Indoda yaseRussia, ubuye abe yi-hochula (Desmana moschata) - uhlobo oludala kakhulu, oluyisisekelo, lwezilwane ezincelisayo. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zilwane beziphila eMhlabeni cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30. Ngaphambilini, insimu yokwabiwa inwetshwe cishe yonkana ingxenye yaseYurophu ye-Eurasia - kuze kufike eziQhingini zaseBrithani. Manje le ndawo inciphile futhi inenhlamvu ephukile.
I-desman ibizwa ngegama layo ngesici sayo futhi iphunga elibi kakhulu le-musk. I-etymology yegama ibuyela egameni lakudala lesiRussia elithi "hukhat", i.e. "kunuka".
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Ngenxa yesikhathi esidala sezinhlobo, kungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu ukuthola ngokunembile imvelaphi yayo. Okhokho be-desman kwakuyizilwane ezincane ezidla izinambuzane, okwathi, ngenkathi kwenziwa ubuchwepheshe, zathola ukubukeka nemikhuba esondelene neyezilwane zesimanje. Sekuyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungakwazanga ukuyishintsha kakhulu i-desman, ngakho-ke namuhla siyibona ifana nama-mammoths futhi cishe bonke okhokho bomuntu wanamuhla bebeyibona. Izihlobo eziseduze ze-Russian desman zingama-moles anamuhla, lapho i-desman inezici eziningi ezifanayo ku-anatomy ne-biology.
U-desman uncamela ukuhlala emizimbeni yamanzi ethule emigodini ezimba yona. Izindawo zokuhlala zinamagatsha amakhulu futhi ziphuma onqenqemeni lwamanzi. I-desman ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi emigodini, icasha ezitheni zayo, kufaka. kusuka kumuntu. Isilwane sikwazi ukubhukuda ngokuphelele, sinomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga nokuthinta. Umzimba omncane umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu, lapho isilwane sicubungula ngezimfihlo zemisipha. Ngenxa yalokhu, uboya buthola amandla okuxosha amanzi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye unikeza i-desman iphunga elinamandla elingathandeki.
Idla ama-crustaceans amancane, ama-molluscs, izinambuzane nezitshalo zasemanzini. Isilwane asizenzi izinqolobane ebusika futhi asilali ebusika, sihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo unyaka wonke. Ngenxa yalesi sici, i-desman ayikwazi ukukhulisa ububanzi bayo ukuya enyakatho - kunzima ngesilwane ukubekezelela ubusika obubandayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe seRussia desman
I-desman inosayizi omncane - cishe u-20 cm kuphela, kanye nomsila onobude obulinganayo. Ingqikithi - cishe amasentimitha angama-40. Isisindo somzimba cishe siyi-400 - 500 gram. Ikhanda lincane, entanyeni emfushane, linomlomo olengisiwe, ophela ngesigcwagcwa esinyakaziswayo esinekhala kanye nezinqwaba zentshebe ebucayi kakhulu - i-vibrissae. Amehlo amancane azungezwe iziqeshana zesikhumba ezikhanyayo ezingenaboya; umbono ubuthakathaka kakhulu. Empilweni yansuku zonke, i-desman ithembele kakhulu kwezinye izinzwa kunokubona. Futhi ngesikhathi sokuzingela, uvala amehlo akhe futhi asebenzise i-vibrissae kuphela.
Umsila we-desman mude, uhamba kakhulu, ucwecwe eceleni. Kumbozwe ngezikali ezincane futhi akunanwele nhlobo. Isetshenziswa yisilwane lapho sibhukuda njengedivayisi yokuhambisa eyengeziwe kanye ne-rudder. Imilenze yomsakazi ifushane. Kukhona ukuluka phakathi kwezinzwane, nakho okwenza ukubhukuda kube lula. Imilenze yangaphambili imifushane, unyawo oluyikilabhu, iselula, nezinzipho ezinkulu. Ngabo, i-desman igubha amanethiwekhi wamamitha amaningi wemigodi. Emhlabeni, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zihamba kancane futhi zingahambi kahle, zibhukuda ngokushesha okukhulu futhi zishesha emanzini.
