Izilwane zasemanzini zanamuhla zinezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30. Zihlukaniswa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezimo, imibala kanye namakhono ahlukile ngokuqhathaniswa nezilwane zomhlaba. Akukho mthunzi owodwa wombala ongasetshenziswanga yizinhlanzi. Phakathi kwalokhu kunambitheka kombala, enye yezindawo eziholayo ihlala kuyo udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzid emndenini odokotela abahlinzayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi
Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi ususelwa enhlanzini yamathambo, eyavela ngesikhathi sePolozoic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-290 eyedlule) futhi ngenkathi kwenziwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo yahlukaniswa yaba ngamaqembu amabili ahlukene: ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu, uqwanga kanye namathambo. Ngokuqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70 eyedlule, kwakhiwa abameleli abanjenge-perch kusuka kubokhokho abangamathambo, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlanzi zamathambo ze-ichthyofauna yanamuhla.
Izinhlanzi zomndeni wokuhlinzwa zifaka imikhakha eyisithupha, futhi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-80 kuzo futhi zihlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- umbuso Izilwane;
- thayipha ama-Chordates;
- izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-Ray ezipholiwe;
- amasosha Ukuhlinzwa.
Uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezihlinzayo lubandakanya izinhlobo eziningi, cishe ezingama-40, ngokwesibonelo: ezimthende, eziphaphathekile, ezaseJapane, ezimhlophe ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iparele nezinye.
Ividiyo: Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi
Izinhlanzi zalo mndeni yizakhamizi ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu nezingavamile olwandle nezilwandle. Zincane ngosayizi. Lezi ziyasebenza futhi ngasikhathi sinye zizolile izinhlanzi ezidla utshani ezilungiswa ukuthi ziphile, eyodwa ngasikhathi, noma zingahlangana ngamaqembu amaningi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Isici esiguqukayo sabo bonke abamele udokotela ohlinzayo ukuba khona kwezimpawu ezibukhali emzimbeni, ezisebenza njengendlela yokuzivikela ekuhlaselweni yizitha zabo zemvelo. Kusuka lapho kwaqanjwa khona igama elifanele lo mndeni.
Ngokuya ngohlobo, izinhlanzi ezihlinzekwayo ziyahlukahluka kuzici zazo ezijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi zohlobo lweNaso (fish triggerfish) zinokuphuma okufana nophondo emakhanda azo esifundeni esingaphambili, kanti ubude bomzimba wayo bungakhula bufike ku-100 cm; ama-zebrosomes azungezwe kakhulu ngenxa yamaphiko awo aphezulu; ama-ctenochetes angabanikazi bamazinyo akhethekile ikakhulukazi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi zamanzi anosawoti
Ngaphandle, udokotela ohlinzayo unezimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Umzimba wezinhlanzi uthotshisiwe emaceleni, u-oval, uhlanganiswe kancane ohlangothini lwe-caudal, ngokuma. Ngaphezulu imbozwe izikali eziminyene, ezincane.
- Ekhanda kukhona amakhulu, amise phezulu, nomlomo omncane onamazinyo abukhali ezinhlobonhlobo. Lesi sakhiwo samehlo simvumela ukuthi abuke indawo yakhe kahle yokuthola ukudla nokuba khona kosongo lwezilwane ezizingelayo. Futhi umlomo wesici wenza kube lula ukondla ukudla kwezitshalo kwezimila zasolwandle.
- Amaphiko - ukugoba nokwendlala, kunesimo esilingana. I-dorsal fin yenziwa ngemisebe eqinile engagwazwa.
- Amasayizi wabamele abahlukahlukene angahluka kusuka ku-7 kuye ku-45 cm.
- Umbala wenhlanzi kadokotela ohlinzayo uyehluka ngemibala ehlukahlukene: ophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, owolintshi, onsundu neminye imibala. Uma umbala ungalawulwa yimibala egqamile, khona-ke inhlanzi enjalo ihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwamabala ahlukahlukene nemivimbo ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba nasekhanda.
Abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi abathandeki kuphela ngemibala yomzimba wabo ejabulisa umcabango, kepha futhi nesici esithathwa njengedivayisi yabo yokuvikela. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba eduze komsila, enqubweni yokuthuthuka kokuvela, benze inqubo efana ne-scalpel, esebenza njengendlela yokuzivikela kubo ezimweni ezingaphephile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: “Ngokusekelwe emininingwaneni ethathwe ezinkundleni zokuvakasha, isizathu esivame kakhulu sokuya kudokotela lapho usohambweni ukusikeka kwezitho ekuhlaselweni izinhlanzi zabahlinzayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho zaze zafaka imithungo enxebeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanxeba anjalo abuhlungu kakhulu futhi athatha isikhathi eside ukuphola.
Uhlala kuphi udokotela ohlinzayo?
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo ophuzi
Ngokwemvelo, udokotela ohlinzayo uhlala emanzini anosawoti olwandle nolwandle olufudumele. Isatshalaliswa olwandle i-Indian, Pacific kanye ne-Atlantic, oLwandle Olubomvu kanye ne-Arabia, futhi iqala nokuthuthukisa uLwandle lweCaribbean.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: "Ku-2018, inhlanzi ehlinzayo yabanjwa ngephutha ngabadobi oLwandle Olumnyama, okungeyona indawo yayo yemvelo."
Izinhlanzi ezihlinzayo zihlala zitholakala eduze kwemifula yamakhorali. Imifula emihle, emazombezombe enama-nook amaningi nezindinyana eziyimfihlo, ezicebile ngo-algae ne-peripheton ekhula kuzo, isebenza njengekhaya lakhe nomthombo wokudla.
Le nhlanzi ihlala izama ukuba semanzini angajulile, eduze naphansi kolwandle noma olwandle, imvamisa ibhukuda ekujuleni okufika kwengxenye yemitha. Emanzini aphansi, igijimela ogwini lwamatshe emigedeni ukucasha ekujuleni, futhi ingalinda nasemachibini noma ngaphansi konqenqema lwamakhorali. Lapho umoya uqala, ubuyela ezixhotsheni zamakhorali futhi.
Ngombala wabo ongalibaleki nokuzithoba okuhlobene kokuqukethwe, abamele lezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi baba ngabahlanganyeli abajwayelekile ezinhlanzini zezinhlanzi zasemanzini.
Yini edliwa yinhlanzi ehlinzayo?
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo we-Blue Fish
Amathuluzi okuhlafuna izinhlanzi kadokotela ohlinzelweyo agayelwa ukugaya ukudla kwezitshalo okunzima nokuthambile. Banomlomo omncane, umhlathi oqinile, nesethi yamazinyo abukhali. Ziyizinhlanzi zasolwandle ezidla imifino. Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bashintsha kanye nemvelo ephilayo futhi bazivumelanisa nokudla zonke izipho zemifula. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi zabahlinzayo zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu ngokuya ngezici zazo zokudla.
Izinhlanzi odokotela abahlinzayo badla ama-microalgae nama-filamentous algae. Bane-gizzard, lapho ukudla kugxojwa khona kanye nesihlabathi esingena ngaphakathi nge-algae. Lezi yizinhlanzi ezinjalo: udokotela ohlinzayo, u-oliva, omnyama.
Izinhlanzi ezihlinzayo, zondla ulwelwe nezindawo ezingenamgogodla ebusweni bezingqimba zamadwala, kanye nasolwandle olunamakhorali. Ngamazinyo abukhali, ziluma izindawo ezisuka emahlathini ama-coral futhi zidle izingqimba ezingaphezulu ze-peripheton. Awunayo inyoni. Isibonelo: udokotela ohlinzayo onemigqa, onemigqa, okhombe ngeparele elimhlophe, udokotela ohlinzayo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka emuva.
