Ama-squirrels (iSciurus) angabameleli bohlobo lwamaRodents kanye nomndeni we-squirrel. Ngaphezu kohlobo lweSciurus uqobo, amanye amalungu omndeni abizwa nangokuthi amaprotheni, kufaka phakathi izingwejeje ezibomvu (Tamiasciurus) nezikwele zesundu (Funambulus).
Incazelo yamaprotheni
Uhlobo lweSciurus luhlanganisa cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amathathu, ezahlukile ebangeni nasendaweni yazo yokuhlala, kanye nombala nosayizi... Uhlobo olwaziwayo ezweni lethu nakwamanye amazwe yi-Common squirrel, noma i-Veksha (i-Sciurus vulgaris), enesici sangaphandle sedatha yegundane elivela esigabeni seMammals.
Ukubukeka
Isilwane sinosayizi omncane, umzimba omncane futhi omude, nomsila obushelelezi kakhulu. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba seSkweja Esivamile esidala cishe singama-20-30 cm, kanti ubude bomsila bucishe bube ingxenye yesithathu. Isilwane esiphelele esikhulile ngokocansi asidluli ku-250-300 g. Inhloko incane ngosayizi, iyindilinga eyindilinga, enezindlebe ezimile nezinde, ezihlotshiswe ngemisipha. Amehlo makhulu, amnyama. Ikhala liyindilinga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-subspecies athandwa kakhulu eVeksha, ahlukile ngezimpawu zangaphandle, yiCentral Russian neNyakatho Yurophu, iNtshonalanga yeSiberia neBashkir, i-Altai neYakut, iTransbaikal neYenisei, izingwejeje zaseSakhalin kanye neTeleutka.
Izidladla zegundane ziyaqina kakhulu, zinezinzipho ezicijile nezigobile, kanti izingalo zangaphambili zimfushane kunezindluzelekazi. Isisu, isifonyo kanye nezitho zangaphambili zimbozwe nge-vibrissae, emelwe yizinwele ezilukhuni ezisebenza njengezinzwa. Ehlobo, uboya besikwele buqinile futhi bufushane, kuthi lapho kuqala ubusika, buye buguquke ngokuphawulekayo - buba bukhulu futhi bube bude, buthambile.
Umbala wejazi
"Ijazi" le-squirrel libonakala ngombala ohlukile, oncike ngqo endaweni yokuhlala kwegundane nesikhathi sonyaka, kanye nasezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo zesilwane esincelisayo. Isibonelo, i-squirrel ejwayelekile ehlobo inoboya obomvu noma obunsundu, kanti ebusika ijazi lithola amathoni ampunga, amnyama nansundu. Kodwa-ke, isisu seVeksha sinombala okhanyayo unyaka wonke.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izingwejeje zingabameleli abajwayelekile besibalo sehlathi, ngakho-ke imvelo inikeze la magundane "amakhono" afanele abawadingayo ukuze baphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kangaka. Ingxenye eyinhloko yokuphila isetshenziswa izingwejeje zasehlathini ezihlahleni.
Izilwane ezincane zinobuciko, ngakho-ke zingahamba kalula futhi ngokushesha zisuke kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye. Ukugxuma okude kwesilwane ngandlela thile kusikhumbuza ukundiza okundizayo. Ngenxa yemilenze yangemuva eyenziwe kahle, igundane linikezwa isunduza eliqinile, futhi umsila obushelelezi futhi omkhulu ukhonza isilwane njengohlobo lwesondo lokushayela kanye neparachute ngasikhathi sinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimo ezingezinhle empilweni yezingwejeje ziphoqa isilwane ukuba sishiye izindawo ezihlala abantu siyofuna indawo yokuhlala entsha, futhi izizathu eziyinhloko zokufuduka okunjalo zivame ukumelwa ukungabikho kokudla, isomiso noma imililo yehlathi.
Ebusweni bomhlaba, izilwane ezincane nezifudumele azizwa zizolile kakhulu, ngakho-ke zizama ukuhamba ngokucophelela okukhulu, zenze ukweqa okufushane kube yisici. Lapho ingwejeje izwa ingozi, igibela esihlahleni cishe ngejubane lombani, lapho izizwa icishe iphephe ngokuphelele.
Zingaki izingwejeje ezihlala
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, isikhathi se-squirrels, njengomthetho, asidluli iminyaka emihlanu, kepha izilwane ezifuywayo ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngokulungiswa okufanele nokunakekelwa okuhle ekhaya, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwempuku encane enjalo kungaba yiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu.