Umzimba wesilwane umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu obugcwele imiski. UMusk unomsebenzi oxosha amanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, uboya abumanzi futhi bome ngokushesha okukhulu. Umbala wejazi loboya ngemuva ubunsundu ngokumpunga, isisu simpunga-siliva. Lo mbala unomsebenzi wokufihla emanzini nasemhlabeni. Eqinisweni, kwakungenxa yemusk nesikhumba esinoboya lapho inani labakwa-desman lehliselwa ezingeni eliyinhlekelele. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lesi silwane sasinenani lentengo, okokuqala ngenxa ye-musk, bese sizala ngoboya. Ukuvinjelwa kokugcina kokudoba kwethulwa kuphela phakathi nekhulu lama-20.
Uhlala kuphi lo muntu waseRussia?
Namuhla, i-desman yaseRussia ivamile ezindaweni ezincane zemifula iVolga, iDon, iDnieper kanye neUral. Manje indawo iyaqhubeka nokuncipha. Lokhu kungenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezulu nemisebenzi yabantu.
U-desman uhola indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo kakhulu. Izindawo zokuhlala eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi ethulile, osebeni lapho imba khona izimbobo ezinamagatsha. Kwezinye izimo, ubude bayo yonke imihubhe namakamelo emgodini angadlula amamitha ayi-10! Emigodini yayo engaphansi komhlaba, lesi silwane siphumula ngemva kokuzingela, ukondla nokukhulisa izingane. U-Khokhulya uncamela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezithulile ezinotshani obuluhlaza. Kuso lolwandle, kulula ukuthi isilwane sicashe engozini, futhi kulula futhi ukusinda ezikhathini zikazamcolo. Uma ichibi libonakala ngokushintsha okunamandla njalo ezingeni lamanzi, i-desman yenza imingcele enezitezi eziningi ezineminyango eminingana.
Isilwane sizama ukungena emgodini onqenqemeni lwamanzi. Kusuka emnyango wendlu yokuhlala, kune-groove enwebeka ngezansi, imvamisa inamagatsha amaningana. Lolu uhlobo lwendlela engaphansi kwamanzi evumela i-desman ukuthi ingalahleki futhi isheshe ithole indlela oyifunayo. Imvamisa, ama-groove axhumanisa umhosha omkhulu neminye eyengeziwe - eyoklaba, lapho isilwane singadla khona ngokuphepha, siphumule noma simane siphefumule umoya omusha. Ibanga phakathi kwezimbobo alidluli amamitha ayi-25-30, ngoba cishe inani elifanayo le-desman lingabhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi emphefumulweni owodwa. Njengoba izinga lamanzi liwa, lo desman ujulisa ama-grooves aseduze nomnyango womgodi futhi aqhubeke nokuwasebenzisa.
Izikhukhula ziyisikhathi esinzima kakhulu kumuntu osimisile. Kufanele ashiye umgodi wakhe bese elinda ukuphuma kwamanzi kwezinye izinhlobo zokukhosela okwesikhashana. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zisengozini ikakhulukazi futhi zivame ukuba yizisulu zezilwane ezidla ezinye. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthola indawo, isilwane sihamba nomsinga wamanje. Akubona bonke abantu abasinda kulokhu. Kepha isakazeka kanjena le desman.
Udla ini umuntu waseRussia?
Ifinyelela ukuhamba okukhulu nokugayeka kokudla okuphezulu, i-desman yaseRussia idinga ukudla okuningi okunama-kilojoule amaningi. Lo msebenzi ugcinwa cishe unyaka wonke. Isisekelo sokudla kwe-desman yaseRussia ukudla kwezilwane, yize isilwane singazideleli izimila zasemanzini.