Izinhlanzi odokotela abahlinzayo abadla imizimba yemifino (ama-tolloms) ama-algae amakhulu. Isibonelo: udokotela ohlinzayo onomsila omhlophe. Abanye abantu abanandaba nokudla izinsalela zama-invertebrate ne-plankton njengomunye umthombo wokudla. Futhi ngezinhlanzi ezisakhula ezingakavuthwa zabadokotela abahlinzayo, i-zooplankton ingukudla okuyinhloko.Uma odokotela abahlinzayo beneswele lokudla, bangahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu ukufuna ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo oLwandle Olubomvu
Odokotela abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi, besendaweni efanayo nezihlobo zabo, bangahlala bodwa noma baqoqwe ngababili noma ngemihlambi enezinombolo ezahlukahlukene zabantu (kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube yinkulungwane). Ukubuthana ezikoleni ezinjalo ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, lezi zinhlanzi zisebenzisa ukushuba kombala wazo ukuthola umlingani ofanele ocansini. Yize behlala ndawonye, inhlanzi ngayinye, udokotela ohlinzayo, uzama ukugcina isikhala sakhe azungeze yena.
Umlingiswa walaba bantu abahlala emadwaleni amancane awuhlukile ekuxabaneni, bazwana ngaphandle kwezinkinga nabanye abamele ubukhosi bezinhlanzi. Kepha abesilisa kwesinye isikhathi bangakhombisa ukuphikelela okukhulu ekuvikeleni indawo yabo, ngaleyo ndlela balawule abesifazane babo kanye nokudla. Isikhali sabo "semfihlo" sivame ukubasiza kulokhu. Abamele lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi basebenza kakhulu emini, kanti ebusuku bacasha emifantwini yamadwala nakuma-labyrinths amagatsha ezixhobo zamakhorali.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: "Ebusuku, abanye abamele izinhlanzi zikadokotela ohlinzayo bashintsha umbala wombala womzimba bese kuvela imivimbo namabala engeziwe."
Ngenxa yamaphiko azo aqinile, lezi zinhlanzi zingakwazi ukumelana kalula nemisinga eqinile yolwandle nolwandle olwandle.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi emanzini
Abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi izilwane ezi-dioecious, kepha abanakho umehluko okhethekile wobulili. Baqala ukuvuthwa ngokocansi cishe iminyaka emibili. Kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuJulayi, ngesikhathi sokuthwasa kwenyanga, bahlangana ezikoleni ezinkulu ukwenza umsebenzi wokuzala - ukuzala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: "Abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi abahlala endaweni esenkabazwe bangazala unyaka wonke."
Ukuzala, izinhlanzi zihlukane nezikole ngamaqembu amancane bese zibhukuda ziye emanzini. Lapha abesifazane bazala amaqanda amancane kakhulu (kufika ku-1 mm ububanzi). Owesifazane oyedwa angazala amaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Ukukhula kombungu kuhlala usuku olulodwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvela izibungu ezimise okwe-disc, ezingafani nabazali bazo. Azinazo izinqubo ezicijile ezinhlangothini zomzimba, kepha zinameva ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezinobuthi emaphikweni azo. Iziphungumangathi zidla iplankton ngenhla kwezingqimba zamanzi futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili zifinyelela kubude obungu-2.5 - 6.5 cm. Manje zibhekwa njengezilungele ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo zibe yifry.
Izibungu ziyabhukuda ziye ogwini futhi, kanye namanzi agcwala amanzi, zingena kumadamu amancane, lapho ziguquka khona kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-4-5. Umzimba wabo umbozwa ngezikali ezincane, kubekwa ihlumela elicijile eduze komsila, futhi umgudu wokugaya ukudla uyandiswa. Amafry ajwayele ukondla ulwelwe, aqhubeke nokukhula kwawo abuyele emanzini ajulile olwandle nasolwandle emifuleni.
Izitha zemvelo zenhlanzi ehlinzayo
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi
Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi akayona enkulu kakhulu, noma kunjalo, izinhlanzi ezizingelayo aziphikisani nakancane nokudla kulo mncane. Ingozi enkulu ikakhulukazi ilele lezi zinhlanzi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lapho zihlangana ezikoleni ezinkulu.
Izitha zemvelo zezinhlanzi zikadokotela ohlinzayo zingaba zombili izinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu, njenge-tuna, i-tiger perch, nezinhlanzi ezinkulu, oshaka, njll.
