Lapho bebona lesi sidalwa esihle, abaningi bababaza: "Yeka ibhere elihle kangaka!" Kepha, koala akusilo ibhere nhlobo, ngisho nalesi silwane asikwazi ukubizwa ngesihlobo samabhere. Lesi silwane esakwa-marsupials futhi sinomndeni waso wama-koala, okuwukuphela kwawo ongummeleli wawo. IKoala ibukeka njengethoyizi eliphambili, elivele lidonse ukuze ligone.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Koala
Umlando osemthethweni we-koala uqala ngo-1802, lapho umphathi wamasosha uBarralier athola izinsalela zalesi silwane futhi wazithumela kumbusi waseNew South Wales ngotshwala. Ngemuva konyaka, kwabanjwa i-koala bukhoma ngaseSydney. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, kwakhishwa isihloko ephephandabeni laseSydney esichaza kabanzi ngalesi silwane esingajwayelekile.
Kusukela ngo-1808, i-koala ibilokhu ibhekwa njengesihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-wombat. Banaye esitokisini esifanayo sama-marsupials asika ama-cutter amabili, kepha emndenini wabo i-koala kuphela komele.
Sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-50, ama-koala abonwa kuphela endaweni yaseNew South Wales. Ngo-1855, lesi silwane satholwa isazi semvelo uWilliam Blandowski eVictoria, lapho ayehlala khona, kwathi kamuva ngo-1923, i-koala nayo yatholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeQueensland.
Ividiyo: Koala
Abantu baseYurophu abafika e-Australia babiza i-koala nebhere. Ngokweminye imibiko, yona kanye incazelo yegama elithi "koala" ihunyushwa ngokuthi "ayiphuzi", yize abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kucabanga kuyiphutha. Ngokuvamile, i-koala iphuza kancane kakhulu futhi kuyaqabukela ngokweqile; abantu baqaphele ukuthi akaphuzi ngaso leso sikhathi. Ukutholakala okunjalo kokuphuza kungenxa yokuthi isilwane sinomswakama owanele osuka emaqabunga e-eucalyptus namazolo kuwo.
Ngempela, i-koala ifana kakhulu ne-wombat, kuphela yona inkulu futhi uboya bayo bukhulu kakhulu. I-physiognomy enhle kakhulu, ehlekisa kancane yesilwane ikwenza umomotheke lapho uyibuka. Ngingathanda ukuphulula umzimba futhi ngigone lo muntu onamahloni onamagqabhagqabha omile futhi onobuhlobo obuhle obufana nebhere elibi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal koala
AmaKoala abukeka angajwayelekile futhi ehlekisa kancane. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yamakhala abo acijile, angenaboya. Ikhanda lesilwane likhulu, liyindilinga ngamehlo amancane, ahlukaniswe kabanzi futhi ahlaba umxhwele, anwebekile, anezindlebe ezibusayo. Umzimba wama-koalas unamandla impela futhi ugcwele.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlala enyakatho yezwe zincane kakhulu kunezaseningizimu. Isisindo sabo sifinyelela ku-5 kg, eningizimu koala sinesisindo esiphindwe kathathu - 14 - 15 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu ngobukhulu kunabesifazane, amakhanda abo makhulu, kodwa ubukhulu bezindlebe zabo bancane. Abamele abesilisa banendlala ekhethekile esifubeni, ababeka ngayo amamaki. Owesifazane, njenganoma imuphi umuntu omele ubulili obufanele, unesikhwama lapho kufihlwe khona izingono ezimbili.
Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kunikezwe emazinyweni e-koala, aklanyelwe ukubhekana nobuciko namaqabunga e-eucalyptus, aminyene kakhulu futhi anemicu. Ngosizo lwama-incisors abukhali, i-koala, njengommese, isika amahlamvu, bese igaya amazinyo igaya iphalishi. Ingqikithi yamazinyo ku-koala ingama-30.