Kaningi kunalokho, bangena kumenyu:
- izinambuzane zasemanzini;
- izibungu zezinambuzane;
- ama-crustaceans amancane;
- izimbaza;
- izimbungulu nezinye izibungu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilwane siyakujabulela ukuzitika ngezinhlanzi ezincane namaxoxo, uma ungazibamba. Ngezikhathi ezithile unezela ekudleni kwayo ngeziqu ze-cattail, umhlanga, ama-capsules amaqanda.
I-hohula izingela kuphela emanzini, futhi idla isisulu sayo emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, isilwane siqondiswa yi-vibrissae. Lapho esethole inyamazane, uyibamba ngamazinyo akhe ayise emgodini noma endaweni eyimfihlo osebeni, lapho ethokozela khona. Ngaphezu kwezibungu ezithambile zezinambuzane, i-desman ibuye ibhekane kahle nama-mollusks kumagobolondo ngenxa yamazinyo ayo aqinile futhi abukhali ngaphambili. Njengoba “ikamelo lokudlela” lomsunguli lisendaweni eyodwa, kulula ukuthola indawo yokuhlala yalesi silwane esiyimfihlo ngasesidlweni sokudla.
Ama-groove ezansi echibini adlala indima ebalulekile ekuzingeleni kwenkosi yaseRussia. Sihlala sihamba nazo, lesi silwane sihlinzeka ngokujikeleza kwamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile nokucebisa kwaso ngomoya. Ezinambuzaneni zasemanzini ezinothe ngomoya-mpilo nezibungu zazo zibhukuda ngentshiseko, lapho kuzingelwa khona i-hochula.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
I-Russian desman iyisilwane esincelisayo sasemanzini esiphefumula umoya osemkhathini. Kodwa indlela yokuphila ishiye uphawu lwayo futhi lesi silwane sasendulo sithuthukise ukujwayela okuningana kwendawo enjalo. Okuyinhloko amandla okubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi ubambe umoya wakho isikhathi eside. Uma isilwane sizwa ingozi ngaphezu kwamanzi, futhi udinga ukuhogela, khona-ke u-desman ngokucophelela ukhipha inhlamba yakhe ngamakhala ngaphezu kwamanzi futhi aphefumule. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ingozi inyamalala.
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi uLittle Russian unezindlebe ezinhle, akasabeli kuzo zonke izisusa zomsindo. Kuye kwaphawulwa kaninginingi ukuthi inkulumo yomuntu noma umsindo wemfuyo osebeni kwesinye isikhathi awunamphumela ofanayo njengokufafaza okuncane noma ukugqwala kotshani osebeni. Noma kunjalo, i-desman izama ukugcina imfihlo futhi ifihle engozini encane.
U-desman waseRussia uvame ukuhlala emaqenjini emindeni. Umndeni owodwa ungowenethiwekhi eyodwa ethuthukile yemigodi, lapho bonke abantu behlala ngokuthula. Kepha lezi zilwane azinakubizwa ngokuthula nangokuthula! Imvamisa, izingxabano ziyavela phakathi kwabamele imindeni eyahlukene, okungaholela nasekufeni komunye wabantu. Kepha lokhu akuvamile. Imvamisa leli cala liphela ngokukhonjiswa okunokuthula noma ukwesatshiswa. Ukuhlaselwa kuvame ukubonwa kusuka ezilwaneni ezindala ezilwaneni ezincane ezivela emndenini ongomakhelwane.
I-desman yaseRussia izama ukugcina ubudlelwane obuhle nezilwane zasemanzini neziseduze zamanzi ezinye izinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, nge-beaver, kukhona nokufana okuthile kwe-symbiosis. I-Khokhula ivamise ukusebenzisa ama-beaver burrows ngezinhloso zayo, futhi njengenkokhelo idla izimbungulu ezithwala amagciwane e-beaver. Ngakho-ke, bobabili bayazuza. Akukho mncintiswano wokudla nama-beaver ku-desman waseRussia.