Izama ukuphunyuka, inhlanzi ehlinzayo ingasebenzisa isikhali sayo "sikadokotela", kepha uma inikezwe ubukhulu obungafani nesilwane esidla ezinye, iyalahleka, ngoba inhlanzi enkulu ngeke ikubone ukubhoboza kwayo. Ngakho-ke, laba bathandi abancane bezixhobo zamakhorali bavame ukuzisebenzisela ukukhosela.
Inqubo ebukhali, etholakala ezinhlangothini zomzimba eduze komsila wenhlanzi kadokotela, ingasetshenziswa ukuvikela indawo yayo. Uma kungekho usongo oluvela ngaphandle, lezi zingqimba zamathambo zifihlwe emiseleni ebusweni bomzimba wesilwane. Lapho kuvela ingozi, inhlanzi ibabeka ezinhlangothini bese iyahamba iyohlasela.
Izibungu zezinhlanzi ezihlinzayo nazo zinezitha, lezi ngama-crustaceans, izibungu zezinambuzane ezidlayo, i-jellyfish, lapho zivikela khona ngameva azo anobuthi.
Njengoba odokotela abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi bedla ikakhulukazi ukudla kwezitshalo, inyama yabo ayinakubizwa ngokuthi yisibiliboco, akumnandi nje. Ngakho-ke, ngenhloso yokuzingela ngokungemthetho abantu bebengazithinti lezi zinhlanzi phambilini. Kepha lapho kubhekene nokwehla kwamasheya ezinhlanzi adumile ngokudoba, laba bameleli bomndeni ohlinzayo babesengozini phambi kwabantu.
Ngombala wabo omuhle ngendlela exakile, abantu bababamba kakhulu ukuthola ama-aquariums lapho izinhlanzi zikadokotela ohlinzayo zingakwazi ukuzala khona ngenxa yobunzima bokuvuthwa kwezibungu. Ngakho-ke, umuntu kungabuye kuthiwe yizitha zezinhlanzi zikadokotela ohlinzayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi zamanzi anosawoti
Ukuze uhlukanise izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zabahlinzayo njengesibalo sabantu, amaphuzu ahlukile angahlukaniswa:
- Abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi bahlukaniswa ngokwabiwa kwendawo okufanayo endaweni yokuhlala
- Zigcina insimu ngayinye, futhi zinezikhala zamaqembu, lapho zibuthana ezikoleni ezinkulu zezinhlanzi (kwesinye isikhathi zixubekile).
- Izilwane ezincane zihlala ngokuhlukile kubantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi.
- Banokuthotshelwa ngokwezigaba, ngenxa yokuthi bazwana kalula nezinye izinhlanzi.
- Inani labantu ngabanye lilawulwa ngokuzala nokufa, okuxhomeke kakhulu emandleni okuguquguquka odokotela abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi.
- Abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi badlala indima ebalulekile ku-biogenesis yemifula yamakhorali. Lapho kudliwa isembozo esingenhla semifula, esenziwe ikakhulu ulwelwe, lezi zinhlanzi zingabasizi, zenza umsebenzi wokusabalalisa ekusakazeni nasekukhuleni kwamakhorali.
Njengoba amakhorali eyindawo yemvelo yenani elikhulu lezinhlanzi zasolwandle, zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inani labantu bazo. Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, amadwala asephelile kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bebika ukuthi amadwala angafa ngokuphelele eminyakeni engama-40 ezayo. Futhi ngazo, izilwane zasolwandle nazo zisengozini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi zabadokotela abahlinzayo nabanye abantu abahlala emadwaleni babanjwa ngabantu. Lokhu sekuvele kwaholela ekwehleni kwabantu babo cishe izikhathi eziyishumi, okubandakanya ukwephulwa kohlelo lwamadwala ku-biocenosis. Lokhu kusho ukuthi futhi kuholela ekufeni kwezixhobo zamakhorali, nezilwane zasolwandle, kanye nodokotela abahlinzayo bezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi.
Noma, udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhlanzi ayikabalwa kuRed Book, kepha inezingozi eziphezulu ngokwanele zokufika khona maduze.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.03.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/18/2019 ngo-21: 09
