Umkhomo we-Bowhead Uchitha impilo yakhe yonke emanzini abandayo apholile. Iphula iqhwa elijiyile ngamasentimitha angama-30 ngesibhobo sayo. Icwilisa ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engama-40 nokujula okungama-3.5 km. Izimangalo njengesilwane esincelisayo esiphila isikhathi eside kunabo bonke: abanye abantu baphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu! Wangena ezinganekwaneni njengesibonelo somlingiswa kaWonder Yudo Fish-Whale. Konke kumayelana nomkhomo we-bowhead.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
I-whalehead whale inamagama amaningana: i-polar noma i-mustachioed. Kungokwe-suborder engenamazinyo futhi kwakha uhlobo oluhlukile. Imikhomo ikhona emhlabeni ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-50 futhi ibhekwa njengezakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni. AmaCetacean angaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi izilwane zasemhlabeni zazingokhokho bazo.
Lokhu kuboniswa yizimpawu ezilandelayo:
- isidingo sokuphefumula umoya ngamaphaphu akho;
- ukufana kwamathambo ezinhlamvu zamakhethini namathambo ezinyawo zezilwane zomhlaba;
- ukunyakaza kwemisila mpo nokunyakaza komgogodla kufana nokugijima kwesilwane esincelisayo kunokubhukuda okuvundlile kwenhlanzi.
Kuliqiniso, ayikho inguqulo eyodwa mayelana nokuthi yisiphi isilwane sangaphambi komlando esasingukhokho. Namuhla, kunezinguqulo eziningana zemvelaphi ye-baleen cetacean:
- ezinye izifundo zososayensi zifakazela ubudlelwano phakathi kwemikhomo nama-artiodactyls, ikakhulukazi nezimvubu.
- abanye abacwaningi bathola ukufana phakathi kwemikhomo nemikhomo emidala kakhulu yasePakistan noma ama-pakicet. Kwakuyizilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo futhi zathola ukudla emanzini. Mhlawumbe, ngenxa yalezi zizathu, umzimba waphenduka waba yisilwane sasemanzini wabe esehlala endaweni yasemanzini.
- enye inkolelo ifakazela umsuka wemikhomo ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zomhlaba zaseMesonichia. Babeyizidalwa ezifana nezimpisi ezinezinselo njengezinkomo. Izilwane ezazizingela nazo zazizingela emanzini. Ngenxa yalokho, imizimba yabo yenze izinguquko futhi yaguqulwa ngokuphelele emanzini.
Ukubukeka nezici
I-Bowhead, ngemuva kwe-whale fin ne-blue whale, iyisizwe sesithathu esisindayo. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela kumathani ayi-100. Ubude besifazane bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-18, kuthi abesilisa bafike kumamitha ayi-17. Umbala ompunga omnyama wesilwane uqhathanisa nokukhanya komhlathi ophansi okukhonjiwe. Lesi yisici esihlukanisa imikhomo yase-polar kozakwabo.
Esinye isici sesakhiwo ubukhulu bemihlathi. Yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-cetaceans. Umlomo uphezulu ekhanda. Umhlathi ongezansi uphuma kancane uye phambili futhi mncane kakhulu kunowaphezulu. Kuwo kunentshebe yomkhomo - izitho zokuthinta. Mancane futhi made - amamitha angu-3-4.5 lilinye. Kunamapuleti amathambo angaphezu kwama-300 emlonyeni. Zisiza imikhomo ukusesha ngempumelelo ukuqongelela kweplankton.
Ikhanda liyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude bomkhomo. Isakhiwo sikhombisa ngisho nohlobo lwentamo. On the umqhele izinhlanzi giant kukhona blowhole - lawa amancane slits-amakhala. Ngazo, umkhomo ududula imithombo yamanzi aphakeme ngamamitha. Amandla wejet anamandla amangalisayo futhi angadabula phakathi kweqhwa elijiyile elingu-30 cm. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa komzimba wabo liphakathi kuka-36 no-40 degrees. Isendlalelo samafutha esingaphansi kwesigamu semitha sisiza ukubhekana nengcindezi ngesikhathi sokuntywila futhi sigcine izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile. Izithambisi zokunambitha, njengomqondo wokuhogela, azithuthukiswa, ngakho-ke ama-cetaceans awahlukanisi ukunambitheka okumnandi, okumunyu, okumuncu nephunga.