Ngesinye isilwane esincelisayo sasemanzini, i-muskrat, i-desman yakha ubudlelwano obuhlukahlukene. Izilwane azingeni ekulweni ngqo futhi kwesinye isikhathi zize ziye emgodini ofanayo, kepha akuyona into ejwayelekile ukuthi i-muskrat enkulu ixoshe isilwane esibuthakathaka. Lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo sedman kwezinye izindawo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-desman yaseRussia ihlala emaqenjini emindeni aqukethe abazali kanye nesizukulwane sokugcina sezilwane ezincane. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngobuningi bezilwane, abantu abangahlobene noma amawundlu amadala bajoyina umndeni. Umndeni ngamunye we-desman uhlala emgodini wawo futhi ulawula indawo ezungezile. Lapho uhlangana nabamele imindeni engomakhelwane, kungaqubuka izingxabano.
I-desman yaseRussia izala kuze kube kabili ngonyaka. Imvamisa entwasahlobo (isikhathi sesikhukhula) nasekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-1.5. Sonke lesi sikhathi ulungisa elinye lamagumbi asemgodini, lapho abelethela khona bese wondla inzalo. Kudoti owodwa i-hohuli inamawundlu angafika kwamahlanu. Zizalwa zinqunu, zingenakuzivikela futhi zingenakuzisiza, ezinesisindo esingu-3-5 kuphela wamagremu. Emasontweni amabili okuqala, umama unakekela inzalo ngokungakhathali, ondla ngobisi, ukufudumala nokukhotha. Kamuva, umama uqala ukuphuma esitokisini ayophumula isikhashana. Owesilisa uvikela umndeni futhi anakekele owesifazane ngalesi sikhathi.
Uma insikazi iphazamisekile ngesikhathi sokukhulisa, imvamisa idlulisela inzalo iye kwelinye igumbi noma komunye umgodi. Umama uhambisa amawundlu emanzini, awabeka esiswini. Ubaba okhathazekile uvame ukuba ngowokuqala ukushiya umgodi.
Ngenyanga yokuqala, umama wondla amaphuphu ngobisi kuphela. Ngesikhathi senyanga eyodwa, izingane zikhula amazinyo bese ziqala ukunambitha ukudla kwabantu abadala. Cishe inyanga eyodwa nohhafu, i-desman encane iqala ukuphuma emgodini izame ukuzitholela ukudla iyodwa. Ngeminyaka yezinyanga eziyisithupha, sebevele sebezimele ngokuphelele, kuthi ngezinyanga eziyi-11 bavuthwe ngokocansi bese beshiya umgodi wabazali.
Izitha zemvelo zendoda yaseRussia
Yize i-desman ihola indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo kakhulu futhi eqaphile, inezitha eziningi endle! Njengoba sinosayizi omncane kakhulu, lesi silwane siba yizisulu zezilwane ezizizingelayo.
Izitha eziyinhloko emhlabeni:
- izimpungushe;
- ama-otters;
- ama-ferrets;
- ama-fining asendle;
- ezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama.
Imvamisa, isilwane esinoboya siba isisulu emhlabeni, ngoba imilenze ayihambiswanga kahle ekuhambeni emhlabeni. Isikhathi esiyingozi kunazo zonke kulokhu isikhukhula sentwasahlobo. Futhi nje ngalesi sikhathi inkathi yokukhwelana iyawa. Izilwane ezimatasa nokukhethwa kwamabhangqwana zilahlekelwa ukuqapha, futhi idamu eligcwala amanzi libaphuca indawo yabo yokuhlala yemvelo - imigodi. Ngakho-ke, i-desman iba isisulu esilula sabazingeli. Izingulube zasendle nazo zidala ukulimala okukhulu, okuthi, noma zingazingeli abantu abadala, zivame ukuphula imigodi yazo.
