Ikati lasendle manul kungokwalabo umbuso - Izilwane, uhlobo - Chordates, isigaba - Izilwane ezincelisayo, ukuhleleka - Carnivores, umndeni - Felines, subfamily - Amakati amancane, uhlobo - Amakati.
Isisindo sisuka ku-2.2 kuye ku-4.5 kg, lesi silwane esincelisayo saziwa ngomzimba waso omncane, imilenze emifushane, ijazi elijiyile nomsila onamahlahla. Ubude bomzimba wekati likaPallas buyehluka ukusuka kumasentimitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-65, kanti ubude bomsila busuka kumasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo yemanul
Isithombe: Ikati likaPallas
Amakati okuqala kungenzeka ukuthi abukeka njengesidlakela sanamuhla saseMadagascar njengefossa. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zihlala endaweni efanayo endle njengawo wonke ama-fining.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-18 eyedlule, amakati esimanje (Felidae) aqhamuka eSchizailurus. Abamele bokuqala besimanje be-feline kwakungu-cheetahs bakudala (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). Kukholakala ukuthi bavele eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 edlule. Eminye imithombo ibika ukuthi ingulule yaseNyakatho Melika (iMiracinonyx) yavela ku-Acinonyx eminyakeni eyizigidi ezine kuphela eyedlule, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ososayensi lukhombisa ukuthi uMiracinonyx kungenzeka ukuthi wayengukhokho wawo womabili izingulule nama-cougars (iPuma).
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12 eyedlule, uhlobo lweFelis lwavela okokuqala, lapho iningi lamakati amancane anamuhla lagcina liguquke. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zikaFelis kwakuyikati uMartelli (Felis lunensis †) noManul (Felis manul). Izinhlobo zeFelis ezingasekho yiFelis attica, Felis bituminosa, Felis daggetti, Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), Felis lunensis, noFelis vorohuensis. Ngakho-ke, ikati likaPallas yizinja ezindala kunazo zonke namuhla.
Uhlobo lwe-Acinonyx, i-Felis ne-Panthera lumelwe ngabantu abaphila namuhla. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye zalezi zinhlobo zesimanje kuvuselelwa njalo futhi kuhlelwe kabusha ngezinsalela ezandulelayo. Zinikeza umkhondo onokwethenjelwa wokuthi ngubani owavela kubani nokuthi izindlela zezinhlobo eziningi zahluka nini.
Ukubukeka nezici zesakhiwo somzimba
Isithombe: Wild cat manul
Encane ikati manul (UFelis manul) unomzimba weskhathi onoboya obukhulu obukhulu obuthambile. Umbala wejazi usukela kokumpunga okukhanyayo kuye konsundu ophuzi. Izeluleko ezimhlophe zoboya bayo zinikeza ikati likaPallas “ukubukeka njengeqhwa”. Imivimbo ecashile iyabonakala ezinhlangothini ezisemuva zomzimba, ikhanda le-manul liyindilinga namabala amnyama esiphongweni.
Amehlo amakhulu anombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani, abafundi bathola ukuma okuyindilinga, ngokungafani namakati amaningi amancane, abafundi bawo abancane emugqeni omile lapho bevezwa ukukhanya. Izindlebe zesilwane esincelisayo zifushane, ziyindilinga, zibekwe phansi ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Imilenze kaPallas mifushane futhi iqinile, umsila ujiyile futhi ulele phansi. Unemibala enamasongo ayisihlanu noma ayisithupha amancane futhi unethiphu emnyama.
Ikati likaPallas libukeka likhuluphele kakhulu kunalokho elikwenza ngenxa yoboya bazo obukhulu. Zijwayele kahle indawo yazo yokuhlala ese-Asia Ephakathi, ebuswa ama-steppes, izingwadule ezibandayo nezindawo ezinamadwala. Izibonelo zekati likaPallas zitholakale ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisukela kumamitha angu-4000 kuya kwangu-4800.
Uboya obujiyile buvikela umzimba emakhazeni, futhi umsila onamahlahla uvame ukusetshenziselwa ukufudumeza. Isimo esiyingqayizivele samehlo nokuma kwejwabu leso kuvikela kahle emimoyeni ebandayo nasothulini. Ikati likaPallas lingumqansa omuhle okhuphuka kalula amatshe agxume phezu kwemifantu. Inhloko eyisicaba nezindlebe ezisezingeni eliphansi kuyindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokulandela inyamazane ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezimila ezincane.
Uhlala kuphi ikati le-manul?
Isithombe: Steppe cat manul
Ikati lehlathi uPallas 'cat litholakala e-Asia Ephakathi, oLwandle iCaspian, e-Iran, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan nasenyakatho yeNdiya. Futhi, ikati lasendle lihlala enkabeni yeChina, eMongolia naseningizimu yeRussia. Inani labantu engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yebanga labo - esifundeni seCaspian Sea, e-Afghanistan nasePakistan - lehla kakhulu. Ikati likaPallas cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nalo ethafeni laseTibetan. IMongolia neRussia manje sezakha iningi lazo.