Umbono ubuthakathaka futhi awuboni kahle. Amehlo amancane, embozwe nge-cornea ewugqinsi, atholakala eduze kwamakhona omlomo. Ama-auricles awekho, kepha ukuzwa kuhle kakhulu. Ngemikhomo, lokhu kuyisitho somqondo esibalulekile. Indlebe yangaphakathi yehlukanisa phakathi kwamaza omsindo anhlobonhlobo ngisho ne-ultrasound. Ngakho-ke, imikhomo iqondiswe ngokuphelele ekujuleni. Bayakwazi ukunquma ibanga nendawo.
Umzimba we "monster yolwandle" omkhulu uhlanjululwe futhi awunakho ukukhula. Ngakho-ke, ama-crustaceans nezintwala aziqedi imikhomo. "Abahloli bamazwe be-polar" abanayo i-fin ngemuva kwabo, kodwa banamaphiko ezinhlangothini nomsila onamandla. Inhliziyo enethoni eyisigamu ifinyelela usayizi wemoto. Imikhomo isula njalo i-nitrogen emaphashini. Ukuze benze lokhu, badedela ama-jets amanzi ngokusebenzisa izigaxa zeparietali. Yile ndlela izinhlanzi ezakhiwe ngamakhekhe eziphefumula ngayo.
Uhlala kuphi umkhoma we-bowhead?
Amanzi we-polar weplanethi ukuphela kwendlu yemikhomo yamakhanda. Bake bahlala kuwo wonke amanzi asenyakatho ye-hemisphere yomhlaba. Inani lezinyoni ezinkulu zamanzi ngokuvamile lalivimbela ukuhamba kwemikhumbi. Ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho imikhomo ibuyela endaweni engasogwini. Kwakudingeka amakhono amatilosi ukuze akwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwawo.
Kodwa-ke, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, inani lemikhomo ekhanda lehla kakhulu. Manje sebenabantu abafinyelela ku-1000 eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, abanye abayi-7000 emanzini asenyakatho oLwandlekazi iPacific. Indawo ebandayo enonya, ebulalayo yenza ukuthi kube nzima ukuphenya ngokuphelele imikhomo.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zihlala zifuduka ngenxa yeqhwa namazinga okushisa. Imidondoshiya enamadevu ithanda amanzi acwebile futhi ihambela kude neqhwa, izama ukungabhukudi emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwama-degree angama-45. Kwenzeka ukuthi, kuvuleke indlela, imikhomo kufanele iphule izingqimba ezincane zeqhwa. Ezimweni ezehlukile, ngokusongelwa impilo, uqweqwe lweqhwa lusiza "abahloli bamazwe abancane" ukuthi bazifihle.
Idla ngani i-bowhead whale?
Ngenxa yobukhulu baso obumangalisayo, lesi silwane esincelisayo sasemanzini kubizwa ngaso ngokujwayelekile njengezilwane ezidlayo. Kodwa-ke, i-whalehead whale idla ngendlela efanayo - kuphela ama-plankton, ama-mollusks nama-crustaceans. Isilwane, sikhukhuleka emanzini ngomlomo ovulekile, siyasigwinya. Ama-plankton ahlungiwe kanye nama-crustaceans amancane ahlala emapuletini e-whisker. Lapho-ke ukudla kuyasuswa ngolimi bese kuginywa.
Umkhomo uhlunga cishe ama-microorganisms ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50 ngomzuzu. Ukuze ondliwe kahle, umuntu omdala kufanele adle amathani amabili ama-plankton ngosuku. Imidondoshiya yamanzi iqoqa amafutha anele ngokuwa. Lokhu kusiza izilwane ukuthi zingabulawa yindlala futhi zihlale kuze kufike intwasahlobo. Imikhomo ye-Bowhead ihlangana ngemihlambi emincane yabantu abangafika kwabayi-14. Eqenjini elimise okwe-V, ziyathutha ngokusefa amanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Imikhomo ye-Bowhead iyakwazi ukudonsela ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-200 ngaphandle kokuvela imizuzu engama-40. Imvamisa, ngokungadingekile, isilwane asijuli ngokujule kangako futhi sihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engaba ngu-15. Ukuntywila okude, kuze kube yimizuzu engama-60, kungenziwa kuphela ngabantu abalimele.