Izitho ze-koala zinde futhi ziqinile. Izindwangu zangaphambili zinamazipho amade afana nezingwegwe ukuze azibambe ngokuphepha ezihlahleni, ohlangothini olulodwa izinzwane ezimbili eziphikisana nezintathu kolunye. Lesi sici sivumela izilwane ukubamba izihlahla ngokuqinile. Emilenzeni yangemuva, isithupha esisodwa, esingenazinzipho, siphikisana nezinye ezine, ezifakwe ngezinzipho eziqinile. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo semilenze, isilwane sibamba kalula amagatsha neziqu, silenga kuzo futhi sihamba kalula esihlokweni. Isici sokuqala sinamaphakethe weminwe yama-koalas, anephethini elihlukile (okushicilelwe), njengabantu noma izinkawu.
Ijazi le-koala linokuthinta okumnandi, uboya buwugqinsi impela, ubude bawo bungamasentimitha ama-3. Ububanzi bombala wejazi bumpunga (ungaba lula futhi ube mnyama). Ohlangothini olungaphakathi, imilenze yangaphambili imhlophe, ngaphambili kunebhibhi elimhlophe, nesilevu nalo limhlophe. Ezindlebeni kuvela ukuhleleka koboya obumhlophe, obuluhlaza, obude. Kukhona nezindawo ezimhlophe kwi-sacrum. Umsila we-koala ufana nowebhere, mncane kakhulu futhi awumile, kunzima ukuwubona.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ubukhulu bobuchopho bama-koala buncane kakhulu uma buqhathaniswa nomzimba. Bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sici sikhona ezilwaneni ngenxa yokuthi imenyu yabo iphansi kakhulu ngama-calories.
Ihlala kuphi i-koala?
Isithombe: Koala e-Australia
IKoala ivame kakhulu e-Australia futhi ihlala unomphela kuleli zwekazi kuphela, akukho lapho kutholakala khona lesi silwane. Lesi silwane sahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini lwaseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Australia. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, ama-koala angeniswa engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Australia naseKunguru naseMagnetic Islands, eseduze neQueensland. IMagnetic Island namuhla ithathwa njengomngcele osenyakatho kakhulu wama-koalas. Inani elikhulu lale marsupials labhujiswa eningizimu ye-Australia bonke ngekhulu elifanayo leminyaka elidlule. Abantu baqala ukubuyisa inani lama-koala, ebalilele evela endaweni yaseVictoria.
Njengamanje, indawo yokuhlala yama-koalas inendawo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayisigidi. AmaKoala ahlala lapho kukhula khona amahlathi aminyene eucalyptus. Bazithanda zombili izihlahlana zamahlathi asezintabeni ezinesimo sezulu esiswakeme, nezindawo eziwugwadule olunamaphoyisa amancane. Ubuningi bokuhlaliswa kwezilwane buxhomeke ekutholakaleni kwemithombo yokudla endaweni yayo. Uma engxenyeni eseningizimu, lapho amahlathi anomswakama ugcwele khona, ingafinyelela kubantu abayisishiyagalombili ngehektare, lapho-ke entshonalanga yommango osogwadule kungatholwa isilwane esisodwa ngamahektha ayikhulu.
Idla ngani i-koala?
Isithombe: Koala
Abantu abaningi mhlawumbe bayazi ukuthi ama-koala alandela i-eucalyptus mono-diet, amunca womabili amahlumela amasha kanye namahlamvu e-eucalyptus. Kukhona ukulutha kokudla okungajwayelekile kanye nezinzuzo zako - lokhu ukungabikho komncintiswano wokudla. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-marsupials kuphela kanye nabazala abanomsila abathanda ukudla u-eucalyptus. Kudala uKoala ejwayele iqiniso lokuthi uhlala enesitsha esifanayo sesidlo sasekuseni, sasemini nesasebusuku.