Indawo yokuhlala ikati likaPallas ibonakala ngesimo sezulu sezwekazi elinemvula encane, umswakama ophansi kanye nobubanzi obubanzi bezinga lokushisa. Atholakale ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingafika kuma-4800 m ezindaweni ezibandayo, ezomile phakathi kwama-steppes kanye nezingwadule ezinamadwala.
Lezi zidliwayo ezincane zithanda izigodi nezindawo ezinamadwala lapho zingacasha khona, njengoba zigwema izindawo ezivuleke ngokuphelele. Futhi, amakati kaPallas awazithandi izindawo ezinesembozo esikhulu seqhwa (ngaphezulu kwe-10 cm). 15-20 cm umkhawulo walezi zinhlobo.
Indawo yokuhlala ibukeka inkulu ngalesi sifo. Isibonelo, eMongolia, ibanga elijwayelekile phakathi kwabesifazane lingu-7.4-125 km2 (isilinganiso esingu-23 km2), kanti ibanga eliphakathi kwabesilisa lingu-21-207 km2 (isilinganiso esingu-98 km2). Kulokhu kungacatshangwa ukuthi kunabantu abasuka kwabane kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 ngamunye.
Idlani ikati yasendle?
Isithombe: i-wild animal manul
I-Pallas cat catch ihluke kakhulu. Ikati lasendle lizingela:
- voles;
- izimbila;
- amaprotheni;
- izinyoni ezahlukahlukene (kufaka phakathi ama-lark, ama-aviaries kanye ne-partridges);
- izinambuzane;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- abakhohlisi.
I-steppe cat manul ifihla emini emihumeni emincane eshiyiwe eyayikade ingeyezimbila noma izimpungushe. Njengoba ikati likaPallas lihamba kancane kakhulu, kufanele lihlale phansi phansi futhi lisondele kulokho elikudlayo ngaphambi kokugxuma. Ukuze zingabi yizisulu zezinkozi, izimpisi, izimpungushe ezibomvu noma izinja, zihamba ngamagaba amafushane, bese ziyacasha ngenkathi zidla.
Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu ekufuneni ikati likaPallas ukudla sekuhwalala futhi kuyasa. Amakati asendle nawo angazingela emini. Ezinye izidumbu, njengezimpungushe ze-corsac, izimpungushe ezibomvu nama-badger aseYurophu, zithembele emithonjeni efanayo yokudla njengekati likaPallas. Ukugwema ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokuncintisana, kunesimiso sokuthi izinhlobo zezilwane ezincike emithonjeni efanayo azikwazi ukuhlala endaweni efanayo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ikati likaPallas lavumelanisa indlela yokuziphatha yonyaka yokufuna ukudla.
Ebusika, lapho ukudla kuyindlala, ikati likaPallas lifuna ngentshiseko izinambuzane ezilala ubusika noma ezibandayo. Ubusika yisikhathi sokulala se-badger, ngakho-ke amakati asendle akugwema ngempumelelo ukuncintisana kwezilwane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ikati lasePallasov
Isimo sikaPallas siyinkimbinkimbi. Isilwane siyimfihlo kakhulu futhi siyaqapha. Njengabanye abamele elinye i-feline manula, bangabantu abanesizungu. Kuwo wonke amakati asendle, ikati likaPallas yilona elihamba kancane futhi elingakwazi ukunyakaza ngokushesha. Ikati likaPallas, njengezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, lithanda isikhathi sasebusuku. Yize lesi silwane esincelisayo sikwazi ukuzingela emini, amakati kaPallas ancamela ukulala emini. Ngenxa yezici ezithile, njengokuhamba kancane nokungagijimisi, ikati likaPallas livame ukuqapha isisulu salo eduze komgodi. Umbala woboya bekati lasendle usebenza njengokufihla.
Ikati likaPallas licasha ezitheni ezigodini, emadwaleni noma emigodini. Leli kati lenza umhhume walo opholile kusuka ezimbotsheni ezindala noma emigodini yezimpungushe, noma lijwayela emifantwini enamadwala nasemihumeni emincane. Yilokhu okusiza umanule ukuthi angabonwa uma ecasha. Ikati likaPallas yilo elihamba kancane kunamakati asendle. Lapho licasukile noma linolaka, ikati likaPallas lenza imisindo enomsindo efana kakhulu nemisindo yesikhova.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amakati ekati kaPallas
Kukholakala ukuthi ikati lowesilisa uPallas lizulazula endaweni ecishe ibe yi-4 km2, kepha abukho ubufakazi besayensi obungathenjelwa kulokhu. Ososayensi babika ukuthi ukukhwelana kwekati likaPallas kuzwakala njengenhlanganisela yokukhonkotha kwezinja ezisencane nokukhala kwesikhova.