Amacala achazwa lapho abacwaningi bebona imikhomo elele. Esimweni sokulala, zilala phansi. Isendlalelo samafutha sikuvumela ukuthi uhlale emanzini. Umzimba ushona kancane kancane ekujuleni. Sifikile ezingeni elithile, lesi silwane esincelisayo sishaya ngamandla ngomsila waso omkhulu futhi umkhomo uphinde ubuye ubonakale ngaphezulu.
Kuyaqabukela ukubona imidondoshiya ye-polar iphuma emanzini. Phambilini, zishaya amaphiko azo futhi ziphakamise umsila wazo zibheka phezulu, zenze ukweqa okukodwa. Kube sekuvela ikhanda nengxenye yomzimba, bese kuthi izinhlanzi ze-baleen zijike ngci ohlangothini lwazo bese zishaya amanzi. I-Surfacing yenzeka ngesikhathi sokufuduka entwasahlobo, kanti izilwane ezincane ngalesi sikhathi zithanda ukudlala ngezinto ezisemanzini.
Imikhomo yasePolar ayibhukudi endaweni eyodwa futhi ihlala ifuduka: ehlobo bayabhukuda baye emanzini asenyakatho, kuthi ebusika babuyele endaweni esogwini. Inqubo yokufuduka yenzeka ngendlela ehlelekile: iqembu lakhiwa yisikole futhi ngaleyo ndlela landise umkhiqizo wokuzingela. Umhlambi uyahlakazeka ngokushesha lapho ufika. Abanye abantu bakhetha ukubhukuda bodwa, abanye bathutheleka emhlanjini omncane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokufuduka kwentwasahlobo-ekwindla, imikhomo ye-polar ihlukaniswe yaba imihlambi emithathu: abantu abavuthiwe, abasebancane, kanye nabantu abangakavuthwa babuthana ngokwehlukana. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, imikhomo ekhanda lomnsalo ifudukela emanzini asenyakatho. Ezifundweni zokuziphatha kwemikhomo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi abesifazane namankonyane banelungelo lokudla kuqala. Bonke abanye iqembu bakleliswe ngemuva kwabo.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sisenkathini yasentwasahlobo nehlobo. Ukuqomisana komkhomo kuhlukahlukene futhi kuyathandana:
- ophathina bazungeza bona;
- gxuma uphume emanzini;
- hlanganisa futhi ushayane ngamaphiko we-pectoral;
- zikhipha imisindo "yokububula" nge-blower;
- abesilisa abanesithembu baphinde bahehe abesifazane ngezingoma eziqanjiwe, bevuselela “repertoire” yabo kusuka ekuhlanganiseni kuya ekuhlanganiseni.
Ukubeletha, njengokukhwelana, kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye sonyaka. I-baby bowhead whale ichanyuselwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Insikazi izala kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Izingane zizalelwa emanzini abandayo futhi zihlala emanzini aqandayo aseNyakatho. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukutadisha impilo yemikhomo esanda kuzalwa.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhomo uzalwa ungafika kumamitha ama-5 ubude. Umama ngokushesha uyamphushela ebusweni ukuze aphefumule umoya. Izinsana zemikhomo zizalwa zinezingqimba zamafutha ezi-15 cm ezigcwele, ezisiza ingane ukuthi iphile emanzini aneqhwa. Ngosuku lokuqala kusukela izelwe, ingane izothola ngaphezu kwamalitha ayi-100 okudla komama.
Ubisi lukamama womkhomo lukhulu - lunamafutha angama-50% futhi lunamaprotheni amaningi. Ngonyaka wokuncelisa, nxazonke, njengomgqomo, izinyane lekati lizolula lifike kumamitha ayi-15 futhi lithole isisindo esifinyelela kumathani ayi-50-60. Owesifazane uzoncelisa ingane izinyanga eziyishumi nambili zokuqala. Kancane kancane, umama wakhe uzomfundisa ukuthi angavuna kanjani iplankton eyedwa.
Ngemuva kokuncelisa, izinyane liyabhukuda nonina iminyaka embalwa. Abesifazane be-whale Bowhead bayazwela enzalweni yabo. Azondli isikhathi eside kuphela, kepha futhi zivikela ngonya ezitheni. Umkhomo obulalayo uzothola kanzima kusukela ekugcineni komkhomo we-polar whale uma ezama ukugxambukela empilweni yengane.
