhula phakathi kwamathafa.
Uma phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi igwababa liyakugwema ukuhlala nomuntu, khona-ke kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule kube nokuthambekela okungaguquki kokuthi inyoni isondele eduze nasendaweni ehlala abantu. Enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia, izinyoni zaqala ukwakha isidleke emadolobheni. Kubandakanya idolobha elikhulu elikhulu njengeSt.Petersburg, lapho bengakaze bahlangane khona ngaphambilini. Igwababa laqala ukumnaka kakhulu umuntu, yize wayehlala emqaphela. Amacala okwakha izidleke ezakhiweni eziyizitezi emadolobheni amakhulu asevame ukwenzeka.
Imvamisa, amagwababa asondela kubantu lapho kuqala ubusika. Ngenxa yesembozo seqhwa esiphakeme nokuncipha kwenani lezidalwa eziphilayo ezisebenzayo, kuba nzima ukuthola ukudla emvelweni. Edolobheni, amagwababa engaba khona atholakala ezindaweni zokulahla udoti.
Idlani igwababa?
Isithombe: Raven bird
Igwababa liyinyoni ethanda ukudla omningi, livame ukubizwa ngokuhleleka kwemvelo, ngakho-ke kunjalo. Igwababa libizwa nangokuthi umkhohlisi. Yebo, inyoni idla ngokuthokoza izilwane eziwile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kuphela inyama entsha, isilwane esibolile akunakwenzeka ukuthi siyithande. Akaphikisi ukuzingela noma imuphi umdlalo omncane uqobo, kanti angakwazi ukulengisa isikhathi eside, ekhuphuka emoyeni. Amehlo egwababa abukhali impela futhi, lapho ekhethe isisulu, ashesha asithele okholweni.
Izinyamazane zegwababa endle imvamisa:
- izibankwa;
- amaxoxo;
- izinyoka;
- amagundane;
- amatshwele ezinye izinyoni;
- amabhungane amakhulu nezibungu.
Izinkukhu nazo zivela kuye, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bendawo abamthandi kakhulu. Uma igwababa lithola ukubambelela komunye umuntu linamaqanda noma amatshwele, ngeke likulunge. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, le nyoni iyakujabulela ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo: okusanhlamvu, izithelo zezithelo. Ngakho izingadi zasekhishini nazo ziyayithola. Igwababa liyinyoni ehlakaniphile ngokumangazayo futhi eqaphelayo, futhi ngeke ize izifake engozini yokungenela ize. Angabuka into yokuzingela noma izimbangi isikhathi eside, futhi ngemuva kokulinda umzuzwana ofanele wokuthatha isisulu sakhe.
Ngasikhathi sinye, igwababa alikwazi ukubizwa ngenyoni ehahayo. Imvamisa, ukuthola isilwane esifile, igwababa libiza izihlobo zalo, kanti ubukhulu benyamazane abunandaba. Amagwababa ajwayele ukufihla izinsalela zokudla ngokungcwaba esiqiwini. Ukungcwaba nokumba kungenye yezinto zokuzilibazisa eziyintandokazi yegwababa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Raven endizeni
Igwababa lingesinye sezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu emhlabeni. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ngaphambi kokwenza okuthile igwababa lilinganisela isimo ngokunembile. Futhi isebenza njengosizo ngangokunokwenzeka, ngaphandle kokunyakaza okungadingekile. Ososayensi baye bafunda kaninginingi amakhono engqondo ezinyoni. Ukuhlolwa kobuhlakani kwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi igwababa linobuhlakani. Kwavela ukuthi le nyoni ithola ngokushesha amabombo ayo esimweni esiyinkimbinkimbi esihlongozwayo. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngama-ornithologists kuchazwe kahle.
Ingqikithi yokuhlolwa yayimi ngale ndlela elandelayo. Igwababa lanikelwa ngomkhumbi obonakala ubucayi onamanzi, lapho intengo eyisibungu intanta khona. Kwabekwa amatshe amatshe eduze. Igwababa, elalingakwazi ukufinyelela kulesi sibungu, labona masinyane ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi liphonse amatshe emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela liphakamise izinga lamanzi. Ngaphezu kwamatshe, bekukhona ezinye izinto kule nqwaba ezingacwilanga emanzini.
Igwababa lacabanga ukubabuyisela emuva ukuze bangangeni endleleni. Ngakho-ke, inyoni yafika ngokushesha ekwelapheni. Ngobumsulwa besilingo, lokhu kuhlolwa kwaphindwa, futhi namanye amagwababa futhi umphumela wawufana. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi igwababa livame ukusebenzisa izinto ezithuthukisiwe ukuthola ukudla.