Emanzini, i-hochula iyashesha ukwedlula futhi ayinakho ukuhlaselwa kalula, kepha nalapha akuphephile ngokuphelele. Isilwane esincane singaba isisulu sepiki enkulu noma i-catfish. Umuntu nemisebenzi yakhe sekube esinye isitha esibi salo muntu. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka aqothula izilwane ngenxa yoboya nemisipha. Kepha uma manje ukuzingelwa ukuhweba nge-hohul kungavunyelwe futhi kungaphansi kokuvikelwa, ukubhujiswa kwendawo yayo yemvelo kuyaqhubeka nokunciphisa inani lalezi zilwane zasendulo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Esikhathini esithile esidlule, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, i-desman yaseRussia yayihlala cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi izinombolo zayo zazisezingeni eliphephile. Kepha eminyakeni eyi-100-150 edlule, uhla lwalesi silwane esincelisayo luye lwehla kakhulu futhi lwahlukaniswa. Kulezi zinsuku, igeja lingatholakala ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinye izindawo zamachibi eVolga, Don, Ural naseDnieper. Futhi, ukuhlangana okungavamile kwe-desman kwaphawulwa ezifundeni zaseChelyabinsk naseTomsk.
Ngenxa yendlela yokuphila eyimfihlo, ukubala inani lesilwane kubangela ubunzima obuningi, ngakho-ke okwamanje inani lazo eliqondile alaziwa. Kepha abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inani labantu base-desman namuhla, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, cishe ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30-40. Lesi yisibalo esinganakwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nemfuyo yangaphambilini, lapho amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhumba zalesi silwane alethwa emibonisweni minyaka yonke, kepha kushiya ithemba lokusinda kwalezi zinhlobo.
Ukuvikelwa komsizi waseRussia
Manje i-desman yaseRussia iyinhlobo engavamile yokuncipha kwe-relic. Kusemaphethelweni okuqothulwa futhi kubhalwe kuRed Book yaseRussia, futhi kuvikelwe nezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Ukuvikela i-desman eRussia kanye nasezindaweni zamazwe angomakhelwane, izinqolobane eziningana kanye nezindawo zokugcina izilwane zasendle ezingaba ngu-80 zenziwe, lapho izilwane zivikelwa futhi zifundwa khona.
Kusukela ukuphela kweminyaka yama-20s yekhulu lama-XX e-USSR, kanye naseRussia yanamuhla, izinhlelo zokuhlaliswa kabusha kwe-desman yaseRussia ziye zenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengomphumela wale misebenzi, isibonelo, abantu bavela futhi bakhona esigodini se-Ob. Lapho, inani lalo, ngokusho kokulinganisela okubi, cishe liyizinkulungwane eziyisi-2,5 zezilwane. Kodwa imizamo eminingi ayiphumelelanga. lolu hlobo lwasendulo aluqondakali kahle.
Naphezu kwesimo sezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, i-desman isenentshisekelo njengesilwane soboya bezentengiselwano futhi isaba yinto yokuzingelwa ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Amanetha okudoba, lapho kufa khona inani elikhulu lezilwane, nawo ayingozi kangako. Lesi sici siphazamisa nokubuyiselwa kwabantu be-desman.
Indoda yaseRussia - omunye wabamele abadala emhlabeni wezilwane emhlabeni wethu. Lezi zilwane zibone ama-mammoths, abone cishe zonke izigaba zokuthuthuka komuntu, asinda hhayi inhlekelele eyodwa emhlabeni, kepha angaphela kula mashumi eminyaka ezayo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kwenzeke, owesilisa kumele aqashwe futhi avikelwe. Ukubuyiselwa kwesibalo salezi zinhlobo ezingekho emthethweni akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwendawo yemvelo yalezi zilwane ezimnandi ezi-fluffy.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-13: 27