Amahlamvu ezihlahla zika-eucalyptus namahlumela awo amabi kakhulu futhi anemicu emifushane, akuwona wonke umuntu ongathanda ukunambitheka kwawo nephunga lawo, ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sitshalo siqukethe inani eliphakeme lezinto ze-phenolic, cishe awekho amaprotheni, futhi ekwindla kudubula ubuthi bangempela buqongelela - i-hydrocyanic acid. AmaKoala ajwayele le ngozi, asebenzisa imizwa yawo yokuhogela ukukhetha lezo zitshalo ukuze zidle lapho bungekho khona ubuthi obuningi. Izihlahla ezinjalo ezinobuthi obuncane zikhetha ukukhula enhlabathini evundile eduze kwemifula.
Iphutha lokudla okuncane futhi okunama-kilojoule amancane yi-metabolism ephansi, ukusabela okuhamba kancane kanye nohlamvu lwe-phlegmatic lwesilwane. Lapha i-koala ifana nebheja noma i-wombat. Emini, isilwane sidla kusuka kuhhafu wekhilogremu kuya kukhilogremu elilodwa lamahlumela namahlamvu, kancane kancane sihlafuna yonke into ku-puree, bese sikufihla ezikhwameni zezihlathi. Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lwe-koala lulungiselelwe ngokuphelele ukudla kwezitshalo ezinemicu. I-cecum ezilwaneni yinde impela ngosayizi, ifinyelela ku-2.4 m. Isibindi se-koala sisebenza ngokuzikhandla ukunciphisa ubuthi bukagamthilini nokuvimbela ubuthi.
Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona ukuthi ama-koala awudla kanjani umhlaba, lokhu akunjalo nakancane ngoba izilwane ziyahlanya, ngaleyo ndlela zibuyisa ukuntuleka kwamaminerali emzimbeni.
Baphuza ama-koala, impela, amancane kakhulu. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho isilwane sigula noma ngesikhathi sesomiso isikhathi eside. Ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, amazolo avela emaqabungeni nobumuncu bamaqabunga uqobo anele isilwane. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ezinhlotsheni ezingama-600 zezihlahla zikagamthilini, i-koala ithanda ukukhetha ezingama-30 kuphela zazo ukuze zidliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintandokazi nazo ziyahlukahluka ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwekazi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ibhere le-koala
Indlela yokuphila elinganisiwe neyisidina yama-koala ihlobene ngqo nezihlahla zika-eucalyptus ezihlala ziluhlaza, lapho zichitha khona isikhathi esiningi. Odwi bezikhathi ezithile emhlabathini basebenza kuphela ukusuka esihlahleni esisodwa baye kwesinye. Ngesikhathi sasemini, ama-koala anqotshwa ubuthongo obujulile futhi obukhulu, obuhlala kusuka emahoreni angu-18 kuya kwangu-20.
Ngemuva kwalokho (imvamisa ebusuku) izinhloko zokulala zinikela ngamahora ambalwa ukondla. AmaKoala anekhono elingajwayelekile futhi elixakile lokuqandisa, njengezithombe, futhi ahlale anganyakazi ngokuphelele amahora amaningi. Ngokusobala, ngalezi zikhathi bafunda ngefilosofi bese bezindla ngempilo yabo engaphuthumi, enephunga likagamthilini.
I-koala ikhuphuka izihlahla ngokwanele, ibambelele eziqwini nasemagatsheni ngezidladla zayo eziminyene. Yize izilwane zihamba kancane futhi zivinjelwe, lapho zizwa usongo, zingabaleka ngokushesha, bese zicasha emqhele ohlaza. Ngisho nangamanzi, lesi silwane sizokwazi ukubhekana naso, uma kunesidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wethukile, i-koala imemeza ngezwi eliphansi ngezwi eliphansi, yize ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ithule futhi inesizotha.