Izitha zemvelo zomkhomo we-bowhead
Ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu bomzimba, akekho ongenela ekuzoliseni kwemikhomo yentloko. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu zinamahloni. Uma i-seagull ihleli ngomhlane, umkhomo uzongena ngokushesha emanzini. Futhi uzovela kuphela lapho izinyoni sezindiza.
Futhi, izinhlanzi ezinkulu zasezindaweni ezibandayo ziye zajwayela ukukhosela engozini engaba khona ngaphansi kweqhwa. Lapho amanzi olwandle eba yiqhwa, imikhomo yamakhanda omnsalo izoqala ukubhukuda ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ukuze zisinde, zibhoboza izimbobo eqhweni ukuze ziphefumule futhi zihlala zingafinyeleleki ezilwaneni ezizingelayo.
Ingozi kuphela kungaba imikhomo ebulala, noma imikhomo yokubulala. Bazingela umkhomo owodwa we-bowhead emhlambini omkhulu wabantu abangama-30-40. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngemikhomo yasenyakatho lubonise ukuthi owesithathu unamathrekhi okulwa nemikhomo ebulalayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaselwa kwemikhomo ebulalayo akufani nokulimala kwabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Umuntu uyisitha esikhulu futhi esingenasihe somkhomo wasenyakatho. Abantu baqothula imikhomo ngenxa yamadevu anesisindo, amathani enyama namafutha. Ama-Eskimos noChukchi azingele ama-cetaceans iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Izigcawu zokuzingela zaziboniswa emidwebo yamatshe. Izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomzimba wesilwane esincelisayo zazisetshenziselwa ukudla, ekwakheni izindawo zokuhlala, nasekukhiqizeni uphethiloli namathuluzi.
Ukuzingelwa kwezidlakela zasolwandle kwakuvamile ngekhulu le-17. Lesi silwane esivilaphayo nesiminyama kulula ukusifica esikebheni sakudala esinezigwedlo. Ezinsukwini zakudala, imikhomo yayizingelwa ngemikhonto nangezipunu. Umkhomo ofile awuminzi emanzini, okwenza kube lula ukuwuzingela. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, imboni yezinhlanzi zaziqothula lolu hlobo ezinqeni zokuqothulwa. Izinkumbulo zikaputeni womkhumbi owawusiya eSpitsbergen ngekhulu le-17 zehlele kithi. Inani lale mikhomo lalinkulu kangangokuba umkhumbi “wahamba” phezu kwemidondoshiya eyayidlala emanzini.
Namuhla, ososayensi banesiqiniseko sokuthi asisekho eMhlabeni imikhomo ye-polar eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanye. Ngo-1935, kwavinjelwa ukubanjwa kwemikhomo yamakhanda. Ukuzingela sekuvinjelwe ngokuphelele. Ngama-70s, lesi silwane esincelisayo sasemanzini sabonwa njengezilwane ezisengozini yokungena, sangena kwiRed Book ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okusemthethweni. Abantu baseNyakatho ye-Atlantic naseLwandle lwase-Okhotsk basengozini yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Umhlambi weBering-Chukchi ungowesigaba sesithathu sokutholakala kalula.
Ukuvikelwa komkhomo we-Bowhead
Ukuvikelwa kwabantu kuhloswe ukunciphisa noma ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukuzingela. Abahlali bendawo - ama-Eskimo namaChukchi - banelungelo lokubulala umuntu oyedwa eminyakeni emibili. Imikhomo yaseNyakatho idinga izindlela ezisebenzayo zokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nezifundo zemvelo. Ukukhula kwabantu kuhamba kancane - abesifazane bazala ingane eyodwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuya kweyisikhombisa. Kukholakala ukuthi imikhomo isiqinisile isibalo sayo, kodwa ezingeni eliphansi.
Umkhomo we-Bowhead - isilwane esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni, sishaya ngosayizi waso omkhulu. Amandla athinta inhliziyo okunakekela abalingani namazinyane akhishwa yizilwane ezincelisayo. Njengoba kwenzeka njalo, isintu siphazamisa ngesihluku imvelo yemvelo. Ukuqothulwa okungenangqondo kwemikhomo yasenyakatho kuholele eqinisweni lokuthi uMhlaba ungalahlekelwa olunye uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lwezidalwa eziphilayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.02.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 21.06.2020 ngo-11: 42