Izinhlobo zamaprotheni
Uhlobo lwe-squirrel lumelelwa yizinhlobo eziningana:
- Isikwele Abert (ISciurus aberti). Ubude bomzimba bungu-46-58 cm, kanti umsila ungaphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-19-25. Unezinsalela ezindlebeni, uboya obumpunga nomugqa obomvu onsundu ngemuva;
- Ingwejeje yaseGuiana (Isayensi yobuhle). Ubude bomzimba abudluli kumasentimitha angama-20, futhi umsila ucishe ube ngamasentimitha ayi-18.3.Uboya bunsundu obumnyama;
- Ingwejeje ka-Allen (ISciurus alleni). Ubude bomzimba buphakathi kuka-26.7 cm, futhi umsila ungamasentimitha ayi-16.9. Uboya obungemuva nasezinhlangothini bunombala ophuzi ngokugqamile, kunemigqa emihle empunga nokumnyama;
- ICaucasian, noma ingwejeje yasePheresiya (ISciurus anomalus). Ubude bomzimba - abukho ngaphezu kwekota yemitha nobude bomsila - 13 cm cm. Umbala uyakhanya futhi uyalingana, unombala onsundu ngokunsundu engxenyeni engenhla nonsundu kansundu ezinhlangothini;
- Isigaxa segolide esiswini (I-sciurus aureogaster). Ubude bomzimba - 25.8 cm, umsila - ungadluli ku-25.5 cm;
- UKarolinska (mpunga) ingwejeje (I-Sciurus carolinensis). Ubude bomzimba buphakathi kuka-38.0-52.5 cm, futhi umsila awudluli ikota yemitha. Umbala woboya mpunga noma umnyama;
- IBelka Depp (ISciurus deppei). Lezi zinhlobo zimelwe yizinhlotshana S.d. I-Deppei, S.d. IMatagalpae, S.d. miravallensis, S.d. ama-negigens no-S.d. vivax;
- Umlilo, noma ingwejeje yomlilo (ISciurus flammifer). Ubude bomzimba bungu-27.4 cm, kanti umsila ungama-cm 31. Uboya obusekhanda nasezindlebeni bubomvu, ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba iba mpunga-phuzi futhi imnyama, nesisu simhlophe;
- Ingwejeje yomphimbo ophuzi (I-Sciurus gilvigularis). Ubude bomzimba abudluli ku-16,6 cm, futhi umsila ungama-17.3 cm.Uboya obungemuva bunsundu ngokubomvu ngezinwele ezimpunga, kanti isisu sinombala obomvu ngokusawolintshi;
- Umsila obomvu, noma i-novogranadskaya squirrel (ISciurus granatensis). Ubude bomzimba buphakathi kuka-33-52 cm, futhi umsila awudluli ku-14-28 cm.Uboya obusendaweni engemuva bubomvu obumnyama, kepha bungaba mpunga, buphuzi ngokukhanyayo noma nsundu ngokunyama;
- Ingwejeje empunga osentshonalanga (I-Sciurus griseus). Ubude bomzimba bungu-50-60 cm, futhi umsila ungama-24-30 cm ubude.Uboya obungemuva bunombala oyisidina ongwevu nesiliva, kanti isisu sinombala omhlophe omsulwa;
- Isikwele saseBolivia (ISciurus ignitus). Ubude bomzimba bucishe bube ngamasentimitha ayi-17-18, futhi umsila ungekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-17. Uboya obungemuva bunombala onsundu, umsila unombala obomvu, kanti isisu sinombala obomvu ngokubomvu ophuzi;
- Isikwele SaseNayarite (ISciurus nayaritensis). Ubude bomzimba bungu-28-30 cm, futhi umsila ucishe ube ngamasentimitha angama-27-28. Uboya buthambile, ngemuva bunombala obomvu-nsundu;
- Mnyama, noma ingwejeje impungushe (ISciurus niger). Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-45-70, futhi umsila ungaphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20-33.Uboya bukhanya ngokugqamile ngokunsundu noma ngombala onsundu ngokumnyama, kanti isisu sikhanya;
- Isigaxa seMotley (I-Sciurus variegatoides). Ubude bomzimba abudluli ku-22-34 cm, futhi umsila ungaphakathi kuka-23-33 cm.Uboya bungaba nemibala ehlukahlukene;
- Isikwele saseYucatan (ISciurus yucatanensis). Ubude bomzimba buphakathi kuka-20-33 cm, futhi umsila usezingeni lika-17-19 cm Emuva, uboya bumpunga ngombala omnyama nomhlophe. Isisu sinesihlabathi noma mpunga.