AmaKoala ahlala wodwa, ngayinye inensimu yayo. Abathandisi izimbangi ezizulazule ngephutha; ezesilisa zivame ukulwa lapho zihlangana, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokukhwelana. AmaKoala anendlela yokuphila ehlala phansi, akhetha ukungashiyi izindawo zawo. Ngokwemvelo, ama-koala emvelo asendle aphila cishe iminyaka eyi-12, ekuthunjweni angaphila kuze kube yi-20, yize lokhu kungavamile kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, uma ukhuluma ngemvelo nesimo sengqondo salezi zidalwa ezingavamile, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi azinalo ulaka njengezinye izilwane eziningi, kodwa zinobungane kakhulu, zinomusa futhi ziyethemba. Kulula ukuthambisa futhi ube ngumngane weqiniso we-koala, isilwane sisheshe sinamathele kubantu futhi sibanikeze uthando nesisa. Uma ubheka ukubambezeleka nobuthakathaka bama-koalas, uzizwa unokuthula, futhi zonke izinkathazo nokuxabana kuyaphela ngemuva.
Ukufingqa, izici ezilandelayo zomlingiswa nesimo se-koalas zingahlukaniswa lapha:
- ukwephuza;
- iqembu;
- ukukholwa;
- imvelo enhle.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: koala wase-Australia
Bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi lapho beneminyaka emibili. Abesifazane baqala ukuzala bebudala obufanayo, nabesilisa kuphela emva kweminyaka embalwa, lapho sebekhule ngokwengeziwe futhi beqina kakhulu ekuxabaneni nabanye besilisa empikiswaneni yabesifazane. Abantu besifazane abaningi bazalwa emphakathini, ngakho-ke owesilisa ngamunye akanaye, kepha abashadikazi abaningana ngasikhathi sinye. AmaKoala ahlukile ngokuzala okuthile, ngakho-ke akhiqiza inzalo kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abanumzane bakhipha ukukhala okukhipha inhliziyo okuheha abesifazane. Futhi, bazigcoba isifuba ngeziqu zemithi, bebeka amamaki abo. Abakhwenyana ngalesi sikhathi bangahamba amabanga amade befuna ophathina, abangavela kwababili kuya kwabahlanu. Abesifazane bathanda abanumzane abakhulu nabazwakalayo, futhi ukukhetha kwabo kusekelwe kulezi zimfanelo. Njengamanye ama-marsupials, izitho zangasese ze-koala zinezici ezithokozisayo: kowesilisa, isitho sokuzala senziwa bifurcated, kuthi owesifazana abe nezitho sangasese ezimbili. Isikhathi sokukhwela siqala ngoSepthemba noma ngo-Okthoba kuya kuFebhuwari.
Ukukhulelwa kwe-koala kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30 kuye kwezingu-35. Kuyaqabukela lapho kuzalwa izingane ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye, imvamisa kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Uhamba ze ngokuphelele, isikhumba sakhe sibomvana, ithole lincane kakhulu - lifinyelela ku-1.8 cm ubude futhi linesisindo esingu-5 grams kuphela.
Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokuqala zokuphila kwakhe, ingane ayisishiyi isikhwama sikanina, lapho iphuza khona ubisi ngenjabulo. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezizayo zokuphila, ingane ekhule kancane igibela umama, ibambelele ezinqeni zayo eziqinile ngemuva noma esiswini. Lapho kufika amasonto angamashumi amathathu, ingane isuka ekudleni kobisi iye ekudleni indle yomama, equkethe amaqabunga ka-eucalyptus agaywe isigamu. Ngakho udla inyanga yonke.
AmaKoala aqala ukuzimela eseneminyaka eyodwa. Abesifazane bavame ukushiya umama wabo ngalesi sikhathi, baqale impilo yabo yobudala. Futhi abesilisa bahlala nonina kuze kube yiminyaka emibili noma emithathu, bese benquma ukumshiya, bathole izindawo zabo zokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zama-koala
Isithombe: I-koala encane
Endle, ama-koala cishe akanazitha. Abadli bezilwane abanasithakazelo nakancane kulezi zilwane, ngoba inyama yabo ifakwe nge-eucalyptus, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuyidla. Inja yasendle, i-dingo noma inja ejwayelekile elahlekile, ingahlasela i-koala, kepha bahlukumeza kuphela futhi balwe, njengomthombo wokudla kwe-koala abangayidingi.