Amakati kaPallas anesikhathi sonyaka sokuzala. Abesifazane balolu hlobo banesithembu, okusho ukuthi owesilisa angakhwelana nabesifazane abaningana. Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngoDisemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaMashi, kanti isikhathi sokukhulelwa simaphakathi nezinsuku ezingama-75. Ngesikhatsi kusuka kumakati lamabili kuya ku-6 kutalwa. Amathole azalwa ekupheleni kukaMashi futhi ahlala nonina izinyanga ezimbili zokuqala.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamazinyane, iduna alibambi iqhaza ekukhuliseni. Lapho amazinyane eshiya ikhathalogi, azofunda ukuklaba nokuzingela eneminyaka engu-4-5 ubudala. Cishe unyaka owodwa ubudala, bayakhula futhi bangathola abalingani babo. Isikhathi esiphakathi kwekati likaPallas cishe izinyanga ezingama-27, noma ngaphezulu nje kweminyaka emibili, ngenxa yezimo ezimbi kakhulu zemvelo nokuchayeka kakhulu kwezisulu. Ekuthunjweni, ikati likaPallas liphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi nambili.
Izizathu zokwehla kwesibalo sekati likaPallas
Isithombe: Wild cat manul
Izinsongo ezinkulu kubantu be-manul yilezi:
- ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye;
- umuntu.
Amakati kaPallas akhona emvelweni ngamanani amancane futhi ahlelwe kahle ukuze avikeleke ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ukuncika kwabo ezindaweni ezithile ezithile kubenza babe sengozini enkulu. Uboya baleli kati lisendle buhlonishwa ezimakethe eziningi. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900, kwabulawa amakati afinyelela ku-50 000 isikhumba ngasinye ngonyaka.
Ukuwohloka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo kuyanda futhi kunomthelela ekubeni khona kwe-manul. Izinja ezifuywayo nezici zabantu kubalwa ama-56% okufa kwekati likaPallas enkabeni yeMongolia kuphela. Amakati kwesinye isikhathi abulawa ngephutha ngabazingeli, abenza iphutha njengezimbila.
Abantu baseMongolia basongelwa ngokuzingela ngokweqile nokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Ikati likaPallas lizingelwa "ngezinjongo zasekhaya", kungenzeka futhi ukuthola imvume kubaphathi bendawo. Kodwa-ke, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kubuthakathaka futhi akukho zilawuli. Mhlawumbe usongo olukhulu kuleli kati elincane imikhankaso kahulumeni enikezwe ubuthi yokulawula izinhlobo zezilwane ezenziwa ngezinga elikhulu eRussia nase China.
Isimo sabantu nokuvikelwa kwekati likaPallas
Isithombe: Ikati likaPallas
Ikati likaPallas eminyakeni yamuva linyamalale ezindaweni eziningi ezungeze uLwandle iCaspian, kanye nasengxenyeni esempumalanga yendawo yalo yokuqala. Ikati likaPallas lifakwe ohlwini “lokusengozini” kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Isivumelwano saseWashington Sokuvikelwa Kwezilwane sinikeza ukuholwa ngalezi zinhlobo kwiSithasiselo II.
Ngo-2000, uDkt. Bariusha Munktsog weMongolian Academy of Sciences kanye ne-Irbis Center of Mongolia, kanye noMeredith Brown, baqala isifundo sokuqala senkambu yekati lasendle likaPallas. UDkt Munktsog uqhubekile nokutadisha izindlela zokuphila zala makati maphakathi neMongolia futhi ungomunye wabacwaningi abambalwa ababheka ukuzala kwabesifazane. IPallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) iphrojekthi entsha yokongiwa kwemvelo eqalwe yiNorth Ark Zoo, iRoyal Zoological Society yaseScotland kanye ne-Snow Leopard Trust. UFondation Segre naye ubewusekela lo mkhankaso kusukela ngoMashi 2016.
Inhloso kaPICA ukuqwashisa umhlaba wonke ngamaManuls, ukusebenzisa umlando wawo wemvelo nokubika ngokusongela kokushabalala kwala makati. Ukwandisa inani labantu abathunjiwe kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ubuqotho bezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Ithemba elihle kakhulu lekati likaPallas ngabalondolozi bemvelo abathi, naphezu kokucekelwa phansi nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, bafuna ukusiza umphakathi wamakati asendle. Izindlela zokongiwa kwemvelo kufanele zibandakanye ukuphoqelelwa kokuqiniswa komthetho kanye nokwenza uhlelo lwesimanje lokuzingela lube ngolwesimanje.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-16: 16