Futhi kufundwe kahle Isikwele sase-Arizona (ISciurus arizonensis), i-squirrel collier (ISciurus colliaei) kanye Isikwele saseJapan (ISciurus lis).
Indawo yokuhlala
Isigaxa i-Abert sidabuka ezindaweni ezinamahlathi amakhulu aseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States futhi siyinsakavukela ezindaweni eziningi zaseMexico. Izingwejeje zaseGuiana zivame kakhulu endaweni eseNingizimu Melika, ezihlala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Argentina, zihlala eBrazil, eGuyana, eSuriname naseVenezuela, lapho zitholakala khona emahlathini nasemapaki amadolobha.
I-squirrel yasePheresiya ingeyendawo ehlala eCaucasus Isthmus naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ihlala eTranscaucasia, e-Asia Minor nase-Asia Minor, e-Iran, eziqhingini zaseGokceada naseLesbos oLwandle i-Aegean. Izingwejeje zase-Arizona zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisenkabeni ye-Arizona, kanye naseMexico Sonora nasentshonalanga neNew Mexico. Izingwejezi ezinesisu segolide zithandwa eningizimu nasempumalanga yeMexico futhi zikhona naseGuatemala. Lezi zinhlobo zilethwe ngobuciko eFlorida Keys. Amagundane atholakala ezindaweni eziphansi kuze kufike ku-3800 m nasezindaweni ezisemadolobheni.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaCaroline squirrels yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zasempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, ezihlala ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga nombhede womfula iMississippi kuze kube semngceleni osenyakatho weCanada.
I-Western grey squirrel isatshalaliswa kahle ogwini olusentshonalanga yeMelika, kufaka phakathi izifundazwe zaseWashington, California nase-Oregon. Inani elincane labantu litholakala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi eNevada. I-squirrel yaseYucatan ingummeleli ojwayelekile wezilwane zasenhlonhlweni yaseYucatan, kanti abanye abantu bahlala emahlathini ashubile nasendaweni eshisayo eMexico, eGuatemala naseBelize.
I-Collier squirrel ivame kakhulu eMexico, isakazeke yonke indawo, kepha inabantu abaphansi impela. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukutholakala emahlathini aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo, kanye nakulo lonke ugu lwasePacific. IBelka Deppa igcwele eCosta Rica, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras naseGuatemala, eNicaragua naseMexico, kanti impungushe igcwele impumalanga eNyakatho Melika.
Izingwejeje ezinomqala ophuzi zivame kakhulu eNingizimu Melika. La magundane amancane ahlala enyakatho yeBrazil, eGuyana naseVenezuela. Abamele bezinhlobo zamaprotheni zaseBolivia batholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo eBrazil naseBolivia, eColombia nase-Argentina, kanye nasePeru. Ingwejeje yaseJapan itholakala eziQhingini zaseJapan, kuyilapho izingwejeje zaseNayarite zitholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Arizona, kanye naseMexico.
Ukudla kwamaprotheni
Zonke izinhlobo zamaprotheni ikakhulukazi zondla kuphela ekudleni kwezitshalo okunothe ngamafutha, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate. Isikhathi esinzima kunazo zonke segundane elibushelelezi liza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho imbewu engcwatshwe ekwindla iqala ukuqhuma futhi ingasakwazi ukusetshenziswa yisilwane njengokudla. Ezinyangeni zasentwasahlobo, izingwejeje ziqala ukondla iziqu zezihlahla ezahlukahlukene.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaprotheni awazona izilwane ezidla ubhedu ngokuphelele futhi angama-omnivorous. Ngaphezu kwezimbewu, amantongomane, amakhowe nezithelo, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo eziluhlaza okotshani, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukondla izinambuzane, amaqanda ngisho nezinyoni ezincane, kanye namaxoxo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kudla kuyisici sezingwejeje ezihlala emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Izilwane ezifuywayo ziyadla
- amakhowe amasha namisiwe;
- imbewu yesigaxa;
- amantongomane;
- ama-acorn;
- izithelo ezivuthiwe;
- amajikijolo avuthiwe;
- amahlumela, amahlumela, amagxolo esihlahla;
- Izingxube ezikhethekile zamagundane asekhaya.