Amandla wokusebenzisa izindlela ezisizayo adluliselwa kumagwababa amancane, ngenkathi kubhekwa abantu abadala, ngakho-ke ngeke kubizwe ngokuzalwa. Indlela igwababa eliphuza ngayo nayo iqinisekisa ubuhlakani bakhe obuphezulu. Uma izinyoni eziningi ziqoqa amanzi ngomlomo bese ziphakamisa amakhanda ukuze zenze ingilazi, khona-ke igwababa lenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ubeka uqhwaku lwakhe emanzini, ngenkathi ephendulela ikhanda lakhe ohlangothini olulodwa, ngenxa yalokho, amanzi ngokwawo angena emgodini, angakugwinya kuphela.
Yize ibukeka ingathà sina ngaphandle, igwababa liyinyoni edlala kakhulu. Amagwababa amancane azimisele kakhulu ukudlala ngezinto ezahlukahlukene, azifihle ngemuva kokudlala ngokwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izilwane zingabandakanyeka njengezinto zokuzijabulisa kwazo, ngenkathi zibheka isixwayiso esidingekayo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Raven bird
Endaweni yazo yemvelo, amagwababa athembekile kakhulu kumabhangqa awo. Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, igwababa lifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi. Imibhangqwana eyakhiwe igcina ubudlelwane isikhathi eside. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwamagwababa siqala ebusika ngoFebhuwari. Ukuqomisana kwandulelwa izindiza ezinde ngaphezulu kwento oyifunayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, amagwababa awagcini nje ukundiza, kodwa enza i-aerobatics eyinkimbinkimbi ehlukahlukene, ekhombisa amakhono awo. Bobabili abalingani babamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesidleke, bakha indawo yokuhlala, imvamisa esihlahleni eside esigqokweni esinyene.
Ngakho - kwezinye izindawo kungafinyeleleki ezitheni. Uhlaka lwesidleke lwakhiwe ngamagatsha akhudlwana ahlangana ndawonye. Izimbobo ezinkulu ziboshwe ngamagatsha amancane; ubumba luvame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha. Kusuka ngaphakathi kufakwa udoti, osebenza njenge-heater. Noma iyiphi into efanele lokhu isetshenziswa njengokufakwa. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi lapho kukhethwa udoti, amagwababa ecubungula isimo sezulu sendawo. Isidleke segwababa singaba ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa ububanzi.
UMashi yisikhathi sokubeka amaqanda. Igwababa lensikazi lizalela amaqanda ama-2-6 ombala ompunga noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamachashazi ansundu. Isikhathi sokugcotshwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-20-23, futhi bobabili abalingani bavame ukubamba iqhaza kulokhu. Amachwane abonakala enesifiso esihle kakhulu, bobabili abashadile nabo kufanele bondle, kepha imvamisa owesilisa uyakwenza lokhu. Lapho amaphuphu echanyuselwa, isimo sezulu sipholile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Igwababa lensikazi cishe aliwashiyi amaphuphu alo ezinsukwini zokuqala, liqhubeke nokuwafudumeza.
Cishe izinsuku eziyishumi emva kokuzalwa, amagwababa amancane aqala ukufunda ukundiza. Okokuqala, zindiza ziye egatsheni eliseduze, futhi lapho sezinezinsuku ezingaba ngu-40 ubudala, sezivele zimile ngokuqiniseka ophikweni. Kuze kube sebusika, bayaqhubeka nokuhlala nabazali babo, besebenzisa amakhono okusinda.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Igwababa lithembeke kakhulu kunkukhu yakhe. Kunezimo lapho ngisho negwababa elilimele liqhubeka nokufukamela inzalo yalo.
Izitha zemvelo zamagwababa
Isithombe: Raven animal
Igwababa liyinyoni enkulu futhi enamandla, kepha usenezitha zemvelo ezanele ngokwendalo. Izitha eziyinhloko zegwababa endaweni yemvelo yizinyoni ezinkulu zezilwane ezinjengezinkozi noklebe. Ngaphezu kwabo, izikhova ziyingozi enkulu. Kuyisilwane esidla ebusuku esithule sihlasela izidleke lapho izinyoni zilele. Iyini ingozi ebucayi enganeni, futhi imvamisa inyoni yabantu abadala. Phakathi kwezinsongo ezisemhlabeni kubalwa izimpungushe, izimpisi, izimpisi, izimpungushe, izidlakela zethimba elifana ne-marten.