Ngeshwa, ama-koala athinteka ezifweni eziningi eziwusongo olukhulu kubo, yilezi:
- i-conjunctivitis;
- sinusitis;
- i-cystitis;
- i-periostitis yogebhezi.
Ukuvuvukala kwezono ezilwaneni kuvame ukuphenduka inyumoniya, engaholela ekufeni. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukuqubuka kwalezi zifo ngekhulu le-19 kanye nelama-20 kwanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lama-koalas ezwenikazi lase-Australia. Usongo olukhulu kunawo wonke kuma-koala luthwalwa ngabantu, okuholela ekugawweni kwamahlathi e-eucalyptus, kubhubhise izilwane ngenxa yejazi elithambile loboya. Futhi, muva nje isibalo semigwaqo emikhulu besilokhu sikhula, lapho izilwane ezihamba kancane ziya ngokufa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Koala esihlahleni
Ukuqhamuka kwezifo ezishiwo ngaphambilini bekungezinye zezizathu ezinkulu zokwehla kwenani lama-koala, kodwa lokhu kwaba njalo kwaze kwavela abaseYurophu kuleli zwekazi. Babethanda uboya besilika nobumnandi bezilwane, ngenxa yalokho abantu baqala ukubhujiswa kwabo okungenasihe. Kwakungelula ukubulala i-koala ekhohliseka kalula futhi engenabungozi. Kunemininingwane yokuthi ngonyaka we-1924 kuphela kwavunwa izikhumba ezingaba yizigidi ezimbili.
Ngokubona ubukhulu benhlekelele, uhulumeni wase-Australia waqala ukubeka umkhawulo wokudubula, futhi kamuva ngo-1927 wakulahla ngokuphelele ukuzingelwa kwalezi zilwane ezinhle. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili kuphela, inani lama-koala laqala ukwanda kancane kancane. Kuhle ukuthi manje isibalo sama-koala sibuyele kwesejwayelekile, futhi kwezinye izindawo (isiQhingi seKangaroo) ziningi kakhulu, zifuna zonke izihlahla zikagamthilini. Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi kwenziwe ukudubula okuncane lapho ukunciphisa isibalo, kepha iziphathimandla azange zilinge ukwenza lokhu. Futhi esifundazweni saseVictoria, kunalokho, ngo-2015, kwabhujiswa abantu ababalelwa ku-700 ukuze bonke abanye bathole ukudla okwanele.
Okwamanje, isimo sabantu baseKoala sinezinga "lobungozi obuphansi", kepha usongo lokuqedwa kwamahlathi nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe lusabalulekile. Kukhona inhlangano yamazwe omhlaba "i-Australian Koala Foundation", enakekela ukuphepha kwenani lama-koala nezindawo abahlala kuzo. Emadolobheni afana neBrisbane nePerth, kunamapaki aphelele avikelekile lapho ama-marsupial ahlala khona ngokujabula nenjabulo.
UKoala - hhayi nje intandokazi yabantu base-Australia kuphela, kodwa futhi uphawu lwelizwekazi lonke. Angabizwa ngomuntu wokuthula, ukuzola nokuthula. UKoala uhlala ezweni lakhe elinobumnandi lika-eucalyptus, kude nesiyaluyalu. Into esemqoka ukuthi umuntu angayiqonda imvelo yakhe enesizotha futhi angangeni ngokukhohlisa empilweni yalesi sidalwa esingenabungozi futhi esinomusa. Kufanele sifunde kuye imvelo enhle nokukhishwa ezinkingeni nasezinkingeni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 15.02.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 16.09.2019 ngo-9: 03