Izingwejeje zibhekwa njengezilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, ngakho-ke, eduze nezindawo zokuhlala, ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa okuphakelayo okuvela kokuphakela izinyoni ukudla, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zize zihlale nasemakamelweni asophahleni. Kaningi, amagundane amancane anjalo ahlukaniswa njengezilokazane ezibulala izitshalo.
Noma kunjalo, amantongomane abhekwa njengokwelashwa okuthandwa kakhulu yizingwejeje. Isilwane ngobuhlakani sigxilisa ocelemba baso ababili abaphansi endaweni lapho inathi inamathiselwe khona egatsheni. Ukudonsa izingcezu ezimbili zomhlathi ongezansi, ezixhunywe yimisipha enwebeka, kubangela ukwehluka okuncane kwama-incisors ezinhlangothini ezihlukile, ngenxa yokuthi inathi ihlukana phakathi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Endle, ezimweni zemvelo, izingwejeje zizala izingane ezimbili phakathi nonyaka, kanti kudoti ngamunye, kuzalwa amawundlu amabili kuya kwayishumi. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwabesifazane bama-squirrels abahlukene sihluke kakhulu. Isibonelo, ku-squirrel ojwayelekile, inzalo izalwa cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-22-39, futhi ku-squirrel empunga, izingwejeje zizalwa cishe inyanga nenyanga.
Ama-squirrels athinta kakhulu omama, abanomusa futhi abanakekela ngendlela emangalisayo. Abesilisa abanaki izingwejeje ezizelwe, zombili ekuthunjweni nasezimweni zemvelo. Izinsana ezizalwe ziyizimpumputhe futhi zinqunu ngokushesha zizungezwe ukufudumala kukamama futhi zondle ngobisi lwakhe. Ngaso sonke isikhathi, lapho ishiya isidleke sayo, insikazi kufanele imboze ngokucophelela zonke izingwejeje zayo ngombhede othambile wokufudumala.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zezingwejeje ezimweni zemvelo zilinda igundane elincane phansi, futhi zingacasha nangamahlamvu noma zibheke inyamazane yazo lapho zibaleka, zivela esibhakabhakeni. Izilwane zivame ukuzingelwa izimpisi nezimpungushe. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa izilwane ezidla ezinye ziyakwazi ukubamba izilwane ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka, kanye nezinsikazi ezikhulelwe noma ezincelisayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezinye izinhlobo zezingwejeje zivame ukuzingelwa ngenhloso yokusebenzisa inyama yamagundane ukuze kudliwe noma ukuvimbela ukonakala kwezitshalo emmbileni nakwezinye izilimo.
Ingwejeje yasePheresiya izingelwa ngamahlathi kanye namatshe okufa, futhi izingwejeje ezisanda kuzalwa zibulawa ngobuningi yi-weasel. Izitha ezinolaka zama-squirrels cishe zonke izikhova kanye ne-goshawk, kanye nesilwane esidala ngisho namakati asendle noma asekhaya. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukubonwa kwesikhathi eside kubonisa, izilwane ezinjalo azikwazi ukuba nethonya elikhulu esimweni esijwayelekile sabantu begundane emvelweni.
Isibalo sezingwejeje zase-Arizona naso sincane. Lezi zinhlobo zamagundane zihlanganyela insimu efanayo nesihlobo sayo esiseduzane, i-Abert squirrel, esibangela ukuncintisana okuqinile maqondana nokuthola ukudla. Izilwane ezincintisana nezilwane ezi-fluffy, eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekufuneni kwazo ukudla, zifaka phakathi ama-chipmunks namagundane, amabhere kanye nama-ungulates, hares nezinyoni. Ngenqubo yokuncintisana okunamandla ngezinsizakusebenza zokudla, kufa inani elikhulu lama-squirrel amadala, kanye nezilwane ezisencane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izilwane ezinomkhuhlane zithakazelisa kakhulu abazingeli abaningi ababheka igundane elinjalo njengomthombo woboya benani eliphezulu. Ingwejeje ka-Allen manje isengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi nokuzingela, ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lusatshalaliswa kuphela eCumbers de Monterey National Park. Inani lama-squirrels asePheresiya liphansi kakhulu futhi lingaphansi kokushintshashintsha okuphawulekayo kwemvelo, okuncike ngqo kwi-biotope. Isigaxa esimnyama saseDelmarvian naso sisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, kanti nesikwele esivamile sesivele sifakiwe kwiRed Book.