Ekufuneni isidumbu, igwababa kufanele lihlalisane nalezi zilwane futhi, uma ukunaka kulahlekile, yena uqobo angaba yisisulu sabo. Ngokuphathelene nokusongelwa kwegwababa endaweni esemadolobheni, kuncane kakhulu kunokwasendle. Endaweni yasemadolobheni, ukusondelana okungapheli komuntu kufiphaza ukuqaphela kwegwababa ezingcupheni ezizungezile. Lesi sici singasetshenziswa yizinja ezilahlekile ngisho namakati. Kepha izimo ezinjalo azivamile, futhi lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokufuduka kwamagwababa emikhawulweni yedolobha. Isitha esibaluleke kunazo zonke segwababa esikhathini esithile somlando kwakuyindoda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kube sekubonwa ukuthi amagwababa izimpilo zabo zonke, avame ukuqhubeka nokuxhumana nezihlobo eziseduze, ezindiza ukuvakashelana.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Raven bird
Ezikhathini zangaphambili, ikakhulukazi ngekhulu le-19, igwababa lashushiswa ngabantu. Wayebhekwa njengophawu lweshwa kanye nesibikezelo senkinga, ngaphezu kwalokhu, igwababa lasolwa ngokucekela phansi izitshalo. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi baqala ukubhubhisa inyoni ngenkuthalo, kufaka phakathi ngosizo lobuthi. Lokhu kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kwabantu. Kamuva, amanye amazwe aseYurophu aqala ukulungisa isimo ngokuthatha igwababa alivikele. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zithele izithelo, futhi inani lamagwababa laqala ukwanda.
Isithiyo ekwandeni kwenani lamagwababa kwezinye izindawo yizimo ezinzima zasebusika, lapho kunzima khona ukuthola ukudla. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha ngabantu, kulandelwa ukwanda kwesibalo segwababa kule ndawo. Incazelo ilula: lapho kukhona umuntu, kuyohlale kukhona udoti wokudla. Igwababa elimnyama lakudala laziwa kakhulu kubo bonke abahlali bendawo yaseYurophu. Kodwa ukuhleleka kwamagwababa kukhulu impela futhi akugcini ngalolu hlobo kuphela.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamagwababa zaziwa ngokuya ngendawo okuyo:
- I-Antillean Raven;
- Igwababa likaNovokoledonsky;
- Igwababa elimhlophe;
- Igwababa elimpunga;
- IRaven yaseMelika;
- Igwababa likaPiebald;
- Igwababa Elicwebezelayo;
- Igwababa Elikhulu;
- Igwababa LaseCuba;
- ICape Raven;
- Igwababa Elikhulu;
- Igwababa Elincane;
- Igwababa likaBismarck;
- Igwababa LaseJamaican;
- Igwababa eGuam;
- Ugwadule Lwasogwadule;
- Igwababa leCilongo;
- Igwababa lesundu.
Ezinye zezinhlobo zamagwababa ezingenhla zisabalele endaweni elinganiselwe futhi abantu bazo bancane. Abanye, noma kunjalo, baphila kabanzi, kepha kaningi ezweni elifanayo. Igwababa elimnyama lakudala, eliguqulelwe kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala, sibonga thina njengoba simazi enjalo.
Ukuqapha kwamagwababa
Isithombe: I-Raven Red Book
Kunzima impela kwabanye ukucabanga ukuthi igwababa luhlobo lwezinyoni olungandile nolusengozini yokuqothulwa. Ensimini yeRussian Federation ngalesi sikhathi, igwababa elijwayelekile njengezilwane alisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Okungeke kushiwo ngokuqiniseka kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Kwamanye amazwe, kufaka phakathi iJalimane, igwababa lingaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso futhi libhalwe kuRed Book lasendaweni. Kwake kwaba khona amagwababa amaningi. Kodwa "ngiyabonga" engxenyeni enkulu yenqubomgomo yesonto ngokususelwa enkolelweni, igwababa laqala ukubhujiswa ngamandla. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni iningi lamagwababa entshonalanga yeYurophu labhujiswa.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule, amagwababa athathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okusebenzayo. E-Alps yaseJalimane kuneziteshi ze-ornithological, lapho ukufuduka kwamagwababa kuhlolwe ngokukhala. Ukuthola imininingwane eningiliziwe ngokuziphatha kwalezi zinyoni ezingavamile, abanye abantu bagcinwa ngokukhethekile ezindizeni ezinkulu.
Imininingwane ithole usizo emsebenzini wokugcina nokwandisa inani lamagwababa endaweni yawo yemvelo. Indlela amaJalimane aphatha ngayo izilwane zasendle ngesibonelo senyoni engeyona into eyivelakancane emhlabeni ifanelwe yinhlonipho yonke. Zonke lezi zinyathelo zithela izithelo, futhi inani lamagwababa lapho landa kancane kancane.
Kaningi asibaqapheli labo abazungeze impilo yethu. Igwababa - inyoni emangalisayo, ukubukela okungaletha imizwa eminingi emihle nokutholakele. Inyoni ehlala kahle esiqongweni sezinyoni. Ukuze uqonde lokhu, kwanele ukuhlehlisa izindaba zakho futhi umbuke. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi igwababa lizosifundisa okuthile okusha. Isibonelo, jabulela izinto ezilula empilweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-10: 43
